Textures

The exoskeleton of the lobster Homarus americanus is a multiphase biological composite material which consists of an organic matrix (crystalline α-chitin fibers and various types of non-crystalline proteins) and minerals (mainly calcite). In this study we discuss experimental data about the mesoscopic structure and the crystallographic texture (orientation distribution) of the α-chitin–protein fiber network in this material. The synchrotron measurements reveal very strong crystallographic textures of the α-chitin. According to these data, a large fraction of the α-chitin lattice cells is arranged with their longest axis parallel to the normal of the surface of the exoskeleton. Additionally, a smaller fraction of the α-chitin cells is oriented with their longest axis perpendicular to the cuticle surface. These structural investigations reveal the pronounced role of crystallographic orientation distributions in mineralized biological composite materials which may be of relevance for an improved understanding of biological and bio-inspired nano-composites.

Cet essai se propose d'interroger à la fois les qualités esthétiques, la charge dramaturgique et la portée signifiante des textures mises en scène dans le « cinéma français des sensations » (Beugnet) en s’appuyant notamment sur des analyses de films de Claire Denis, Bertrand Bonello et Philippe Grandrieux. Bien que sous-tendu par les analyses de Maurice Merleau-Ponty sur le primat de la sensation et son importance dans la constitution du sens de nos expériences ainsi que par celles de Gilles Deleuze sur la logique de la sensation et sur l'haptique, cet essai tentera, plus spécifiquement, de prolonger les travaux récents de théoriciennes du cinéma dont les recherches participent du "tournant sensoriel", telles que Laura U. Marks, Vivian Sobchack et Martine Beugnet, qui proposent une nouvelle problématisation des rapports entre optique et haptique ainsi qu'une nouvelle approche – sensorielle et incarnée – de la question de l'expérience cinématographique et de ses implications épistémologiques et éthiques.

The purpose of this project was to create several methods for achieving non-photorealistic appearance of the objects or, in other words, the goal was to create several different implementations of the cartoonish shader, which can sometimes be referred to as a cel-shader or just toon-shader.

A texture component crystal plasticity finite element method (TCCP-FEM) is used for the simulation of cup drawing of a ferritic stainless steel sheet (X6Cr17, AISI 430, EN 1.4016). The simulation includes the through-thickness texture gradient of the starting hot band. It predicts the development of the orientation distribution and the earing profile during cup forming considering 48 slip systems (12{1 1¯ 0}〈1 1 1〉, 12{1 1 2¯}〈1 1 1〉, 24{123¯}〈1 1 1〉). The earing profiles are compared to FE results obtained by use of a Hill 48 yield surface and to experimental data.

The activation of non-basal slip systems is of high importance for the ductility in hcp Mg and its alloys. In particular, for Mg–Y alloys where a higher activation of pyramidal dislocation slip causes an increased ductility detailed characterization of the activated slip systems is essential to understand and describe plasticity in these alloys. In this study a detailed analysis of the activated dislocations and slip systems via post-mortem TEM and SEM-EBSD based slip band analysis in 3% deformed Mg–3 wt% Y is presented. The analysis reveals a substantial activity of pyramidal ocþa4 dislocations with different Burgers vectors. The obtained dislocation densities and active slip systems are discussed with respect to atomistic simulations of nonbasal dislocations in hcp Mg.

The Madneuli polymetallic deposit is the major deposit of the Bolnisi ore district in the southeastern part of Georgia, which is in production since the 70's. The Bolnisi district is part of the Lesser Caucasus; it extends towards the west in the Eastern Pontides, Turkey. The origin of the Madneuli deposit is still controversial. Our study is based on physical volcanology and sedimentary basin analyses. Eleven principal volcanic and volcano-sedimentary facies types were identified within the Madneuli open pit based on their composition, texture, volcanic and sedimentary structures. The presence of various submarine sedimentary structures, hyaloclastite and turbiditic rocks and Radiolaria described for the first time within the host rocks of the Madneuli open pit, supports the submarine depositional setting for the volcano-sedimentary succession hosting the Madneuli deposit.

