Sport Physiology

The purpose of the present research is studying the relations and differences between VO2max values and heart beat frequencies calculated with three different shuttle run tests used to determine the aerobic and anaerobic capacities of soccer players. Eleven amateur trained male soccer players (age = 23.18 ± 1.83 years, sport age = 11.82 ± 1.99 years) voluntarily participated in the present research. 20m Shuttle Run Test (20mSRT), Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (YYIRT1) and level 2 (YYIRT2) running tests, which are frequently used in VO2max. calculations, were performed by players on different days. Significant relations were found between heart rate frequencies and VO2max. values calculated after 20m SRT and YYIRT1, and YYIRT1 and YYIRT2 (respectively; r = 0,628, p<0,05: r = 0,921, p<0,01). No significant relations were found between 20mSRT and YYIRT2 (p>0,05). There was no significant difference between heart rate averages after 20m SRT and YYIRT1 (p> 0.05). T...

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of knee muscle fatigue on knee joint moment, knee joint force and knee angular velocity during saggital perturbations of single-leg stance. 15 healthy men (age = 26.2±2.1 yr) with no history of knee injury or trauma participated in this study. Fatigue induced to knee muscle using a standard Monark bicycle ergometer. Isokinetic Dynamometer (Chattanooga, TN) was used to measure maximal knee force and time to task failure before and after fatigue protocol. Reflex muscle activity measured during single-leg stance perturbation before and after fatigue protocol. Using a motion capture system and force plate, knee kinematics data and ground reaction force were also recorded before and after fatiguing. Maximal knee force, time to task failure and associated EMG activities were significantly reduced (for both flexion and extension directions) after fatigue (P< 0.05). Moreover reflex activity of the knee muscles was significantly lower during post exercise single leg stance perturbation with respect to pre exercise phase (P < 0.05). However knee angular velocity increased (P < 0.05), knee joint force decreased (P< 0.05) and knee joint moment increased in the frontal (P< 0.05) and horizontal plan (P< 0.05) after dynamic fatigue protocol. The result of the current study demonstrated, that fatigue induced changes in muscle activity patterns around knee joint. The altered muscle activity pattern around knee joint can contribute to an increased knee varus moment and an excessive internal rotation of the tibia, during destabilizing perturbation of single-leg stance. This may further increase the risk ACL injuries during single-leg stance cutting action.

Background: Martial Art sports performances are highly demanded and incorporated with the physical attribution of Martial Art athletes. This study aimed to identify the relationship between the anthropometry variables and sports performances of the male national-level Sanda Wushu players. Materials and Methods: The total population sampling method was used and 41 elite male Wushu players registered for the 2022 National Wushu Championship whose weight category between 56kg and 80kg participated in this study. Participant's demographic information, 22 anthropometric measurements of body height, sitting height, body weight, BMI, girth measurements of head, neck, arm relaxed, arm flexed and tensed, forearm, wrist, chest, waist, gluteal, thigh, mid-thigh, calf, ankle circumferences, limb length of the arm, forearm, hand, thigh, tibial, foot lengths and sports performances were measured. Wushu Performances were assessed by using a scoring system developed by the authors. The relationship between anthropometric parameters and performances was tested by the Pearson Correlation test using SPSS (version 22) software. Results: The findings revealed that the arm length (p=0.001, r=0.671), and tibial length (p=0.001, r=0.667) have a significant positive correlation with sports performances. Conclusion:It was evident that the athletes with the highest arm length and tibial length have shown the highest performance in Wushu sports. It is suggested that to obtain higher Wushu sports achievements, consider players' anthropometrical advantages.

Background: Wushu is a Martial Art which majorly has two styles namely Taolu (choreographed movements) and Sanda (sparring). Sanda performances are highly demanded and incorporated into the body composition of martial art players. The Sanda event is played according to the body weight category of the players. Therefore, the players' body composition does a crucial role in Sanda performance. This study aimed to identify the relationship between body composition and Wushu Sanda performance of national-level players of Sri Lanka. Materials and Methods: A total of 41 elite male Wushu Sanda players registered for the Sri Lanka National Wushu Championship 2022 weight category between 56kg to 80kgparticipated in the study. Demographic data of age, body height, body weight, BMI, highest achievement level and training age were collected. Seven skinfold segments of the triceps, subscapular, biceps, supraspinal, abdominal, front thigh, and medial calf were measured by the Harpenden Skinfold Caliper. Four major body segments of total body, arm, trunk and legs composition were measured by the Body Composition Monitor HBF-362. Sports performances were recorded according to their sports achievement levels and awarded scores in descending order from the international level to the domestic level. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test the data normality and the relationship between body composition and performances was tested by the Pearson correlation test using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22 (SPSS) software. Results: The study sample mean age was (31.46 years ± 3.53) and the training age was (8.43 years ±2.75). The results have shown, that abdominal skinfolds have a significant low-negative correlation (r=-0.448, p=0.003) with sports performances while the other six body skinfold thicknesses were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Further, analysis of the body segment compositions showed their total body fat mass percentage is significantly moderate-negatively correlated (r=-0.682, p=0.001) while arm muscle mass percentage is a significantly highpositive correlation (r=0.808, p=0.003) with sports performances. Conclusion: The study can be concluded that Wushu Sanda players have a higher percentage of fat deposition in the body and it adversely affects their sports performances. Further, athletes with a minimum level of abdominal skinfolds and total body fat percentage, and athletes with higher arm muscle mass percentage have attained higher sports achievements. Henceforth, to achieve a higher level of sports Wushu Sanda players should lower their fat depositions in the body and increase muscle mass in their arms.

