Sustainable Water & Sanitation

SEHATI (Sustainable Sanitation and Hygiene Programme for Eastern Indonesia) adalah sebuah program yang berfokus pada peningkatan kapasitas pemerintah daerah dan dilakukan secara berjenjang. Dengan memastikan aspek keberlanjutan sejak awal implementasi, diharapkan 5 pilar STBM dapat dilakukan dengan lebih efektif dan efisien serta secara kelembagaan dapat berkelanjutan.

O artigo tem como objetivo revisitar o conceito de saneamento básico no Brasil e Portugal. O estudo foi realizado por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema, com ênfase no que tem sido produzido no Brasil e trabalho empírico qualitativo em Portugal, por meio de entrevistas realizadas a 50 dirigentes de entidades gestoras de saneamento básico, autoridades de saúde, meio ambiente e de regulação dos serviços, bem como representantes de entidades da sociedade civil. Conclui-se que o conceito de saneamento básico está submetido e condicionado ao próprio processo de construção do conhecimento ao longo da história, que tem se pautado por movimentos de continuidade e descontinuidade, que não se dão de forma neutra e estão inseridos na complexidade do contexto social e político do momento. Seu entendimento atual vai além dos componentes abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário, contemplando também o manejo das águas pluviais e de resíduos sólidos.

Executive Summary
This study considers whether South Africa is facing a water crisis and, if so, what the nature of the crisis is. It then reflects on whether the country is “water secure” and, if not, what is required to rectify the situation.

The study concludes that South Africa does not have a national water crisis at present. Regardless of effective water management and service provision, however, a number of serious problems could arise that could prove to be the seeds of future crises. In such situations, water-related problems would have a serious impact, causing the country’s social and economic life to take a turn for the worse.

Thus, in well-off urban communities, water services are generally of a high standard. In many poor communities, however, taps that have run dry, unsafe water and unsanitary toilets (or no toilets at all) are part of people’s daily lives.

While South Africa’s water resources are limited, they support a dynamic, growing economy and provision of services. Even so, there are areas in which water is already, or could soon become, a constraint to economic and social development. For example, although flooding is limited to a few localities, drought and drought-related disasters regularly affect communities as well as the national economy. With poverty and inequality continuing to define the experience of the majority of South Africans, it is a cause for concern that many opportunities offered by the water sector for development and social transformation are not being exploited effectively.

Thus, if water security is achieved when the social and productive potential of water has been harnessed adequately to the benefit of all, and its destructive potential is sufficiently contained, South Africa cannot yet be considered fully “water secure”.

Lack of water security is not primarily the result of not having enough water. Internationally, it is recognised that water scarcity does not, in itself, determine the success or failure of a country’s economic and social development. It is more important – and this has been demonstrated at a global level – that countries should recognise the limits of their water endowments and “live within their means”.

Although South Africa uses a relatively high proportion of its available water, studies have shown that there is enough water to meet all the country’s needs until 2025 and beyond. Present problems and future challenges are related mainly to limited financial resources and institutional capabilities, rather than to limitations of the resource. Thus, water crises may arise if the right investments, innovations and management decisions are not made at the right time. This could see jobs and livelihoods being affected, taps running dry and diseases spreading unnecessarily.

Solid waste management (SWM) is one of the most challenging issues for Narayangonj City Corporation (NCC) in Bangladesh, which is facing a serious pollution problem due to the generation of huge quantities of solid waste and therefore facing the land crisis for dumping those giant volume of municipal solid waste. Various studies, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), Key Informant Interview (KII) and physical survey reveal that about 40% to 50% solid waste of its generation has been collecting and transporting in open dumps in low land and roadside in NCC. This paper analyses the municipal waste fraction and per capita waste generation from primary and secondary data and explore future trends of solid waste generation up to 2036. Calculating the required land for dumping and evaluating financial assistant. The study has developed the flow diagrams, one is exiting, and another is for future for analysing how the challenges would be addresses effectively Keywords: Land crises, 3R (reduce, reuse and recycle) approach, reducing the dependency on land, sustainability of SWM