The microstructure and texture evolution of dual-phase steel sheets with a cold reduction of about 50%, annealed at ferritic and intercritical temperatures, were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. The competition between recrystallization and phase transformation was of particular interest. The sheets were annealed in salt bath or were annealed in a MULTIPAS annealing simulator under variation of annealing temperature, annealing time, and heating rate.

We discuss methods to map crystallographic textures in crystal plasticity finite element simulations. Fourier-type series expansion methods which use spherical harmonic library functions as well as the direct pole figure inversion methods are not well suited to reproduce texture information in a sufficiently localized spherical form onto finite element grids. Mathematically compact Gauss-shaped spherical texture components represent a better approach for including textures in finite element models since they represent an excellent compromise between discreteness (spherical localization), compactness (simple functions), mathematical precision (very good approximation also of complex orientation distribution functions already with small sets of texture components), scalability (the number of used texture components can be systematically varied according to the desired exactness of the texture fit), conceptual simplicity (simple mathematical handling), and physical significance (texture components can be directly linked to characteristic metallurgical mechanisms). The use of texture component functions has also advantages over the use of large sets of discrete single orientations with equal scatter and height since they are more compact, practical, and provide better physical insight into microstructural mechanisms and composition sensitive effects. The article presents a new approach for the mathematical reproduction of such crystallographic texture components in crystal plasticity finite element simulations. It explains in some detail why they are particularly suited for this purpose and how they can be used to map and recover textures in/from plasticity simulations.

In this paper, we address the challenges of applying three-dimensional virtual worlds for learning. Despite the numerous positive conclusions, this technology is far from becoming mainstream in education. The most common problems with applying it in everyday teaching and learning are steep learning curve and demand for computational and network resources. In order to address these problems, we developed a stream processors texture generation model for displaying educational content in 3D virtual worlds. The model suggests conducting image-processing tasks on stream processors in order to reduce the load on CPU. It allows designing convenient and sophisticated tools for collaborative work with graphics inside a 3D environment. Such tools simplify the use of a 3D virtual environment, and therefore, improve the negative learning curve effect. We present the methods of generating images based on the suggested model, the design and implementation of a set of tools for collaborative work with 2D graphical content in vAcademia virtual world. In addition, we provide the evaluation of the suggested model based on a series of tests which we applied to the whole system and specific algorithms. We also present the initial result of user evaluation.

Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) is new type of concrete that posse's property of high flow ability, passing ability and stability. To achieve SCC, many factors must be investigated. Coarse aggregate is one of these factors that have a significant influence on SCC. This paper presents the coarse aggregate properties such as maximum size, texture and type of coarse aggregate that have a direct effect on achieving SCC. Three types of coarse aggregate are used, namely crush gravel, uncrushed gravel and crush limestone. To determine the workability, different test methods are adopted such as slump flow, V-funnel, L-box and U-box test. It was found that by increasing the maximum size of coarse aggregate, flowability and passing ability reduced. In addition it was observed that when uncrushed gravel was used in the concrete mixture, flow ability, passing ability and segregation resistance increased as compared to concrete with crushed gravel. Furthermore, the inclusion of 10% HRM as a partial replacement by weight of cement leads to reduce flow ability and increase viscosity. The compressive and flexural strengths and modulus of elasticity was measured. It was noticed that concrete mixes prepared with crushed limestone showed higher strengths and modulus of elasticity than concrete mixes prepared with crushed and uncrushed gravel. In addition, lower maximum size of coarse aggregate leads to higher strengths compared to higher maximum size of coarse aggregate in SCC mixes.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705811011799

The research topic is patchwork, precisely matching and unfitting of samples of knitted or crocheted textiles
which can be used in interior design. In addition of being an integral and permanent part of the trends in the
fashion industry, patchwork is extremely popular in design of upholstery and furniture, as interesting and
desirable styling element in space. This research is focused on the research of matching of different textures
(which are specifically expressible in knitted and crocheted textiles), as well as matching of colors. For each
knitted and crocheted pattern data was carefully recorded. With photo, texture of the sample was described
(fine, coarse) as well as construction in which the pattern was made. Numerical data on the density of stitches
helped describe the texture. Color of the sample is described. Analyses of this data included setting of samples of
different textures and colors side by side, or differently sad - play with patterns and patchwork assembling, and
recording their matching. Outcome of play with patterns (successful combinations) are presented in the paper.
Those patterns are applicable in the form of interesting fabrics for upholstery, chairs, decorative pillows,
blankets, up to now very modern patchwork carpets.
Keywords: patchwork, knitting, interior, design.