The quantification and monitoring of training load (TL) has been the topic of many scientific works in the last fifteen years. TL monitoring helps coaches to individually prescribe, follow-up, analyse, adjust and programme training sessions. In particular, the aim of the present review was to provide a critical literature report regarding different physiological markers of TL monitoring, particularly in soccer, as the load is specific to individual sports. Therefore, the interests and limitations of heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV) and biochemical variables (blood, urinary and hormonal variations) were analysed, with a special focus on daily measures (before, during and after training) and monitoring throughout a whole season. It appears that the most relevant markers were the resting HR before training, HR reserve during training, HRV during rest days, blood lactate, and blood and salivary immunological status in follow-ups throughout the season. Urinary markers indicative of the players' hydration status also deserve attention. However, these objective markers should be considered with a subjective marker of TL such as the rating of perceived exertion to give a more precise quantification of TL and its perception. Future research could be directed towards urinary marker analysis and the analysis of specific markers of TL, which could be related to injury occurrence and to performance during competition.

In this paper, we report the effect of high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) program on mood state in overweight/obese young men. Obesity is widespread worldwide associated with increased risk of health issues such as cardio-respiratory diseases, type 2 diabetes and cancer (1). It is also associated with psychological and social hazards. Indeed, obese people often suffer of low self-esteem, loneliness, sadness, and nervousness , which are key symptoms of depression (2). HIIT consists of vigorous exercise performed at high intensity for a brief period of time inter-posed with recovery intervals at low-to-moderate intensity or complete rest. This type of exercise was shown to improve physical fitness (3), but its effect on psychological factors has not been sufficiently explored. Twenty young male students, aged 18.2±1.01 yr were included and divided based on body mass index (BMI) in overweight/obese group (OG; BMI&gt;25 kg/m 2 , n=10) and normal-weight group (NWG, BMI&lt;25 kg/...

This paper presents a new application for auditory display, the use of sound to assist the analysis of tactics and tactical training in sports games. For a pilot study we have set up a system for the video recording and processing (i.e. tracking of the players and the ball) of tactical training cycles in handball. An auditory display was designed to meet the requirements for supporting and extending visual analysis of tactics, e.g. it allows to identify those players that deviate from a nominal tactical position, and it allows to value the degree of deviation. Sound examples for tactically correct and deviating group behavior in game situations are provided and discussed for the example of the 6:0-defense. We also discuss our intended psychophysical experiment for the validation of the method. For technical reasons, the display is not yet applicable in real-time but we aim towards an online interactive player feedback for tactical training.

The purpose of the present research is studying the relations and differences between VO2max values and heart beat frequencies calculated with three different shuttle run tests used to determine the aerobic and anaerobic capacities of soccer players. Eleven amateur trained male soccer players (age = 23.18 ± 1.83 years, sport age = 11.82 ± 1.99 years) voluntarily participated in the present research. 20m Shuttle Run Test (20mSRT), Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (YYIRT1) and level 2 (YYIRT2) running tests, which are frequently used in VO2max. calculations, were performed by players on different days. Significant relations were found between heart rate frequencies and VO2max. values calculated after 20m SRT and YYIRT1, and YYIRT1 and YYIRT2 (respectively; r = 0,628, p&lt;0,05: r = 0,921, p&lt;0,01). No significant relations were found between 20mSRT and YYIRT2 (p&gt;0,05). There was no significant difference between heart rate averages after 20m SRT and YYIRT1 (p&gt; 0.05). T...

Bu arastirmanin amaci, algilanan motivasyonel iklimin ve odullendirici davranisin futbolcularda mevkilere gore karsilastirilmasidir. Arastirmaya 2018-2019 sezonunda futbol takimlarinda oynayan erkek futbolcular katilmistir (n=267). Verilerin toplanmasinda Sporda Algilanan Motivasyonel Iklim Olcegi (Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire- PMCSQ) ve Sporda Liderlik Olcegi (Leadership for Sport Scale-LSS) kullanilmistir. Istatistiksel analizler icin; betimsel istatistiksel teknikleri, kolmogorov Smirnoff- Shapira Wilks ve Kruskall Wallis H testi kullanilmistir. Analiz sonuclari, futbolcularin bulundugu mevkilere gore performans iklimi [χ^2 (sd=2, n=267) = 4,871] ve ustalik iklimi [χ^2 (sd=2, n=267) = 4,182, p&gt;.05] puanlarinin anlamli bir sekilde farklilasmadigini gostermektedir. Ancak futbolcularin bulundugu mevkilere gore odullendirici davranis puanlarinin anlamli bir sekilde farklilasmaktadir [χ^2 (sd=2, n=267) = 64710, p .05). Ancak; hucum-savunma (U=1644.50, p&lt;...

