Time-Lapse

This paper is to describe an innovative seismological technology for the 4D survey to monitor of change in storage in CCS (Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage) and oil and gas reservoirs and aquifer. We present two fundamental technologies: an integrated interpretation method for WARRP (Wide-angle Refraction Reflection Profiling) seismic data to determine precise underground structure and the seismic ACROSS (Accurately Controlled and Routinely Operated Signal System) source to perform continuous monitor f characteristic change of seismic waves. The integrated set of 4D analysis tools gives ray-paths and travel-times and generating synthetic waveforms under given velocity structure model. By this method, we can choose the most appropriate locations for sources and receivers to watch characteristic change of CO2 storage and reservoirs. We describe a non-destructive seismic source of well controlled seismic ACROSS source, which can be used to continuously watch a target. This method, whose potential has been demonstrated in very large-scale surveys, is nevertheless flexible enough to meet the specific requirements of seismic exploration and monitoring of CO2 storage and oil, gas and aqueous fields.

We strive to work with organisations that embrace next practice, not just best practice. From 3D visualisations, animations, video, timelapse, map animations, and filming to 360° visual tours and everything in between, our entire team at C3X is on a mission to help make your visions a reality through immersive visual experiences. We deliver extraordinary services throughout all of Australia and beyond, unearthing new possibilities at every opportunity. To date, our projects have served clients throughout virtually every industry including architecture, construction, education, engineering, health, government, infrastructure, real estate, telecom, and utilities. As part of the process, we align our capabilities with our client’s goals to bring amazing projects and experiences to life and tell dynamic project success stories.

The classical city symphony was an experimental, non-narrative film genre structured as a dawn-to-dusk, cross-sectional representation of everyday urban activities in a particular locale. In city symphony films, the city is a collectively constituted entity in which linear film time is placed in dialectic with natural solar time and mechanically manipulated temporalities. Viewed through the lens of film grammar, this genre suggests a uniquely present tense viewing experience, absent the influence of past events and cause-and-effect narrative consequence.  Although much as been written about the city symphony’s relationship to modernism, little has been theorized about postmodern city symphonies and their development on contemporary urban film aesthetics. In this paper, I explore the under-examined film Organism (dir. Hilary Harris, USA, 1975, 19m) a key influence on Koyaanisqatsi (1982).  Demonstrating ways that Organism illustrates key aspects of Jameson’s theories, this paper examines the long lensed birds-eye and panning time-lapse techniques that are synonymous with contemporary city cinematography. It contextualizes Harris’ pioneering and influential technical innovations to examine how Organism expresses an ecological ethos informed by both the Space Age and the “World Trade Center moment” when global neoliberalism was appeared.

When archeologists discuss mobility, we are most often referring to a phenomenon that operates on the scale of kilometers, but much of human mobility , at least if measured in terms of frequency of movement, occurs at much smaller scales, ranging from centimeters to tens of meters. Here we refer to the movements we make within the confines of our homes or places of employment. With respect to nomadic peoples, movements at this scale would include movements within campsites. Understanding mobility at small scales is important to archeology because small-scale mobility decisions are a critical factor affecting spatial patterning observed in archeological sites. In this paper, we examine the factors affecting small-scale mobility decisions in a Mongolian reindeer herder summer camp and the implications of those decisions with regard to archeological spatial patterning.

Background: Time-lapse imaging has proven highly valuable for studying development, yielding data of much finer resolution than traditional " still-shot " studies and allowing direct examination of tissue and cell dynamics. A major challenge for time-lapse imaging of animals is keeping specimens immobile yet healthy for extended periods of time. Although this is often feasible for embryos, the difficulty of immobilizing typically motile juvenile and adult stages remains a persistent obstacle to time-lapse imaging of post-embryonic development. Results: Here we describe a new method for long-duration time-lapse imaging of adults of the small freshwater annelid Pristina leidyi and use this method to investigate its regenerative processes. Specimens are immobilized with tetrodotoxin, resulting in irreversible paralysis yet apparently normal regeneration, and mounted in agarose surrounded by culture water or halocarbon oil, to prevent dehydration but allowing gas exchange. Using this method, worms can be imaged continuously and at high spatial-temporal resolution for up to 5 days, spanning the entire regeneration process. We performed a fine-scale analysis of regeneration growth rate and characterized cell migration dynamics during early regeneration. Our studies reveal the migration of several putative cell types, including one strongly resembling published descriptions of annelid neoblasts, a cell type suggested to be migratory based on " still-shot " studies and long hypothesized to be linked to regenerative success in annelids. Conclusions: Combining neurotoxin-based paralysis, live mounting techniques and a starvation-tolerant study system has allowed us to obtain the most extensive high-resolution longitudinal recordings of full anterior and posterior regeneration in an invertebrate, and to detect and characterize several cell types undergoing extensive migration during this process. We expect the tetrodotoxin paralysis and time-lapse imaging methods presented here to be broadly useful in studying other animals and of particular value for studying post-embryonic development.