The crystallographic microtexture and microstructure of a β-titanium alloy (Ti–35 wt.% Nb–7 wt.% Zr–5 wt.% Ta) is studied after warm rolling and recrystallization. The main observations are the evolution of partially recrystallized microstructures during warm rolling and the formation of strong through-thickness texture and microstructure gradients at larger strains. Both, the recrystallized volume fraction and the texture depend on the thickness reduction. At small reductions (≤50%) texture gradients are also small showing some αbcc-fiber (crystallographic axis 〈1 1 0〉 parallel to the rolling direction) and γ-fiber (crystallographic axis 〈1 1 1〉 parallel to the normal direction) texture components. At larger strains (70–90%) the texture and microstructure gradients are characterized by shear texture components and dynamic recrystallization particularly close to the surface layers and plane strain texture components which are typical of recovered grains in the center layer.

An imperfectly B2 ordered Fe3Al aggregate was cast, thermomechanically hot rolled and finally annealed at 870 K. Subsequently, the specimen was rolled at 800–830 K to a strain ε of 80%. The microstructure and the crystallographic texture of the rolled polycrystalline sample was investigated within the range ε=20–80%. The microstructure consisted of flat, elongated grains. In numerous grains straight slip lines were detected. Even after ε=80% recrystallization was not observed. The rolling texture of Fe3Al considerably deviates from that of non-ordered body centered cubic (b.c.c.) alloys and pure b.c.c. metals. The {111}〈uvw〉 texture fibre (7-fibre) was very pronounced, while the {hkl}〈110〉 fibre (α-fibre) was very weak. The {112}〈110〉 orientation which represents the strongest texture component in non-ordered b.c.c. alloys did not occur at all. The textures are discussed in terms of the {110}〈111〉, {112}〈111〉, {112}〈111〉 and {123}〈111〉 slip systems. The contribution of crystallographic slip of the various types of potential slip systems was simulated by means of the Taylor theory.

L'essai souhaite proposer quelques réflexions sur l’histoire de l’image en noir et blanc au début du XXème siècle: en concomitance avec l’importance toujours plus grande prise par l’image analogique dans l’univers de la culture visuelle, le noir et blanc s’est peu à peu affirmé comme le mode de vision privilégié de la modernité de début de siècle.

Director del taller “Taller vocal de interpretación de música barroca: las Vísperas de Monteverdi desde las fuentes originales”, (Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, campus “Antonio Mahado” de Baeza, del 3 al 5 de diciembre de 2018), junto con Fernando Pérez Valera (Universidad de Alicante).
El presente taller, de carácter teórico-práctico, se centrará en el estudio y montaje, desde una perspectiva históricamente informada, de una de las obras más emblemáticas de la historia de la música universal: las Vísperas de la Virgen (1610) de Claudio Monteverdi. Se trata de un taller experimental en el que se recreará el método de trabajo de una capilla vocal de principios del siglo XVII, leyendo las Vísperas a partir de la notación original contenida en los libretes impresos de 1610. Por otro lado, la sección de canto llano que complementa el oficio de Vísperas (antífonas a los salmos) también se estudiará y se trabajará sobre fuentes contemporáneas italianas o españolas. Ello implica, en primer lugar, experimentar el solfeo histórico (solmisación), entre otros aspectos de la práctica interpretativa histórica, atendiendo a los tratados de teoría musical de ese periodo, además de a las propias fuentes musicales originales. Entre otros, se prestará especial atención a los siguientes temas:
1. Aspectos generales de interpretación a partir de fuentes originales:
- Solmisación. El hexacordo y las mutaciones. La mano guidoniana y el gamut.
- Notación mensural: figuras y pausas. El tactus. Figuras con punto y síncopas; figuras ligadas. El color. Proporción tripla y sesquialtera
- Contrapunto, texturas, cánones y cláusulas.
- Música ficta: ajuste intervalos perfectos armónicos y melódicos; fórmulas cadenciales.
- Conceptos de ornamentación y su puesta en práctica, tanto en el canto llano como en la polifonía, de acuerdo con los criterios estéticos del momento y a partir de las referencias que se encuentran en tratados de la época.

