Tourism Revenue

This study is an attempt to analyse the recent growth of tourism in north eastern region of India based on secondary sources of time series data. In order to understand the variation of tourist inflow and the resultant revenue generation, a time period of 2005-06 to 2016-17 has been considered for the study. The study basically investigates the state wise trends and annual growth rate of domestic as well as foreign tourist's inflow across the eight north eastern states of India during the time period. The study also examined the growth rate of tourism revenue and its contributions to state GDPs across selected north eastern states of India. The findings of the study reveals that, States like Assam, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh have shown better performance in attracting more domestic as well as foreign tourists over the study period. So far as foreign tourist's inflow is concerned, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh have attracted maximum tourists of this category. It has found that, contribution of tourism revenue to state GDPs by north eastern states is very negligible. The study clearly reveals that, Sikkim is the topmost performer in tourism in recent years. Thus, enormous potentialities of tourism industry can become a significant sector towards economic growth of north eastern region of India. Policy makers and other stakeholders are expected to get fruitful information from this study to design suitable policies in favour expansion of this industry.

ÖZ Bu çalışma Türkiye'de turizm gelirleri ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi doğrusal ve doğrusal olmayan zaman serisi nedensellik ve Hatemi-J (2012) tarafından geliştirilen asimetrik nedensellik yöntemi yardımı ile test etmektedir. Çalışmada 1963-2010 yılları arasında döneme ait veri seti kullanılmaktadır. Simetrik nedensellik analizlerinden elde edilen ampirik bulgular değiş-kenler arasında turizm gelirlerinden ekonomik büyümeye doğru doğrusal bir nedenselliğin oldu-ğunu göstermektedir. Asimetrik nedensellik analizinden elde edilen bulgular ise nedenselliğin turizm gelirlerinden ekonomik büyümeye doğru olduğunu teyit etmektedir. ABSTRACT This study tests the relationship between tourism income and economic growth in Turkey by employing linear and non-linear time series causality and asymmetric causality analysis developed by Hatemi-J (2012). In this study, we employ annual data belonging 1963–2010 time period. Empirical results obtained from symmetric causality analyses imply that there is a linear causation linkage between economic growth and tourism income running from tourism income to economic growth. The findings obtained from asymmetric causality analysis also indicate that the direction of causality is from tourism income to economic growth.

Since 2010, tourism promoting policies have been implemented to drive economic growth and also economic development in Thailand. Government allocated a significant budget to promote tourism sector. As a result, tourism revenues have also been increased significantly. The increasing in the number of visitors induced the domestic final demand and the output in tourism related sectors. However, the different group of visitors will response to the tourism promoting policy in the different ways. Following the Johansen system cointegration, the results indicate that the tourism revenue in each group of visitors was response to the difference set of macroeconomic factors. The estimated normalized cointegration vectors confirm the positive relationship between government budget for promoting tourism and tourism revenue for all groups of visitors. For the sectoral analysis, tourism revenue, naturally, induces final demand and initiates output only in a few sectors. According to the results, the policies are (1) continuously promote tourism sectors in term of government budget, (2) set up a specific policy for each group of visitors and (3) income redistribution to the sector which are not related to tourism sector.

Turizm, Türkiye’de dış ticaret açığının kapanmasına katkı sağlayan önemli bir gelir kaynağıdır. Turizm gelirlerini birçok unsur etkileyebilmektedir. Fiyatlar genel seviyesindeki artışlar da bu faktörlerden biridir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de enflasyon ve turizm gelirleri ilişkisini belirlemeye yönelik yapılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, 2005-2015 yılları arasındaki veriler incelenmiştir. Bu veriler aylık seriler olarak alınmıştır. Turizm gelirlerine ait aylık veriler ve TÜFE’ye ait aylık veriler TUİK ve Merkez Bankası’ndan elde edilmiştir. Bu veriler ekonometrik bir analiz programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın amacına uygun olarak; öncelikle arttırılmış Dickey-Fuller testi uygulanmıştır. Bu test ile serilerin durağan olmadığı anlaşılmış ve birinci farkları alınarak durağanlaştırılmıştır. Sırasıyla, Johansen eş bütünleşme testi, Vektör hata düzeltme modeli ve Wald testi yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, enflasyon ile turizm gelirleri arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişki mevcut iken, kısa dönemde ise değişkenler arasında herhangi bir ilişki saptanmamıştır. Johansen eş bütünleşme testi sonucunda ise enflasyonun turizm gelirlerini negatif olarak etkilediği görülmüştür.
Tourism is an important source of income contributing to the closure of foreign trade deficit, in Turkey.Many factors can affect tourism revenues.The increase in the general level of prices is one of these factors.This study aimed to determine the relation between inflation and tourism revenues in Turkey.In this Study, the data from 2005 to 2015 are analyzed. These data were taken as monthly series. Monthly data for tourism revenues and monthly data for TÜFE were obtained from TUIK and the Central Bank.These data were analyzed with an econometric analysis program.For the purpose of the study; First, an increased Dickey-Fuller test was applied.With this test, it is understood that the series are not static and the first differences are taken and stabilized.Respectively, Johansen co-integration test and vector error correction model and Wald tests.As a result of the study, it was found that there is a long-run relationship between inflation and tourism incomes and there is no relationship between variables in the short term.As a result of Johansen co-integration test, inflation negatively affected tourism revenues.