Background & Aims: Hyperglycemia causes disorders of cardiovascular system, kidneys, retina, lens of the eyes, skin, and central and peripheral nervous system. Since two indicators PGC-1α and Atf2 are involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, therefore, this study was designed and implemented to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks' endurance training with quercetin supplementation on the expression of mitochondrial PGC-1α and Atf2 genes in the hippocampus of diabetic male rats. Materials & Methods: The present study was an experimental study with a post-test design with a control group that was performed by laboratory method. In the present study, 35 Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups (7 in each) including: healthy control, quercetin supplement, control diabetic, exercise diabetic, and diabetic quercetin supplement. 15 mg of quercetin per kg of body weight were injected to two experimental groups (diabetic exercise supplement and supplement) each day after diabetes induction. The protocol used in the present study was 6 weeks' moderate intensity endurance training (55-50% of maximum oxygen consumption). Hippocampal tissue was taken surgically 24 hours after the last training session to evaluate the expression of PGC-1α and Atf2 genes. One-way analysis of variance with Tukey post-hoc test (with a significance level of P <0.05) was used to examine the data. Results: Results showed that the expression of PGC-1α and Atf2 genes after 6 weeks of intervention, increased significantly in the diabetic supplement training group compared to the diabetic control, training diabetes, and quercetin supplementation groups (P<0.05). The diabetic exercise group had a significant increase compared to the diabetes control group for both of the genes (P <0.05). Conclusion: It seems that 6 weeks' endurance training alone and in combination with quercetin supplementation has a positive effect on mitochondrial PGC-1α and Atf2 gene expression, and increases them in the diabetic patients.

Load management, i.e., prescribing, monitoring, and adjusting training load, is primarily aimed at preventing injury and maximizing performance. The search for objective monitoring tools to assess the external and internal load of athletes is of great interest for sports science research. In this 4-week pilot study, we assessed the feasibility and acceptance of an extensive monitoring approach using biomarkers, neuromuscular performance, and questionnaires in an elite youth soccer setting. Eight male players (mean ± SD: age: 17.0 ± 0.6 years, weight: 69.6 ± 8.2 kg, height: 177 ± 7 cm, VO2max: 62.2 ± 3.8 ml/min/kg) were monitored with a local positioning system (e.g., distance covered, sprints), biomarkers (cell-free DNA, creatine kinase), questionnaires, neuromuscular performance testing (counter-movement jump) and further strength testing (Nordic hamstring exercise, hip abduction and adduction). Feasibility was high with no substantial impact on the training routine and no adverse ...

Background: High expression of SIRT1 genes increases the expression of PGC1-α, which stimulates expression of GLUT4 glucose carrier in skeletal muscle. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 8-week of HIIT training on the expression of SIRT1 and PGC1-α in male rats with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The research method was experimental. sixty male Wistar rats, with average weight of 250 ± 20 g, after induction of diabetes by injection of Nicotinic Amide-Streptozotocin, were randomly divided into 5 groups: Base-line control (n=12), HIIT Control (n=12), HIIT (n=12), Diabetic Control (n=12), HIIT Diabetic (n=12). The training groups performed the HIIT on a treadmill for 8-week and 5 days a week, which speeded from 16 meters per minute to the end of the eighth week to 38 meters per minute. Twenty four hours after the last training session, the rats were anesthetized. Then, soleus muscle tissue was immediately extracted, and the level of SIRT1 and PGC1-α gene expression was measured by Real Time-PCR and scale (). Results: Statistical analysis of two-way ANOVA showed that the mean PGC1-α and SIRT1 indices were significantly different between the two control groups and the untrained diabetic group. Also, HIIT exercise had a significant effect on PGC1-α and SIRT1 genes (P<0.05). Conclusion: HIIT exercises lead to increased expression of GLUT4 and, consequently, insulin sensitivity. So, diabetic patients seem to have improved their health and muscle levels by employing HIIT training for at least 8week in order to increase SIRT1 and PGC1-α.

Introduction and aim: In sports, self-confidence can be characterized by high-grade achievement expectation. In this context, the aim is to determine whether is any difference between the self-confidence levels of middle school students who do individual sports and those who are engaged in team sports. Age groups and gender as well as differences in self-esteem levels are also analyzed. Method: The study group consisted of 96 students who were engaged in individual and team sports in 5 secondary schools in Istanbul. "Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory", developed by Coopersmith (1967), was used in order to determine self-esteem levels and the personal information form was prepared to collect participants' age, gender and sport type data. First, the Shapiro Wilk test was performed to test the distribution of the data and it was found that the data provided a normal distribution. Independent sample t-test was conducted to determine whether self-esteem levels differed significantly in terms of gender and age variables. Findings: At the end of the study, the findings obtained from the data analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the self-confidence levels of the secondary school students compared to the sports types (p> 0,05). In the data obtained from other variables, it was determined that the level of self-esteem did not show any significant difference according to age and sex (p> 0,05).

To better understand the detraining effects in soccer, the purpose of the study was to analyse if performance level of soccer players modulate repeated-sprint ability (RSA) and intermittent endurance changes during 2-weeks of detraining (i.e., in-season break). Seventeen professional and sixteen young elite soccer players of two different teams performed, before and after 2-weeks of detraining, the RSA test and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, level 1 (YYIR1). Before detraining, professional players perform better (p &lt; 0.05) RSA best time (RSAbest) than young players. A decrease (p &lt; 0.05) in RSAbest, RSA total time (RSAtotal) and mean time (RSAmean) performance was observed in both teams, without changes in RSA fatigue index (Sdec). No significant changes in distance covered during YYIR1 was observed in any team. Before detraining, faster players from both teams (FG) (following the median split technique, soccer players with RSAbest ≤ 3.95 s) performed better (p &lt; 0.0...

Regular exercise and optimal nutrition are important for a healthy and disease-free life. The benefits of exercise and physical activity are far greater than the risks; therefore, the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) encourages all women to participate in physical activity and sports.