This research work evaluates the impact of stormwater infiltration on the removal of organics, solids, nitrogen and phosphorus in a LECA-based horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland. Stormwater runoff for the period between January 2008 and June 2010 (30 months) was estimated for the drainage basin of the Vila Fernando wastewater treatment plant (constructed wetland system) and it was observed proportionality between the increase in surface runoff and the infiltration flow rate that reached the plant. The average stormwater infiltration rate that reached the plant was 67.4 m(3) d(-1) (77% of the influent flow rate into the plant). The 30 month monitoring campaign set up at one of the reed beds showed that stormwater infiltration led to a high variation of the hydraulic loading rate (HLR) throughout the bed, which affected its performance in the removal of organic matter, suspended solids and nitrogen. For a HLR below 20 cm d-1 the removal efficiencies for BOD5, COD and TSS doubled. The removal of nitrogen was too low and was associated with the weak development of nitrifying biofilm and the poor growth of reeds. However, it was observed a good relationship between the applied and removed loads for most of the parameters, which seems to indicate that the organic, solid, nitrogen and phosphorus loading rates influenced the respective removal rates. The use of a bed material with high specific surface area, such as LECA, can only improve the treatment capacity of horizontal subsurface flow systems if the organic and solid loading rates, as well as the HLR, can be effectively controlled.

The Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) seeks to create a space for NGOs (local and international), government agencies, private firms and research institutes to exchange information about sustainable sanitation practices. The partners in SuSanA are located around the world and depend on mediated communication channels to exchange ideas. The SuSanA online discussion forum is a primary space for partners to exchange and receive information about issues in the sanitation sector of development.

This report presents the results of the network analysis of SuSanA partners. This analysis specifically studied the communication channels used and the quality of relationships among partners. The quality of relationships was assessed using measures of social capital. The report also provides four recommendations for strengthening the SuSanA network. The contents of this report provide a quantitative baseline of the sustainable sanitation sector as of May-June 2014. Future network studies can track progress toward enhanced network strength overtime.

Reclaimed water from small wastewater treatment facilities in the rural areas of the Beira Interior region (Portugal) may constitute an alternative water source for aquifer recharge. A 21-month monitoring period in a constructed wetland treatment system has shown that 21,500 m3 year−1 of treated wastewater
(reclaimed water) could be used for aquifer recharge. A GIS-based multi-criteria analysis was performed, combining ten thematic maps and economic, environmental and technical criteria, in order to produce a suitability map for the location of sites for reclaimed water infiltration. The areas chosen for aquifer
recharge with infiltration basins are mainly composed of anthrosol with more than 1 m deep and fine sand texture, which allows an average infiltration velocity of up to 1 m d−1. These characteristics will provide a final polishing treatment of the reclaimed water after infiltration (soil aquifer treatment (SAT)),
suitable for the removal of the residual load (trace organics, nutrients, heavy metals and pathogens).
The risk of groundwater contamination is low since the water table in the anthrosol areas ranges from 10 m to 50 m. On the other hand, these depths allow a guaranteed unsaturated area suitable for SAT. An area of 13,944 ha was selected for study, but only 1607 ha are suitable for reclaimed water infiltration.
Approximately 1280 m2 were considered enough to set up 4 infiltration basins to work in flooding and
drying cycles.

In view of the current scenario, water, sewage and waste treatment has brought new decisions that involve the entire water treatment process on our planet. New technologies and have emerged with a focus on low cost, sustainability and methods for water treatment, which have been researched and implemented in different spheres raise awareness about water preservation, being it a greater asset for common use in our daily lives. Among these new technologies for water treatment are filter gardens, also known for artificial systems of wetlands by aquatic plants. The system is advantageous and aesthetically favorable when using plants as a means of filtering the solid parts. It was presented in the work a model garden filter on a scale model for academic purposes, having as a method of analysis the basis in research of real models in gray water treatment. All the work was carried out based on evidence focusing on the efficiency and results of the gardens in the treatment of gray waters, which aims to present a natural, ecological and sustainable condition, and with a focus on economics, reuse of raw materials, landscaping, awareness in schools and academic programs.