Book chapter in Assisted Reproduction in Movement: Normalizations, Disruptions and Transmissions, edited by Merete Lie and Nina Lykke, to be published with Routledge for the book series Routledge Advances in Feminist Studies and Intersectionality.

“Cellular Origins” discusses a new technology for embryo selection which has recently been widely adopted in UK fertility clinics: time-lapse embryo imaging. This technique, which represents a non-invasive alternative to pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), involves the close observation of early embryonic development in vitro, thereby making it possible to select embryos for implantation in the womb by evaluating embryonic growth patterns. Tentatively hailed by the scientific and clinical community as a paradigmatic shift in IVF, time-lapse imaging produces new visual mediations of extracorporeal embryos and foregrounds temporal parameters as key indicators for selection. The time-lapse videos produced with this technology play a central role in this practice, both as a technical means for selection and as visual illustrations of the time-lapse approach in patient communication and marketing.  I distinguish three different kinds of embryo images which have emerged with this new technology (individuals, collectives, and populations) and consider what the implications may be if time-lapse imaging becomes the “new normal” in embryo selection. With this reading, I suggest that time-lapse embryo imaging is instrumental in a contemporary rewriting of human origin stories that shifts the value ascribed to these cell divisions and destabilizes notions of what counts as life.

In todays era there is open access wireless medium and shared nature available everywhere, where the Wireless Networks can be attacked by the jammer easily. By this attack the real normal communication by utilizing the similar wireless channel of legal nodes are stopped. It's a tedious process to prevent the attack or find out the jammer location. When located an indication of implementing anti-jamming mechanism is applied. In account of locating the jammer attacks accurately, a discussion of existing attack localization techniques relating to gravitation locate algorithm (GLA) is applied. This heuristic optimization evolutionary algorithm on newton's law of global gravitation and interaction follows several steps. Also for selecting the alternative ways Link-quality Aware Path Selection algorithm is used on finest link quality. Also various detection algorithms such as PSO (detecting malicious node in WSN, LEACH protocol for IoT applications, distance related threshold for CH selection , particle swarn optimization and several more algorithms are discussed in brief.

Since 2012 we have carried out the time-lapse study in Al Wasse field, Saudi Arabia using the ACROSS seismic source. The previous records show very small temporal changes as much as 1 ms in the first arrivals, but very large temporal changes in the later arrivals. The same temporal changes were also observed in the data between June and December, 2015. The result of refraction survey using ACROSS shows the presence of Vp = 3.5 km/s at the top, Vp = 4.5 km/s as the basement layer and low-velocity layer below the top layer. The refracted wave travelling thorough 3.5 km/s layer show extremely small temporal changes. The large temporal changes come from the surface waves. The changes might be caused by the movement of aquifer due to water pumping. Very few stations among the grid stations show isolated 4.5 km/s arrivals and they show some temporal changes. .

This paper is to describe an innovative seismological technology for the 4D survey to monitor of change in storage in CCS (Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage) and oil and gas reservoirs and aquifer. We present two fundamental technologies: an integrated interpretation method for WARRP (Wide-angle Refraction Reflection Profiling) seismic data to determine precise underground structure and the seismic ACROSS (Accurately Controlled and Routinely Operated Signal System) source to perform continuous monitor f characteristic change of seismic waves. The integrated set of 4D analysis tools gives ray-paths and travel-times and generating synthetic waveforms under given velocity structure model. By this method, we can choose the most appropriate locations for sources and receivers to watch characteristic change of CO 2 storage and reservoirs. We describe a non-destructive seismic source of well controlled seismic ACROSS source, which can be used to continuously watch a target. This method, whose potential has been demonstrated in very large-scale surveys, is nevertheless flexible enough to meet the specific requirements of seismic exploration and monitoring of CO 2 storage and oil, gas and aqueous fields.