The present study aimed to investigate the indicators of burnout, to determine whether playing position affects the perception of syndrome dimensions, and to identify burnout prevalence in professional football players. Methods: The participants were 100 professional football players (mean age 24.3 ± 4.6 years and meantime as a professional athlete of 9.2 ± 4.5 years) who were divided into three groups: 27 forwards, 34 midfielders, and 39 defenders. The Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) and a sociodemographic questionnaire were applied. Results: The results show that a) the majority of athletes had low burnout indicators, b) there was no difference in the perception of burnout dimensions by playing position, and c) the prevalence of athletes with burnout, whether mild, moderate, or severe, was 13%. Conclusion: The variable of playing position was not a determinant of perception of burnout dimensions among the forwards, midfielders, and defenders. Nonetheless, the prevalence of burnout deserves attention, as the negative effects of this syndrome may exert impacts on health, well-being, and sports performance, making athletes more likely to abandon their sport.

ا افزایش بی­ تحرکی در دنیای مدرن امروزی، بسیاری از بیماری­ های متابولیکی ناشی از عدم فعالیت بدنی گسترش یافته­ اند. از جمله این بیماری­ ها می­ توان به بیماری استئاتوهپاتیت غیرالکلی اشاره کرد که با افزایش استرس اکسیداتیو همراه است. هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی تاثیر هشت هفته تمرینات تناوبی شنا با شدت بالا بر سطح فاکتور شبه­ هسته‌ای ۲ مشتق از اریتروئید ۲ (Nrf2) و سوپراکسید­دیسموتاز (SOD) در موش­ های صحرایی نر چاق مبتلا به استئاتوهپاتیت غیرالکلی (NASH) بود.مواد و روش ­ها: در ابتدا موش­ های صحرایی در سن 6 تا 8 هفته به­ طور تصادفی به دو گروه سالم (20= n) و بیمار (رژیم پرچرب (HFD)) (n=20) تقسیم شدند. رژیم پرچرب به مدت 8 هفته ادامه داشت تا موش­ه ای صحرایی مبتلا به NASH شوند. پس از القا بیماری، گروه بیمار به­ طور تصادفی به 2 گروه بیمار - بی­ تحرک (10=n)، بیمار - شنا (10=n)،  تقسیم شدند؛ هم­چنین گروه سالم نیز به دو گروه سالم - بی­ تحرک (10=n) و گروه سالم - شنا (10=n) تقسیم گردیدند. تمرین HIIT شنا، شامل 20 نوبت 30 ثانیه ­ای شنا با 30 ثانیه استراحت بین هر نوبت (سه روز در هفته به مدت هشت هفته) بود. در تمرین تناوبی، بار اعمال شده در هفته اول، وزنه­ ای به میزان 7 درصد وزن بدن هر موش صحرایی بود و هر هفته 1 درصد به آن اضافه شد. پروتئین Nrf2 از بافت کبد و از طریق تکنیک وسترن بلات و SOD از سرم خون اندازه ­گیری شدند. برای مشخص نمودن تفاوت میان گروه­ ها از آزمون آماری آنووای یکراهه و آزمون تعقیبی بونفرونی (0.05>P < span lang="FA">) استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج آنالیز آماری نشان داد در متغیر SOD، گروه بیمار بی­تحرک نسبت به سالم بی­ تحرک و سالم - شنا کاهش معنادار (0.05>P < span lang="FA">) و گروه سالم - شنا نسبت به بیمار - شنا افزایش معنادار وجود داشت (0.05>P < span lang="FA">). در متغیر Nrf2 گروه سالم - بی­ تحرک نسبت به گروه ­های بیمار - بی­ تحرک و بیمار - شنا افزایش معنادار وجود داشت (0.05>P < span lang="FA">). هم­چنین در گروه بیمار - شنا نسبت به بیمار - بی­ تحرک تغییر معناداری وجود نداشت(0.05 )بحث و نتیجه­ گیری: تمرینات تناوبی شنا با شدت بالا در بیماران مبتلا به NASH، می­تواند بر سیستم آنتی­ اکسیدانی تاثیر مثبت داشته باشد با این­ وجود در این زمینه انجام پژوهش­ های دیگر ضروری است

مرینات ورزشی به عنوان یک راه­کار عملی نقش مهمی در افزایش آدروپین و بهبود مقاومت به انسولین و پیشگیری از عوارض اضافه وزن دارند، هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی تأثیر تمرینات هوازی با شدت متوسط و تمرین تناوبی شدید بر سطوح سرمی آدروپین و ارتباط آن با مقاومت به انسولین در مردان دارای اضافه وزن بود.مواد و روش­ ها: 24 مرد جوان با میانگین سن 3.14±28.4 سال، وزن 4.89±77.11 کیلوگرم و شاخص توده بدن 0.37±27.76 کیلوگرم مترمربع داوطلبانه در تحقیق حاضر شرکت کرده و به طور تصادفی در گروه تمرین هوازی‌‌‌‌ (n=8)، تمرین تناوبی شدید ‌‌‌‌‌‌(n=8) و کنترل ‌‌‌‌‌‌(n=8) قرار داده شدند. تمرین تناوبی شدید (با شدت 100-90 حداکثر ضربان قلب) و تمرین هوازی‌ (با شدت 75-50 درصد حداکثر ضربان قلب) به مدت 6 هفته و هر هفته 3 جلسه متناوب و هر جلسه 45 تا 65 دقیقه انجام شد. قبل و بعد از مداخلات نمونه خونی برای اندازه­ گیری سطوح آدروپین، گلوکز و انسواین در وضعیت 12 ساعت ناشتایی جمع آوری شد.یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که 6 هفته تمرین هوازی با شدت متوسط و نیز 6 هفته تمرین تناوبی شدید منجر به افزایش معنادار آدروپین و نیز کاهش معنادار انسولین، گلوکز و مقاومت به انسولین مردان دارای اضافه وزن شدند (0.05>P). همچنین بین تغییرات آدروپین با گلوکز و مقاومت به انسولین ارتباط منفی معنادار وجود داشت (0.05>P). بین سطوح سرمی آدروپین با انسولین خون ارتباط معنادار وجود نداشت (0.05<P).بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: چنین نتیجه گیری می ­شود که هم تمرین هوازی با شدت متوسط و هم تمرین تناوبی شدید با کاهش مقاومت به انسولین در مردان دارای اضافه وزن منجر به پیشگیری از بیماری­ های دیابت و قلبی عروقی می ­شود. به نظر می­ رسد در این تغییرات ناشی از تمرین، آدروپین ایفای نقش می­ کند.