One of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) targets is halving the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation facilities in 2015. Government of Indonesia will develop water services in the future, particularly for rural poor communities, to achieve the target. It is expected that developed water supply systems for the poor in the future are sustainable. However, it is difficult to ensure the success of the developed systems. To know the success or failure of the developed systems, a tool to predict sustainability of water supply system in the future is needed. Study on rural water supply systems sustainability using a mathematical model has resulted prediction of the sustainability. The model is obtained from data analysis of rural water supply systems in Brantas River Basin, East Java, Indonesia using the structural equation modeling (SEM). The data were quantitative and qualitative ones that consist of physical condition of region, social economic, water supply management, as well as water quality. Results of the study are mathematical equation of sustainability model, level of sustainability, and recommended methodology for decision-making of rural water supply projects. This model needs nine data input, they are availability of water sources, selection of technology, investment cost, technical operation, institutional management, existence and ability of operator, availability of spare parts, operation cost, and community participation. The prediction produces sustainability index that can be classified into three levels, they are low sustainability (index = 0.052 to 1.320), moderate sustainability (index = 1.321 to 1.914), and high sustainability (index = 1.915 to 2.507).

Access to clean, safe and reliable water
remains a challenge to many people
across the world, especially in
developing countries. Myanmar faces a
similar challenge, despite having ample
water resources and reliable rainfall. In
Yangon city for example, only 38% of
the population is reached by municipal
water supply, majority relying on
alternative sources. This study sought to
explore the challenges of current
municipal water supply in Yangon city,
employing a case study approach of
Insein township. Additionally, we aimed
to explain factors that hinder sustainable
supply of water in the same area and
recommend actions that can be taken to
improve supply of water to the city
residents.

The National Government, through the Department of Health, is taking a big leap to make sanitation programs effective and sustainable to protect the environment and public health. In the past decades, sanitation has not been prioritized. The misconception that sanitation is just a human excreta disposal and management, limits the Departmentinto the distribution of toilet bowls as the primary strategy in addressing sanitation related diseases and environmental related problems.

In compliance with Sustainable Development Goal # 6 which is "Ensure availability and sustainable management ofwater and sanitation for all," a basic sanitation facility (toilet facility with a standard size of a septic tank) in every household is deemed necessary in preparation for the advance sanitation facilities to achieve the safely managed sanitation services.

At present, poorly designed septic tank and the lack of basic sanitation facilities and on-site sewage treatment makes the domestic sewage as the highest contributor to environmental pollution and impact negatively on public health (World Bank Monitor, 2003). The occurrence of diarrheal outbreaks from different regions of the country and other environmental sanitation related diseases manifests the real situation of the environment wherein the communities are exposed to. Pursuant to the roles and responsibilities of DOH as provided in Section 72 Chapter XVII of PD No. 856, otherwise known as the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines, the Department's scope of supervision shall include plans, design data and specifications of a new or existing sewerage system or sewage treatment plant; and method of disposal of sludge from septic tanks or other treatment plants.

2. Rencana Aksi Daerah Penyediaan Air Minum dan Penyehatan Lingkungan selanjutnya disingkat dengan RAD AMPL adalah dokumen operasionalisasi kebijakan daerah jangka menengah dalam pengembangan pelayanan air minum dan sanitasi yang menerapkan pendekatan berbasis masyarakat dan pendekatan kelembagaan dalam rangka mendukung percepatan pencapaian Tujuan Pembangunan Millennium, khususnya pada target 7C perihal proporsi penduduk dengan akses terhadap air minum dan sanitasi layak dan berkelanjutan pada 2015.

A lot of sanitation planning tools and approach were developed to help sanitation planning process, which ranges based on their focus, objectives and target users. SAT and FAT were the examples on sanitation planning tools to help decision making process by providing result on situational, technological and financial analysis on FSM. Tha Klong municipality, in Thailand is one of the cities that has conducted the study using these two tools. The focus on this thesis is to study on how these tools were used and implemented in the setting of Tha Klong and how the actual planning process in this city were carried out to see its implication on sanitation planning process. A case study was conducted where FGD and interview were used as the method for data collections, whereas CLUES and Sanitation 21 were further utilized as an approach to analyse the data in order to understand the overall planning process in Tha Klong municipality. The result implies that FAT and SAT assessment conducted for Tha Klong municipality did have a sufficient result as required in order to prepare for FSM implementation, although it did not materialize in the projects planned as well as policies made in Tha Klong.