Since 2010, tourism promoting policies have been implemented to drive economic growth and also economic development in Thailand. Government allocated a significant budget to promote tourism sector. As a result, tourism revenues have also been increased significantly. The increasing in the number of visitors induced the domestic final demand and the output in tourism related sectors. However, the different group of visitors will response to the tourism promoting policy in the different ways. Following the Johansen system cointegration, the results indicate that the tourism revenue in each group of visitors was response to the difference set of macroeconomic factors. The estimated normalized cointegration vectors confirm the positive relationship between government budget for promoting tourism and tourism revenue for all groups of visitors. For the sectoral analysis, tourism revenue, naturally, induces final demand and initiates output only in a few sectors. According to the results, the policies are (1) continuously promote tourism sectors in term of government budget, (2) set up a specific policy for each group of visitors and (3) income redistribution to the sector which are not related to tourism sector.

This study is an attempt to analyse the recent growth of tourism in north eastern region of India based on secondary sources of time series data. In order to understand the variation of tourist inflow and the resultant revenue generation, a time period of 2005-06 to 2016-17 has been considered for the study. The study basically investigates the state wise trends and annual growth rate of domestic as well as foreign tourist's inflow across the eight north eastern states of India during the time period. The study also examined the growth rate of tourism revenue and its contributions to state GDPs across selected north eastern states of India. The findings of the study reveals that, States like Assam, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh have shown better performance in attracting more domestic as well as foreign tourists over the study period. So far as foreign tourist's inflow is concerned, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh have attracted maximum tourists of this category. It has found that, contribution of tourism revenue to state GDPs by north eastern states is very negligible. The study clearly reveals that, Sikkim is the topmost performer in tourism in recent years. Thus, enormous potentialities of tourism industry can become a significant sector towards economic growth of north eastern region of India. Policy makers and other stakeholders are expected to get fruitful information from this study to design suitable policies in favour expansion of this industry.

This study deals with the relationship between tourism revenues and economic growth in Turkey over the period 2003Q1-2019Q3 within the framework of Fourier approach. The results of the Fourier ADF unit root test show that the two variables are I(1). Upon this, the Fourier ADL and the Hidden Fourier ADL cointegration tests are applied to investigate the existence of long-term relationship among the aforementioned variables. According to the results of cointegration tests, there is a unidirectional long-term relationship running from economic growth to tourism revenues. Finally, long-term coefficients are estimated through the FMOLS method. When economic growth increases 1%, tourism revenues increase 0.67% considering raw data. According to the asymmetric components of the variables, when economic growth increases 1%, tourism revenues increase 1.41%.

Since 2010, tourism promoting policies have been implemented to drive economic
growth and also economic development in Thailand. Government allocated a
significant budget to promote tourism sector. As a result, tourism revenues have also
been increased significantly. The increasing in the number of visitors induced the
domestic final demand and the output in tourism related sectors. However, the
different group of visitors will response to the tourism promoting policy in the
different ways. Following the Johansen system cointegration, the results indicate that
the tourism revenue in each group of visitors was response to the difference set of
macroeconomic factors. The estimated normalized cointegration vectors confirm the
positive relationship between government budget for promoting tourism and tourism
revenue for all groups of visitors. For the sectoral analysis, tourism revenue,
naturally, induces final demand and initiates output only in a few sectors. According
to the results, the policies are (1) continuously promote tourism sectors in term of
government budget, (2) set up a specific policy for each group of visitors and (3)
income re-distribution to the sector which are not related to tourism sector