ریکاوری مطلوب بخش مهمی از فرایند تمرین است و میل به مصرف غذا در این دوره اهمیت فراوانی دارد. هدف پژوهش حاضر ارزیابی پاسخ گلوکز ، انسولین و میزان اشتها به مقدار مصرف کربوهیدرات پس از فعالیت تناوبی شدید (HIIE) بود.مواد و روش‌ها: تعداد 32 دختر ورزشکار (با سن 1.04±22.41 سال و وزن 2.41±56.77) به دو گروه نوشیدنی کربوهیدراتی (با مقادیر 1.2 گرم/کیلوگرم و 0.4 گرم/کیلوگرم) تقسیم شدند. فعالیت تناوبی شامل 8 تکرار 3 دقیقه‌ای (3×8) با شدت 80 درصد حداکثر ضربان قلب، سرعت اولیه 6 کیلومتر/ساعت و شیب 1 درصد بود. هر 3 دقیقه، 1 کیلومتر بر سرعت افزوده ولی شیب ثابت باقی می‌ماند. استراحت فعال بین تکرارها 90 ثانیه و با شدت 55 درصد اجرا شد. آزمودنی‌ها در دقایق 15 و 90 ریکاوری، نوشیدنی‌ مصرف کردند و پیش، بلافاصله و 150 دقیقه پس از فعالیت خون‌گیری به عمل آمد. میزان اشتها پیش، بلافاصله، دقایق 15، 30، 60، 90 و 150 پس از فعالیت با مقیاس اشتها (VAS) اندازه‌گیری شد. برای ارزیابی آماری از آزمون آنالیز واریانس چند متغیری با اندازه‌گیری ­مکرر و ضریب همبستگی پیرسون در سطح 0.05>P استفاده شد.یافته‌ها: مقدار مصرف کربوهیدرات تفاوت معنی‌داری در میل به غذا 30 دقیقه پس از فعالیت بین دو گروه ایجاد کرد (0.05>P). میل به غذا در گروه 0.4 گرم/کیلوگرم کمتر بود (0.05>P). گلوکز خون بر خلاف انسولین در هر دو گروه پس از فعالیت HIIE افزایش یافت ولی در دقیقه 150 در گروه 1.2 گرم/کیلوگرم کاهش یافت (0.05>P).بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج به طور کلی به نظر می‌رسد بعد از فعالیت تناوبی شدید اشتها کاهش و بعد از مصرف کربوهیدرات در هر دو گروه روند افزایشی داشته است که با توجه به جذب گلوگز و تغییرات مقاومت به انسولین قابل توجیه است.

Background: The studies have reported that exercise induced apoptosis in various tissues. The abnormal regulation of apoptosis contributes to the progression of pathological processes in the placenta and effects on embryo development. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of swimming endurance training during pregnancy on apoptosis induction in pregnant rats' liver. Materials and Methods:: Sixteen female Wistar rats with an average weight of 200 ± 20 grams were divided into two groups: swimming and control. The rats of training group were forced from first day of pregnancy to delivery in a particular pool. The time of training in first day of pregnancy was 10 min and this time in second week reached to 60 min by increasing of 5 min per day. The time of 60 min continued to end of third week. The sampling of the rats' liver was performed two days after delivery and the liver apoptotic index was determined with TUNEL technique. Statistical analysis of the data was done using independent t-test (α≤ 0.05). Results: The results of study showed that swimming endurance training did not induce significant change in liver apoptosis (p < 0.424). The mean of apoptosis in control and training groups was %7.40 and %8.60 respectively. But 3-wk period of swimming training induced significantly minor increase in the amount of post pregnancy weight gain compared to the control group (p < 0.001). In addition, it was observed nonsignificant decrease in weight of training groups rat's liver compared to the control group (p = 1.00). Conclusion: It seems that endurance swimming training during pregnancy has no anguishing effect on apoptosis induction in liver and it is considered as safe exercise way in the improvement of mother and infant health.

Little is known regarding the influence of asthma and exercise, and their interaction, on heart rate variability in adolescents. Thirty-one adolescents with asthma (13.7±0.9 years; 21.9±3.9 kg•m-2 ; 19 boys, 12 girls) and thirty-three healthy adolescents (13.8±0.9 years; 20.3±3.2 kg•m-2 ; 16 boys, 17 girls) completed an incremental ramp test and three heavy-intensity constant-work-rate cycle tests. Thirteen adolescents (7 boys, 6 girls; 6 asthma, 7 control) completed six-months high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and were compared to age-and sex-matched controls. Standard time-domain, frequency-domain and non-linear indices of heart rate variability (HRV) were derived at baseline, three-and six-months.