The global sustainable development goals (SDG), as recently updated by the UN, still include: “Goal 6. Ensure access to water and sanitation for all. The issue of access to water and sanitation is the most prevalent in Africa. This study focuses on Ghana, a country in Africa. Further, the research looks at water governance and management aspects of this SDG.
The objective of this research is to assess the current structures around sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation in the focus country of Ghana, where there are outstanding issues in this area, in order to come up with which aspects of water governance to focus on and possibly recommendations to solve the discovered issues. In order to evaluate the water governance in Ghana, in this study, the water governance of the Netherlands was used as a benchmark to answer the following research question:
What are the strengths and weaknesses of Ghana’s water governance in terms of sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation when comparing to the industry best practice that is represented by the Dutch water governance?
I aim to assess the Ghanaian water governance and management practices, using the ten building blocks approach by van Rijswick et al (2014) as assessment framework, This approach provides the following building blocks of water governance to consider: (1) water system knowledge; (2) values, principles, policy discourses; (3) stakeholders involvement; (4) trade-offs between social objectives; (5) responsibility, authority, means; (6) regulations and agreements; (7) financial arrangements; (8) engineering and monitoring; (9) enforcement and (10) conflict prevention and resolution.
By conducting a literature review the relevant assessment criteria is developed based on scientific literature and based on that, a methodology of assessment (Chapter 2 & 3). Next, it will provide an overview of the Dutch situation, looking at the Netherlands as a good governance benchmark (Chapter 4). After customizing the assessment framework to the issue at hand, and setting the benchmark against which to measure, further in-depth insight to the practical issues in relation to each of the building blocks in Ghana was attempted (Chapter 5). Further, after comparison of the available data of the two countries (Chapter 6) the following findings are made. First, that the major strengths of the Ghanaian system include the presence of democracy, of both government and market actors, the set-up of the design and implementation as well as the existence of the environmental monitoring system. Second, the major weakness is in the lack of available data. Recommendations are arrived at based on the findings as to how to improve water governance practices regarding sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation in Ghana (Chapter 7). These recommendations include first and foremost that the availability of the water systems knowledge is needed to improve water governance in Ghana, together with transparent rules, and sufficient financial funding.

This article presents results from the first statistically significant study of cost escalation in transportation infrastructure projects. Based on a sample of 258 transportation infrastructure projects worth US$90 billion and representing different project types, geographical regions, and historical periods, it is found with overwhelming statistical significance that the cost estimates used to decide whether such projects should be built are highly and systematically misleading. Underestimation cannot be explained by error and is best explained by strategic misrepresentation, that is, lying. The policy implications are clear: legislators, administrators, investors, media representatives, and members of the public who value honest numbers should not trust cost estimates and cost-benefit analyses produced by project promoters and their analysts.

Shimla town, popularly known queen of hills in Himachal Pradesh, is facing the problems typically faced by any hilly region like unplanned urbanization, illegal encroachments, violation of planning/ building norms, soil erosion, flooding, scarcity of buildable land, emergence of linear urban corridors, inaccessibility of certain areas, uneven development of urban system etc. The development pattern of Shimla is governed by its topographical constraints like steep slopes, elongated hilly spurs, forest areas, and zones of perpetual sun shades. Due to extremely limited vehicular accessibility and dependence on pedestrian movement, the development of Shimla is concentrated in limited area. The ridge and southern side are densely populated due to gradual slopes and sunny side of the southern side which are more amenable for development. Thus all major land uses are located on the
southern face of Shimla. The high growth of population coupled with the floating population is exerting heavy pressure on the existing infrastructure and also leading to encroachments, unauthorized constructions, construction activities not incompatible with the traditional culture and heritage of the city.  The study highlights important issues in the city in the context of housing, basic services and urban poverty alleviation. Housing for the urban poor has emerged a crucial issue as it is skewed in favour of rich sections. The pace of housing and basic services under JNNURM is very slow which is affecting the quality of life in the city. The tourists exert additional pressure on crucial infrastructure and basic services and disturb the living equilibrium of the local citizens during peak tourist months. The pace of poverty alleviation programmes is also very poor and slums and poverty are affecting social fabric of the city. The study suggests actionable strategies for  improving housing, basic services and livelihood for eradication of urban poverty.