2. Aspectos performativos de las Vísperas de Monteverdi:
- Reconstrucción de las antífonas de canto llano que acompañan a los salmos
- Estructura general de la parte polifónica: obras basadas en cantus firmus y obras libremente compuestas. 
- Estilos de canto: obras para solistas y a varios coros.
- Cuestiones de ornamentación e improvisación. 
- Otras dimensiones interpretativas: pronunciación, tempo, transportes y afinación.

Puesto que el taller es principalmente práctico, se dirige fundamentalmente a músicos (cantantes, directores de coro, musicólogos especializados en música antigua) interesados en acercarse a este repertorio desde una nueva perspectiva.

Human activity recognition is one of the most intensively studied areas of computer vision and pattern recognition in recent years. A wide variety of approaches have shown to work well against challenging image variations such as appearance, pose and illumination. However, the problem of low video quality remains an unexplored and challenging issue in real-world applications. In this paper, we investigate the effects of low video quality in human action recognition from two perspectives: videos that are poorly sampled spatially (low resolution) and temporally (low frame rate), and compressed videos affected by motion blurring and artifacts. In order to increase the robustness of feature representation under these conditions, we propose the usage of textural features to complement the popular shape and motion features. Extensive experiments were carried out on two well-known benchmark datasets of contrasting nature: the classic KTH dataset and the large-scale HMDB51 dataset. Results obtained with two popular representation schemes (Bag-of-Words, Fisher Vectors) further validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Modeling of texture development has great technological importance, as plastic deformation usually induces strong anisotropies in polycrystalline metals, leading to directional dependencies of the physical properties. The behavior of an individual crystal, however, depends on its interaction with its surroundings, which is difficult to account for. Early models (Sachs and Taylor) assumed stress and strain homogeneity, respectively. However, these idealized conditions were not perfectly verified by measurements or simulation results. It was recognized that grain shape effects can be important, and were first taken into account by the relaxation of some stress components (relaxed-constraints model). These relaxations, however, can only be justified when the grain shapes are far from equiaxed, i.e., are normally at very large strains (except when they are elongated already at the beginning of deformation, a case that will be studied in the present work). An important step was taken with the introduction of the
self-consistent models, which consider a grain as an inclusion embedded in the polycrystal. A grain’s surroundings is a homogeneous equivalent medium (HEM) in these models, which is defined by the average physical properties of all grains. This approach can naturally account for the shape and its evolution during deformation. It introduces an interaction law between a grain and the polycrystal, for which several approaches were proposed, namely, secant, tangent, and finite-element-tuned models. Among these, the one that has been calibrated with the help of some finite-element calculations will be employed in the present study. This modified self-consistent model has already
been successfully tested for torsion and rolling. For completeness and in order to estimate the performance of the self-consistent model, the classical Taylor and relaxed- constraint approaches will also be considered. All models employed in the present work use the well-known viscoplastic power law for crystallographic slip, incorporating microscopic strain hardening of the slip systems. The cold-rolling textures of a ferritic chromium sheet steel containing 11 pct Cr are studied in the present work. Before cold rolling, it contained already very elongated
grains in its middle section, where the textures were measured and also simulated. Important effects of grain shape and hardening were found, which have been studied by the Taylor, the relaxed-constraints pancake, and the self-consistent viscoplastic models.
The development of crystallographic texture during rolling of a ferritic chromium steel containing 11 pct Cr was examined experimentally as well as by polycrystal modeling at large strains (up to 90 pct thickness reduction). The initial shape of the grains was very much elongated in the direction of rolling. A strong rolling direction (RD) fiber (110 parallel to the rolling direction) has been observed at large strains in the experiment. The Taylor viscoplastic model, the relaxed-constraints pancake model, and the self-consistent viscoplastic approach were employed to simulate the texture development. Strain hardening was accounted for by microscopic hardening laws, for which the parameters were obtained from uniaxial tensile tests. It has been found that among the three models considered, the self-consistent viscoplastic model (the version tuned to finite-element results) yielded the best agreement with the experimentally observed texture evolution. Strong effects of grain shape and hardening have been found. The pancake model was also able to reproduce the main characteristics of the texture because of the flattened initial grain shape.