Skiing is one of the more popular winter sports which may cause injuries. The objective of
this study was to identify the most common types of injuries in Iran’s largest ski resort. This
cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 1233 of patients admitted to the Dizin
Resort Infirmary in 2008-2009. Obtained data included age, gender, injury type and medical
interventions. All data were analyzed by SPSS 16.0 software.
Results showed that 75% of the patients were male and 25% female. The mean age was found
to be 27.86 (± 9.95) years. Most patients were between 20-29 years old (55.2%). The most common
injury was knee trauma (14.4%). Other common injuries were soft tissue injury (12.1%),
shoulder trauma (8.1%), head and face trauma (7%) and wrist trauma (5.5%) respectively. There
was a significant relationship between age and sex i.e. the age in women was less than men’s
(P < 0.001). We found a relationship between age and injury type. The lowest mean age (24.83)
was reported in the patients with head and face injuries and the highest mean age (44.5) was
in the patients with malleolus fracture (P < 0.001). Additionally, sex and knee trauma proved
to be connected with more prevalence in women (P = 0.001). There was also a significant relationship
between sex and shoulder injuries showing a higher preva

Introduction and purpose: Lifestyle is one of the most important factors affecting the quality of life, including cardiovascular diseases. Regarding this, the aim of this study was to investigate the association of abdominal obesity with demographic factors and cardiovascular fitness in Babolsar, Iran. Methods: This study was conducted on 150 women and men residing in Babolsar. The study population was selected using simple random sampling technique through a recall. The data were collected using demographic form, pedometer (to evaluate the physical activity level), body mass index (BMI; to assess abdominal obesity), waste hip ratio (WHR), and body adiposity index (BAI). The data were analyzed using Chi-square test, Pearson correlation, and ANOVA. P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: According to the results, peak oxygen uptake was indirectly associated with BMI, WHR, and BAI in both genders (P<0.001). On the other hand, there was a direct relationship between these variables and age (P<0.001). Furthermore, a direct correlation was observed between WHR and the marital status of the women (P=0.008). Additionally, BMI levels had a nonsignificant increase with the enhancement of age and decline of education level. Conclusion: The promotion of peoples' awareness about abdominal obesity and its associated factors and their encouragement to perform physical activity can be effective in reducing the prevalence of abdominal obesity and its comorbidities.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) using the elevation training mask (ETM) on the aerobic capacity (VO2max) and heart rate variability (HRV) for trained athletes. Accordingly, the HRV investigated parameters in this research are mean of the time interval between R-Rms of the QRS complex, High frequency peak (HFPeak)(0.15-0.4 Hz), Low frequency peak (LFPeak) (0.04-0.15 Hz). 12 physically active male soccer players from University of Mansoura were accepted to participate in this study (mean + SD: 21.58+ 0.67 years, 177.8+7.11 cm, 71.33 + 6.65 kg). Individuals were randomly assigned to a mask group (MG) and a control group (CG). An eight week HIIT program was applied three times per week on both MG and CG. Post-test protocol was performed four days after the last training session. Results indicates significant differences between pre-and post-measurements in VO2max (p&lt;0.05) with both MG and CG for post-measurement. ...

Foi objetivo da investigação explorar a percepção dos treinadores profissionais de futebol sobre o seu contributo para a regulação psicológica e emocional dos futebolistas. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo e os dados foram obtidos através da realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 10 treinadores profissionais de futebol. A análise hierárquica descendente do corpus identificou quatro classes organizadas em dois temas. Ao tema 1 (o treinador e o futebolista perante as exigências competitivas) correspondeu as classes 1 (o perfil do treinador de futebol) e 4 (o futebolista em competição), e ao tema 2 (o treinador e a dimensão psicológica do futebolista), a classe 2 (a dimensão psicológica do futebolista) e 3 (a relação treinadorfutebolista). Os resultados permitiram perceber que os treinadores valorizam a dimensão psicológica do futebolista, mas que revelam um domínio pouco consistente das estratégias para regulação psicológica e emocional dos futebolistas. Palavras-chave: Relação treinador-futebolista. Regulação psicológica e emocional. Futebol.

Fully restoring autonomic nervous system (ANS) function is paramount for peak sports performance. Training programs failing to provide sufficient recovery, especially during the in-season, may negatively affect performance. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the physiological workload of collegiate football training on ANS recovery and function during the in-season. Football athletes recruited from a D1 college in the southeastern US were prospectively followed during their 13-week “in-season”. Athletes wore armband monitors equipped with ECG and inertial movement capabilities that measured exercise cardiac load (ECL; total heartbeats) and maximum running speed during and baseline heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV) 24 h post-training. These metrics represented physiological load (ECL = HR·Duration), ANS function, and recovery, respectively. Linear regression models evaluated the associations between ECL, baseline HR, HRV, and maximum running speed. Athletes (n = 30) we...

It can be said that violence exists and will exist with humanity. In today's world, it is possible to see representatives of violence and non-violence, even on the basis of the belief that many people have. At this point, it is a common belief among people that Kabil represents violence and Habil represents non-violence. Efforts to limit violence, which has such an important place in human history, to playgrounds within certain rules and to create a world where violence is minimized, are of vital importance for a peaceful and happy humanity. In this study, it is aimed to reveal the frequency of violent behavior of individuals engaged in combat sports and other sports by examining them. In addition to personal information, the questionnaire used in the research includes the Violent Behavior Frequency Scale developed by Taşkesen and Özpolat (2020) and consists of one dimension. Scale questions; It was applied on a voluntary basis to a total of 218 individuals, 100 of whom do combat sports and 118 who do other sports. This research is a descriptive study, and significance was sought at the p<.05 level in determining the difference between the variables. While there is a p<.001 level difference between the frequency of violent behavior according to gender, there is a p<.01 difference between individuals with university education level and those with secondary education; it is seen that there is no statistically significant difference between the frequency of violent behavior according to the type of sport (p>.05). It was concluded that there is no significant difference in the frequency of violent behavior between individuals who do combat sports and those who do other sports. When the frequency of violent behavior was compared according to gender, it was determined that there was a significant difference in favor of women, as for all participants, only in individuals who do combat sports and only in individuals who do sports other than combat sports. According to the education level, it was seen that there is a significant difference between those who receive education at the university level and those who are at the secondary education level, to the disadvantage of university students.