The research focused on the management of stormwater and sewage generated in a
developed urban area - Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. This involved the design of sanitary sewers, stormwater collection networks and a central sewage treatment plant. The total estimate of the wastewater generated from various locations was 5.067 million litres per day based on the population of approximately 26,131. The existing sewage disposal system in use in the institution was the septic tank-soakaway arrangement for individual buildings. The design of the sanitary sewers and stormwater collection networks are based on the principles of hydraulics. The results obtained were used to analyze and design the drains and pipe sizes for the open channels and the closed conduits respectively. The size of the drains for stormwater collection networks was designed with the assumption of 0.75 and 1 meter width. Also, calculations were made for square drain (depth equals width)
to be able to select practicable sizes. For optimum size solution, pipe size of 100 mm was found to be suitable for wastewater conveyance from the office areas. The sizes of pipes calculated for flows from residential quarters are too small, hence available commercial pipe sizes were selected. Wastewater samples were collected at various locations and were determined through laboratory tests to ascertain the concentrations of significant physical, chemical and biological content of the wastewater for proper selection of appropriate treatment processes. A BOD concentration of 350 mg/l and 353 mg/l obtained for residential and office areas respectively translated to high pollution load requires treatment before ultimate discharge into the receiving stream. The proposed sewage treatment plant was sited
at the lowest topographical level, far enough from the office and residential quarters. This would allow flow by gravity from the various points. The sewage treatment plant components selected include screen chamber, grit chamber, skimming tank and rectangular/circular primary settling/sedimentation tank (PST), which are designed to optimal dimensions.

Megaproject Planning and Management: Essential Readings contains the seminal articles from the growing body of research on megaproject planning and management along with an original introduction by the editor, Bent Flyvbjerg. The leading and most cited authority in the field, Flyvbjerg has used crowdsourcing and 25 years of experience to cherry-pick from several hundred articles and books the writings that define the field. This volume will be an indispensable source for those wishing to speak with authority about how megaprojects are prepared, delivered, and fought over. The target audience is students, academics, practitioners, and media pundits alike, as well as communities affected by megaprojects.

Back cover text: Megaprojects and Risk provides the first detailed examination of the phenomenon of megaprojects. It is a fascinating account of how the promoters of multi-billion dollar megaprojects systematically and self-servingly misinform parliaments, the public and the media in order to get projects approved and built. It shows, in unusual depth, how the formula for approval is an unhealthy cocktail of underestimated costs, overestimated revenues, undervalued environmental impacts and overvalued economic development effects. This results in projects that are extremely risky, but where the risk is concealed from MPs, taxpayers and investors. The authors not only explore the problems but also suggest practical solutions drawing on theory, experience and hard, scientific evidence from the several hundred projects in twenty nations and five continents that illustrate the book. Accessibly written, it will be the standard reference for students, scholars, planners, economists, auditors, politicians and interested citizens for many years to come.

Buang Air Besar Sembarangan (BABS) merupakan salah satu perilaku tidak sehat. BABS merupakan suatu aksi membuang kotoran ataupun tinja ditempat sembarangan. BABS dilakukan ditempat misalnya seperti ladang, hutan, semak–semak, sungai, tepi laut maupun zona terbuka yang lainnya serta dibiarkan menyebar mengkontaminasi area tanah, udara dan juga air. Belum Open Defecation Free (ODF) atau dengan kata lain masih BABS, dengan ditemukan jumlah kasus 116 di Kelurahan Margahayu.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan faktor predisposisi penduduk berdasarkan umur, pendidikan, pendapatan, pengetahuan, sikap dan kebiasaan buang air besar dengan perilaku buang air besar sembarangan di Kelurahan Margahayu Tahun 2021. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain Cross Sectional. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara Proportional Random Sampling yaitu sebanyak 59 sampel. Data yang telah dik-umpulkan dianalisis menggunakan uji univariat dan bivariat.
Hasil penelitian menunjukan ada hubungan yang signifikan perilaku BABS dengan umur (p-value = 0,032), pendidikan (p-value = 0,046), pendapatan (p-value = 0,030). Sedangan tidak ada hubungan signifikan dengan pengetahuan (p-value = 0,734), sikap (p-value = 1,000), kebiasaan buang air besar (p-value = 0,858).
Diketahui adanya hubungan signifikan antara variabel umur dengan perilaku BABS, variabel pendidikan dengan perilaku BABS, variabel pendapatan dengan perilaku BABS. Saran melanjutkan program yang telah ada mengenai pembinaan jamban sehat yaitu Gerakan Seribu Rupiah Siapkan Jamban Sehat (Geser Si Jahat) dan Tabungan Sedot Tinja (Bung Senja).