We describe a web application that takes advantage of new computer vision techniques to allow the user to make searches based on visual similarity of color and texture related to the object of interest. We use a supervised neural network strategy to segment different classes of objects. A strength of this solution is the high speed in generalization of the trained neural networks, in order to obtain an object segmentation in real time. Information about the segmented object, such as color and texture, are extracted and indexed as text descriptions. Our case study is the online commercial offers domain where each offer is composed by text and images. Many successful experiments were done on real datasets in the fashion field.

Vengono presentate le modalità operative per la predisposizione di modelli tridimensionali esplorabili interattivamente.
La tecnica utilizzata si chiama texture baking e prevede la disposizione, nello spazio digitale 3D, di una serie di sorgenti luminose che interagiscono con i modelli in virtù delle caratteristiche fisiche e materiche.
Il lavoro è parte di una ricerca nazionale, denominata V.I.A. – Virtual Interactive Architecture, finanziata dal Ministero dell’Università e della Ricerca per il biennio 2005 – 2006. Vengono esplorate alcune tra le procedure oggi disponibili e vengono illustrati, nel dettaglio, i passi necessari per giungere al risultato.

We studied the texture and microstructure evolution in a plane strain compressed Cu–Ag metal matrix composite (MMC) with a heterophase microstructure using crystal plasticity finite element simulations. Lattice reorientations induced by both crystallographic (dislocation slip and twinning) and non-crystallographic (shear banding) mechanisms are addressed. First, simulations on a polycrystalline composite are made. Quite similar texture trends are observed for the composites and for the individual single-phase materials, namely, copper-type texture components in the Cu phase and brass-type texture components in the Ag phase. This result differs from experimental data that show less copper-type and more brass-type textures in both phases for the composite materials. To explore co-deformation mechanisms that lead to the specific crystallographic textures in the MMC, bicrystal simulations for the composite with specific initial orientation combinations are performed. The bicrystal simulations reproduce the experimentally observed trends of texture evolution in the respective phases of the composite, indicating that the localized stress and strain fields as well as the co-deformation mechanisms within the actual heterophase microstructure are well captured. The modeling shows that to accommodate plastic deformation between adjacent phases in the bicrystals, pronounced shear bands are triggered by stress concentration at the hetero-interfaces. With further deformation the bands penetrate through the phase boundaries and lead to larger lattice rotations. The simulations confirm that the shear banding behavior in heterophase composites is different from that in single-phase metals and the texture evolution in composite materials is strongly influenced by the starting texture, the local constraints exerted from the phase boundaries and the constitutive properties of the abutting phases.

The richness of natural images makes the quest for optimal representations in image processing and computer vision challenging. The latter observation has not prevented the design of image representations, which trade off between efficiency and complexity, while achieving accurate rendering of smooth regions as well as reproducing faithful contours and textures. The most recent ones, proposed in the past decade, share an hybrid heritage highlighting the multiscale and oriented nature of edges and patterns in images. This paper presents a panorama of the aforementioned literature on decompositions in multiscale, multi-orientation bases or dictionaries. They typically exhibit redundancy to improve sparsity in the transformed domain and sometimes its invariance with respect to simple geometric deformations (translation, rotation). Oriented multiscale dictionaries extend traditional wavelet processing and may offer rotation invariance. Highly redundant dictionaries require specific algorithms to simplify the search for an efficient (sparse) representation. We also discuss the extension of multiscale geometric decompositions to non-Euclidean domains such as the sphere or arbitrary meshed surfaces. The etymology of panorama suggests an overview, based on a choice of partially overlapping "pictures". We hope that this paper will contribute to the appreciation and apprehension of a stream of current research directions in image understanding.