Background: Changes of direction (COD) repeated sprints (RSs) might have greater relevance to football than linear RSs. We aimed to compare the effects of linear and COD RSs on intermittent high intensity running (HIR) over an entire season. Methods: In total, 19 high-level male football players (16-19 years) randomly performed linear RSs or COD RSs twice a week during their competitive season over 22 weeks. Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 2 (Yo-Yo IR2), and 10-and 20-m sprint was assessed pre-, mid-(11 weeks), and post-intervention (22 weeks). Maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max) was assessed pre-and post-intervention. Results: There was no interaction effect (time x group) in Yo-Yo IR2 (p = 0.36, p η 2 = 0.06) or sprint tests (10 m: p = 0.55, p η 2 = 0.04, 20 m: p = 0.28 p η 2 = 0.08), and no change differences between groups. There was a main effect of time for Yo-Yo IR2 (p = 0.002, p η 2 = 0.31) but not in sprints or VO 2max. Conclusion: Linear and COD RS exercise twice a week over 22 weeks equally improves intermittent HIR performance but does not improve sprint time or aerobic power in high-level junior football players. However, due to our two-armed intervention, we cannot exclude possible effects from other exercise components in the players' exercise program.

Current metrics like baseline heart rate (HR) and HR recovery fail in predicting overtraining (OT), a syndrome manifesting from a deteriorating autonomic nervous system (ANS). Preventing OT requires tracking the influence of internal physiological loads induced by exercise training programs on the ANS. Therefore, this study evaluated the predictability of a novel, exercise cardiac load metric on the deterioration of the ANS. Twenty male American football players, with an average age of 21.3 years and body mass indices ranging from 23.7 to 39.2 kg/m2 were included in this study. Subjects participated in 40 strength- and power-focused exercise sessions over 8 weeks and wore armband monitors (Warfighter Monitor, Tiger Tech Solutions) equipped with electrocardiography capabilities. Exercise cardiac load was the product of average training HR and duration. Baseline HR, HR variability (HRV), average HR, and peak HR were also measured. HR recovery was measured on the following day. HRV ind...

Fully restoring autonomic nervous system (ANS) function is paramount for peak sports performance. Training programs failing to provide sufficient recovery, especially during the in-season, may negatively affect performance. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the physiological workload of collegiate football training on ANS recovery and function during the in-season. Football athletes recruited from a D1 college in the southeastern US were prospectively followed during their 13-week “in-season”. Athletes wore armband monitors equipped with ECG and inertial movement capabilities that measured exercise cardiac load (ECL; total heartbeats) and maximum running speed during and baseline heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV) 24 h post-training. These metrics represented physiological load (ECL = HR·Duration), ANS function, and recovery, respectively. Linear regression models evaluated the associations between ECL, baseline HR, HRV, and maximum running speed. Athletes (n = 30) we...

Objective: In two independent study arms, we determine the effects of strength training (ST) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) overload on cardiac autonomic modulation by measuring heart rate (HR) and vagal heart rate variability (HRV). Methods: In the study, 37 well-trained athletes (ST: 7 female, 12 male; HIIT: 9 female, 9 male) were subjected to orthostatic tests (HR and HRV recordings) each day during a 4-day baseline period, a 6-day overload microcycle, and a 4-day recovery period. Discipline-specific performance was assessed before and 1 and 4 days after training. Results: Following ST overload, supine HR, and vagal HRV (Ln RMSSD) were clearly increased and decreased (small effects), respectively, and the standing recordings remained unchanged. In contrast, HIIT overload resulted in decreased HR and increased Ln RMSSD in the standing position (small effects), whereas supine recordings remained unaltered. During the recovery period, these responses were reversed (ST: small effects, HIIT: trivial to small effects). The correlations between changes in HR, vagal HRV measures, and performance were weak or inconsistent. At the group and individual levels, moderate to strong negative correlations were found between HR and Ln RMSSD when analyzing changes between testing days (ST: supine and standing position, HIIT: standing position) and individual time series, respectively. Use of rolling 2-4-day averages enabled more precise estimation of mean changes with smaller confidence intervals compared to single-day values of HR or Ln RMSSD. However, the use of averaged values displayed unclear effects for evaluating associations between HR, vagal HRV measures, and performance changes, and have the potential to be detrimental for classification of individual short-term responses. Conclusion: Measures of HR and Ln RMSSD during an orthostatic test could reveal different autonomic responses following ST or HIIT which may not be discovered by supine or standing measures alone. However, these autonomic changes were not consistently related to short-term changes in performance and the use of rolling averages may alter these relationships differently on group and individual level.