The article first describes characteristics of major infrastructure projects. Second, it documents a much neglected topic in economics: that ex ante estimates of costs and benefits are often very different from actual ex post costs and benefits. For large infrastructure projects the consequences are cost overruns, benefit shortfalls, and the systematic underestimation of risks. Third, implications for cost–benefit analysis are described, including that such analysis is not to be trusted for major infrastructure projects. Fourth, the article uncovers the causes of this state of affairs in terms of perverse incentives that encourage promoters to underestimate costs and overestimate benefits in the business cases for their projects. But the projects that are made to look best on paper are the projects that amass the highest cost overruns and benefit shortfalls in reality. The article depicts this situation as ‘survival of the unfittest’. Fifth, the article sets out to explain how the problem may be solved, with a view to arriving at more efficient and more democratic projects, and avoiding the scandals that often accompany major infrastructure investments. Finally, the article identifies current trends in major infrastructure development. It is argued that a rapid increase in stimulus spending, combined with more investments in emerging economies, combined with more spending on information technology is catapulting infrastructure investment from the frying pan into the fire.

A concept frequently linked to sustainable development by scholars, is entrepreneurship.
However, an integration of entrepreneurship into a theoretically founded framework of
sustainability is still missing. Furthermore, entrepreneurship is rarely understood as a goal
of sustainable development, i.e. the individual’s freedom to choose entrepreneurship as
a livelihood strategy. This presents a research gap in the discourse on entrepreneurship
and sustainability. An example for a sustainability issue in practice is the Zambian water,
sanitation and solid waste management sector, as it is in an insufficient state. Furthermore,
entrepreneurship is underdeveloped in Zambia. The proportion of Zambia’s population that
is engaged in entrepreneurial activity is high in global comparison, however the failure rate
is as well. This set of problems in addition to the mentioned research gaps evolved into the
following research question:
What are the drivers and barriers of successful entrepreneurship in the water
and sanitation sector in Zambia within a framework of sustainability?
To answer this research question, literature-based work on the concepts of sustainability
and entrepreneurship was followed by qualitative empirical research. Interviews with
entrepreneurs and experts in Zambia were conducted and analyzed.
Firstly, the concept of entrepreneurship was integrated into the framework of sustainability
by Lienert and Burger (2015). This proved the theoretical applicability of the framework
to concepts of livelihood strategies. Furthermore, it constituted the conceptual framework
of this thesis, which was positively examined on its applicability in the empirical work.
Secondly, successful entrepreneurship as the outcome was understood as going beyond mere
monetary values in light of the sustainability framework. This has been proven to be valid
both in theoretical and empirical work. While monetary values can be interpreted as a
transmitting factor to non-monetary values, especially independence, self-actualization, sense
of achievement and power can be regarded as highly relevant determinants of successful
entrepreneurship in the investigated context. Thirdly, drivers and barriers were constituted by
the sufficiency of frame conditions and the accessibility of capital. The situation for Zambian
x
entrepreneurs in the water, sanitation and solid waste management sector was identified as
being challenging, with governmental involvement, cultural settings and market environment
being in a widely insufficient state. In addition, the access especially to financial capital and
knowledge proved to be tough for entrepreneurs. On the other side, signs of improvement
were identified as the number of interventions by government and other actors grew and the
cultural settings changed in favor of entrepreneurship. The access to social capital was seen
as valuable and measures how to overcome the present obstacles were shown.
These results can contribute to both the scientific discourse on entrepreneurship and
sustainability as well as development cooperation practice in Zambia. To the scientific
discourse, the integration of entrepreneurship into the sustainability framework by Lienert and
Burger (2015) contributed in regard to the examination and advancement of the framework
itself. In addition, the literature on sustainable entrepreneurship was complemented by
theoretically founding entrepreneurship into a conception of sustainability. The perspective
on entrepreneurship not only as a means but also as an end of sustainable development served
as an additional complement to the existing literature. For development cooperation practice,
the identification of drivers and barriers for Zambian entrepreneurs, as well as the agency of
Zambians to become entrepreneurs and what is perceived as successful entrepreneurship, can
inform interventions to promote entrepreneurship in this context.