Three dimensional texture analysis by means of orientation distribution functions (ODF) was used to examine the texture development during rolling at 473 K in an austenitic stainless steel. With the help of ODFs results, the different stages of texture development could be assigned to the existing theories of heterogeneous deformation mechanisms of low SFE face-centred cubic metals. The texture at very low degree of rolling consists of two limited orientation tubes with their fibre axes 〈110〉//ND and 〈110〉60∘ND and agrees with the predictions made by Taylor model. With further deformation, twinning causes the reduction of ≈{112}〈111〉 component and leads to the formation of twin {552}〈115〉. Abnormal slip on slip planes parallel to the twin boundaries rotates the twins into the {332}〈113〉 and {111}〈110〉 positions. The shear bands formation in the rotated twin-matrix lamellae changes their orientations near to {011}〈100〉 and {011}〈112〉 positions. Finally, normal slip again continues an...

The crystallographic microtexture and microstructure of a beta-titanium alloy (Ti–35wt.% Nb–7wt.% Zr–5wt.% Ta) is studied after warm rolling and recrystallization. The main observations are the evolution of partially recrystallized microstructures during warm rolling and the formation of strong through-thickness texture and microstructure gradients at larger strains. Both, the recrystallized volume fraction and the texture depend on the thickness reduction. At small reductions (≤50%) texture gradients are also small showing some bcc-alpha fiber (crystallographic axis
110 parallel to the rolling direction) and gamma-texture--fiber (crystallographic axis 111 parallel to the normal direction) texture components. At larger strains(70–90%) the texture and microstructure gradients are characterized by shear texture components and dynamic recrystallization particularly close to the surface layers and plane strain texture components which are typical of recovered grains in the center layer.

Three dimensional texture analysis by means of orientation distribution functions (ODF) was used to examine the texture development during rolling at 473 K in an austenitic stainless steel. With the help of ODFs results, the different stages of texture development could be assigned to the existing theories of heterogeneous deformation mechanisms of low SFE face-centred cubic metals. The texture at very low degree of rolling consists of two limited orientation tubes with their fibre axes 〈110〉//ND and 〈110〉60∘ND and agrees with the predictions made by Taylor model. With further deformation, twinning causes the reduction of ≈{112}〈111〉 component and leads to the formation of twin {552}〈115〉. Abnormal slip on slip planes parallel to the twin boundaries rotates the twins into the {332}〈113〉 and {111}〈110〉 positions. The shear bands formation in the rotated twin-matrix lamellae changes their orientations near to {011}〈100〉 and {011}〈112〉 positions. Finally, normal slip again continues an...

Clustering is an unsupervised classification of patterns into groups (clusters). The images can be clustered into group of visually similar images and can be used in applications like extracting images similar to the query image. The proposed system uses descriptors such as pixel information, foreground/background features, texture features for grouping similar objects. The cluster validation methods applied are internal and stability measures. It includes Connectivity, Silhouette, Dunn index in internal measures and Average Proportion of Non-overlap (APN), Average Distance (AD), Average Distance between Means (ADM), Figure of Merit (FOM) in Stability measures. These methods are used to compare multiple clustering algorithms such as K-Means Clustering, Hierarchical Clustering and PAM clustering for identifying the best clustering approach and the optimal number of clusters. Out of the three Clustering methods, K-Means Clustering provides the best cluster result. The texture feature produces better cluster result when compared to pixel information, foreground/background feature and combination of both texture and foreground/background feature. The system is user friendly and developed using "R".