In order to monitor the temporal changes in subsurface, we have carried out the time-lapse experiment in Al Wasse field, Saudi Arabia using the ACROSS seismic source since 2012. The waveforms showed arrival-time changes about 1 ms for the first arrivals, but large temporal changes in the later phases. Because the sparse geophone spacing and no existing seismic surveys in this region make us difficult to interpret the phase with large temporal changes, we carried out reflection and refraction surveys. In this report, we describe the results of refraction survey. An ACROSS seismic source was used and 1-Hz geophones were placed along a 3 km long line with 50 m spacing. In the result, the first-arrival phase has the apparent velocity 3.5 km/s, which disappears at >0.7 km distance. Very strong arrivals appear at the distances further than 1.5 km with the apparent velocity 4.5 km/s, suggesting the presence of low velocity layer just below the top layer with 3.5 km/s. We compared the observed data and the synthetic seismograms and obtained the 1D V P and V S structure. The basement with 4.5 km/s exists at 900 m depth. The 3.5-km/s layer might be inter-bedding of sandstone and limestone with aquifers.

In the last decade, two influential new reproductive technologies have been introduced that are changing the face of in vitro fertilization (IVF): egg freezing for " fertility preservation " and time-lapse embryo imaging for embryo selection. With these technologies emerge alternative visual representations of the assisted reproductive process and its relation to time. First, frozen egg photographs provide a lens onto contemporary reconfigurations of reproductive aging and stage a life-death dyad between the frozen cell and the embodied self, which drives treatment rationales for egg freezing. Second, time-lapse embryo imaging creates visual recordings of developing embryos in the incubator; the resultant quantified visual information can then be repurposed as a tool for predicting embryo viability. As these two sets of prenatal images reference dying eggs and non-viable embryos, they demonstrate a necropolitics of reproductive time, in which not only the generativity of new life but also the encounter with the death, finitude and fallibility of reproductive substances drives a widespread and intensified engagement with reproductive technologies.

In order to monitor the temporal changes in subsurface, we have carried out the time-lapse experiment in Al Wasse field, Saudi Arabia using the ACROSS seismic source since 2012. The waveforms showed arrival-time changes about 1 ms for the first arrivals, but large temporal changes in the later phases. Because the sparse geophone spacing and no existing seismic surveys in this region make us difficult to interpret the phase with large temporal changes, we carried out reflection and refraction surveys. In this report, we describe the results of refraction survey. An ACROSS seismic source was used and 1-Hz geophones were placed along a 3 km long line with 50 m spacing. In the result, the first-arrival phase has the apparent velocity 3.5 km/s, which disappears at >0.7 km distance. Very strong arrivals appear at the distances further than 1.5 km with the apparent velocity 4.5 km/s, suggesting the presence of low velocity layer just below the top layer with 3.5 km/s. We compared the observed data and the synthetic seismograms and obtained the 1D V P and V S structure. The basement with 4.5 km/s exists at 900 m depth. The 3.5-km/s layer might be inter-bedding of sandstone and limestone with aquifers.

The zone at approximately 30 km depth along the subducting Philippine Sea Plate around Lake Hamana was possibly the pre-slip zone just before the 1944 Tonankai Earthquake (M8.0). By the seismic refraction survey (Iidaka et al., 2013) showed the presence of strong seismic reflector at this zone suggesting the presence of fluid as the cause of pre-slip. If the migration of fluid may trigger earthquake generation, it is worthwhile to monitor the change of seismic reflectivity at the future focal zone for understanding of earthquake generation process.
Seismic ACROSS (Accurately-Controlled Routinely-Operated Signal System) enables us to continuously monitor the temporal change of the amplitude and/or travel-time of particular seismic reflectors from a time-variant region because of very accurate-and-stable seismic signals. The seismic ACROSS source controlled by GPS clock is a fixed-type source which can generate 10-50 Hz and 40 ton-f at 50 Hz. To evaluate the seismic characteristics before and after the change and optimized source-receiver array and to image the time-variant target region, we investigated the case with a velocity change of ~30 % in a deep slip zone with a 10-km-long and 200-m-thick at 30-km-depth, by applying a imaging method using the backpropagation of residual waveforms from the receivers. We can robustly obtain the location and shape of the targets by using the velocity structure before the change even if a single source or the change in a near-surface layer. We conclude that ACROSS technology is very useful to monitor the temporal change of physical properties in the time-variant regions with variable scale and depth.

The title of this article – a 1925 aphorism by Germaine Dulac – aims to show that personalities such as Jean Painlevé or Jan Cornelis Mol are just the result of an intimate and much older link between scientific cinematography and the avant-garde. Scientific film actually contributed to effectively building film theory in the 1920s: on one side it is systematically included in the screenings of film societies and ciné-clubs emerging in those years throughout Europe and, on the other side, it nourished the growing discourse on medium specificity due to the specific techniques it developed (slow motion and time-lapse, micro and radiocinematography). Throughout these pages we will deepen the contest of time-lapse to the theory of cinema of that time.