The microstructure and texture of a strip-cast as well as a hot-rolled austenitic stainless steel (18 pct Cr, 8.5 pct Ni) are investigated by the use of optical metallography and quantitative X-ray texture analysis. In the hot band, a homogeneous microstructure is revealed together with a through-thickness texture gradient consisting of a weak cold rolling type of texture in the center layer and a shear texture close to the surface layers. The result is discussed in terms of the through-thickness shear profile that is generated during hot rolling. In the strip-cast material, a random orientation distribution as well as the development of martensite close to the center layer is attributed to the impingement and deformation of the films that are solidified on the surfaces of the casting rolls. The texture close to the surface is attributed to the growth selection of {001}〈uvw〉 oriented grains.

It is a great challenge to perform high level recognition tasks on videos that are poor in quality. In this paper, we propose a new spatio-temporal mid-level (STEM) feature bank for recognizing human actions in low quality videos. The feature bank comprises of a trio of local spatio-temporal features, i.e. shape, motion and textures, which respectively encode structural , dynamic and statistical information in video. These features are encoded into mid-level representations and ag-gregated to construct STEM. Based on the recent binarized statistical image feature (BSIF), we also design a new spatio-temporal textural feature that extracts discriminately from 3D salient patches. Extensive experiments on the poor quality versions/subsets of the KTH and HMDB51 datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

A technique is proposed for the investigation of discrete internal representations assumed to be formed by the visual system in response to pattern stimuli. The proposed technique involves applying a local 1-parameter group of spatial transformations to a pattern to generate a "continuum" of patterns. The visual discriminability of pairs of perturbed patterns corresponding to small fixed increments in the transformation parameter is determined at various points in the parameter range. By means of a simple rule, the characteristics of this discrimination performance are then related to the probability density functions assumed to underlie the hypothesized discrete internal representations. Two experimental applications of the proposed technique are described. The first is concerned with a discrete internal representation involving the specification of the collinearity or noncollinearity of the points in a pattern; the second is concerned with a discrete internal representation involving the specification of the acuteness or obtuseness of the angle between two lines in a pattern.

The richness of natural images makes the quest for optimal representations in image processing and computer vision challenging. The latter observation has not prevented the design of image representations, which trade off between efficiency and complexity, while achieving accurate rendering of smooth regions as well as reproducing faithful contours and textures. The most recent ones, proposed in the past decade, share an hybrid heritage highlighting the multiscale and oriented nature of edges and patterns in images. This paper presents a panorama of the aforementioned literature on decompositions in multiscale, multi-orientation bases or dictionaries. They typically exhibit redundancy to improve sparsity in the transformed domain and sometimes its invariance with respect to simple geometric deformations (translation, rotation). Oriented multiscale dictionaries extend traditional wavelet processing and may offer rotation invariance. Highly redundant dictionaries require specific algorithms to simplify the search for an efficient (sparse) representation. We also discuss the extension of multiscale geometric decompositions to non-Euclidean domains such as the sphere or arbitrary meshed surfaces. The etymology of panorama suggests an overview, based on a choice of partially overlapping "pictures". We hope that this paper will contribute to the appreciation and apprehension of a stream of current research directions in image understanding.

The Madneuli polymetallic deposit is the major deposit of the Bolnisi ore district in the southeastern part of Georgia, which is in production since the 70's. The Bolnisi district is part of the Lesser Caucasus; it extends towards the west in the Eastern Pontides, Turkey. The origin of the Madneuli deposit is still controversial. Our study is based on physical volcanology and sedimentary basin analyses. Eleven principal volcanic and volcano-sedimentary facies types were identified within the Madneuli open pit based on their composition, texture, volcanic and sedimentary structures. The presence of various submarine sedimentary structures, hyaloclastite and turbiditic rocks and Radiolaria described for the first time within the host rocks of the Madneuli open pit, supports the submarine depositional setting for the volcano-sedimentary succession hosting the Madneuli deposit.

Content based image retrieval (CBIR) has been one of the most important research areas in computer science for the last decade. A retrieval method which combines color and texture feature is proposed in this paper. According to the characteristic of the image texture, we can represent the information of texture by Multi Wavelet transform. We choose the color correlogram in RGB color space as the color feature. The experimental t results show that this method is more efficient than the traditional CBIR method based on the single visual feature and other methods combining color and texture.