Although demands of the time-lapse approach for the EOR are increased, the recent circumstance of oil price requires the reduction of geophysical exploration costs. The reduction of numbers of source and receives can contribute the costs in the time lapse, but it is necessary to keep good resolution. In this paper, we carried out two new simulations of reservoirs at 2 km and 200 m depths. In the 2 km depth model, we assumed only one ACROSS seismic source and a geophone array of 200 m spacing in 2D and 3D grids. The result of simulation gave a precise retrieval of the reservoir image. When we compare 5-m and 200-m geophone spacings in the imaging of 2D model, we could not recognize significant difference between two spacings. In the case of a very shallow heavy oil reservoir, a tiny target was well imaged. The receivers just above the target are more important for imaging. The real applications of our method to the oil fields might greatly contribute to reduce the installation and time-lapse monitoring costs. .

In this paper, we proposes the seismic exploration method in order to investigate and monitor the spatial and temporal changes of the physical properties of a special target zone such as oil/natural gas reservoir, an aquifer zone or CO 2 storage zone beneath a sea bottom, by using the converted S-wave records observed in an offshore region. Because the shear wave (i.e., S-wave) is more sensitive to the physical properties and states of the underground material than P-wave, S-wave is very useful as an indicator for time-lapse purpose. For these objectives, it is necessary to evaluate a precise S-wave velocity (Vs) structure in addition to P-wave velocity (Vp) structure. In an onshore region, it is possible to identify the material properties of the underground by means of an AVO (Amplitude Variation with Offset) and/or seismic attribute analysis methods using the seismic records of P-and S-waves generated by seismic controlled sources. However, in an offshore region, it is still not easy to apply those methods because any seismic source cannot directly excite any S-wave at the sea surface or in the water. In the recent high-quality and dense seismic reflection and refraction surveys for the continental shelf investigations in Japan, the remarkable reflected and refracted S-wave arrivals were observed by three-component geophone and a hydrophone of OBS (Ocean-Bottom-Seismometer). By means of the integrated analysis for WARRP (Wide-Angle Refraction Reflection Profiling) suggested by Kasahara et al. (2008), we successfully identified the converted S-waves and their conversion depths and layer boundaries, and could estimate the S-wave velocity structure and Vp/Vs ratio. Besides S-wave splitting in which two shear waves travels independently with different Vs's such as Vs-I and Vs-II, revealed the presence of seismic anisotropy in the Earth's crust and mantle. It is found that these S-waves are generated by P-to-S conversions at a hard-rock sea bottom, or at the layer boundary between the sediments and basement hard-rock through the wave propagation simulation (Tsuruga et al., 2007). Moreover, the numerical case study indicates that because some remarkable reflected and refracted S-waves and converted P-waves are generated at the upper and/or lower boundaries of the target zone, these S-waves behave as the indicator for the physical condition of the target zone beneath the sea bottom. We therefore summarize that the combination of the wide-angle and dense observation by the multi-component sea-bottom receivers such as OBS or OBC (Ocean-Bottom-Cable) and our integrated analysis method can be useful to identify a precise underground structure towards the monitoring of the time-lapse of reservoirs by use of the specific S-wave phases.

The zone at approximately 30 km depth along the subducting Philippine Sea plate around Lake Hamana was possibly the pre-slip zone just before the 1944 Tonankai Earthquake (Mw=8.2). By the seismic refraction survey in the central Japan (Iidaka et al., 2013) showed the presence of strong seismic reflector at this zone suggesting the presence of fluid as the cause of pre-slip. If the migration of fluid could control the earthquake generation, it is worthwhile to monitor the change of seismic reflectivity at the future focal zone for understanding of earthquake generation process.
The seismic ACROSS (Accurately-Controlled and Routinely-Operated Signal System) enables us to continuously monitor the temporal change of the amplitude and/or travel time of the reflection phases from the focal zone on the plate boundary because of very accurate-and-stable seismic signals. The seismic ACROSS source controlled by GPS clock is a fixed-type source which can generate 10-50 Hz and 40 ton-f at 50 Hz.
To evaluate the seismic characteristics before and after the change by the seismic ACROSS(s) source and optimized source-receiver array and to image the time-variant target region, we study the case with a velocity change of ~30 % in a deep slip zone with a 10-km-long and 200-m-thick at 30-km-depth, by applying an imaging method using the backpropagation of residual waveforms from the receivers. We can robustly obtain the shape and location of the time-variant targets even if it is the case of a single source or there is the change in a near-surface layer. We conclude that ACROSS technology is very promising to monitor the temporal change of physical properties in the time-variant regions with variable scale and depth.