Güncel araştırmanın amacı, Revize Edilmiş Yarışma Durumluk Kaygı Envanteri-2 (YDKE-2R) formunun Türk kültürü için geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin test edilmesidir. Çalışma, yaşları 15 ile 35 arasında değişen 240 sporcu üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Toplanan veriler ile tanımlayıcı istatistiksel analizler, aykırı değerler, normal dağılım (çarpıklık-basıklık) yanı sıra yapısal geçerlik için açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (sırayla AFA ve DFA), güvenirlik analizleri için iç tutarlılık (Cronbach Alfa) ve iki yarı test güvenirliği (Split-Half), yakınsak ve ıraksak geçerlik için Ortalama Açıklanan Varyans (AVE), Ortalama Açıklanan Varyansın Karekökü (√AVE) ile Yapı Güvenirliği (CR) değerleri hesaplanmıştır. AFA sonucunda 3 faktörlü bir yapı ortaya çıkmış ve ortaya çıkarılan yapı DFA ile doğrulanmıştır. Bilişsel kaygı maddesi 8’in AFA analizi sonucu; bedensel kaygı madde 1 ve madde 4’ün ise DFA sonucunda bedensel kaygı faktörü altında yer alması gerekirken bilişsel kaygı faktörü altında yükl...

Monitoring fatigue and performance is important for adjusting training loads in soccer. Therefore, knowing the status of the player when applying a training stimulus is key to optimizing the players’ development. This study aims to evaluate the interaction between internal and external load, during training and matches, in an elite youth soccer team. Methods: seventeen youth players of the highest Spanish category were monitored with GPS devices during training and matches, as well as recording their nocturnal heart rate variability (HRV). We employed a linear mixed model to assess the physical demands between training and matches, and to compare the HRV variables. Results: a higher total distance (+2993.35–5746.56 m; ES = 1.4), distance at high intensity (+641.24–1907 m; ES = 1.5), sprint distance (+350.46–795.05 m; ES = 2.1), number of sprints (+18.38–41.58; ES = 1.9), and number of repeated sprints (+5.91–15.30; ES = 1.7) (all p &lt; 0.001), but not in the number of accelerations...

This study was conducted to reveal the increased endurance speed required in football through the practice of Long Interval and Short Interval by performing the interval run according to the characteristics of each method. It was performed in 16 times. The exercises performed after the initial test and the final test upon the completion of all treatment. The research method in this research is experimental method by using pre-test post-test two treatment design. This treatment was done by 20 U-19 Diklat Persib athletes. The instrument of the study was 150 M running test. The result showed that there is some improvements as the result of the implementation of both methods. From the average score, it was identified that Short Interval method outperformed the long Interval method. However, the paired t test showed that there were no improvements as a result of the implementation of both methods. The result from the paired t test demonstrated that the critical values for Long Interval a...

Boxing is a combat sport characterized by High intensity movements during limited rounds, with short breaks are insufficient for full recovery. Physiologists should be conscious of the physiological and biochemical changes that might cause by boxing exercises. The aim of the study is to assess the effects of boxing exercises on physiological and biochemical responses of Egyptian elite boxers. Seventeen Egyptian elite male boxers (age range 18-23 years) registered in the Egyptian boxing federation, volunteered to participate in the study. Physiological and biochemical measures were obtained at baseline and at the end of boxing training programme. Student&#39;s (T) test was followed out to examine pre-and post-test values. Data noted that boxing exercises were associated with significant decreases (p &lt; 0.05) in resting heart rate (HR rest) , recovery heart rate after 1 minute (RHR 1st) , recovery heart rate after 2 minutes (RHR 2nd) , recovery heart rate after 3 minutes (RHR 3rd) ,...

The influence of breath holding and voluntary hyperventilation on the traditional stabilometric parameters and the frequency characteristics of stabilographic signal was studied. We measured the stabilo metric parameters on a force platform ("Ritm", Russia) in the 107 healthy volunteers during quiet breath, voluntary hyperventilation (20 seconds) and maximal inspiratory breath holding (20 seconds). Respiratory frequency, respiratory amplitude and ventilation were estimated with the strain gauge. We found that antero posterior and medio lateral sway amplitude and velocity as well as sway surface during breath holding and during quiet breathing were the same, so breath holding didn't influence the postural stability. However, the spectral parameters in the antero posterior direction shifted to the high frequency range due to an alteration of the respiratory muscles' contractions during breath holding versus quiet breath. Voluntary hyperventilation caused a significant increase of all stabilographic indices that implied an impairment of the postural stability. We also found that the spectral indices shifted toward the high frequency range, and this shift was much greater compared to that during breath holding. Besides, amplitudes of the spectral peaks also increased. Per haps, such change of the spectral indices was due to distortion of the proprioceptive information because of increased excitability of the nerve fibers during hyperventilation. Maximal inspiratory breath holding caused an activation of the postural control mechanisms. It was manifested as an elevation of the sway oscillations' frequency with no postural stability changes. Hyperventilation led to the greatest strain of the postural control and to a decrease of the postural stability, which was manifested as an increase of center of pressure oscilla tions' amplitude and frequency.

Sporcunun performansi ve basarisi uzerinde etkili olan onemli unsurlardan bir tanesi de imgeleme becerisidir. Bu dogrultuda calismanin amaci takim sporlariyla ugrasan sporcularin imgeleme duzeyleri ile basari motivasyonlari arasindaki iliskiyi incelemektir. Arastirmaya 2015-2016 yili Istanbul ilindeki 5 takimdan, voleybol, hentbol ve basketbol branslarindan 152 sporcu katilmistir. Calismada, Tiryaki ve Godelek (1997) tarafindan Turkceye uyarlanan sporda basari motivasyonu olcegi ve Kizildag ve Tiryaki (2000) tarafindan Turkceye uyarlanmis olan sporda imgeleme olcegi kullanilmistir. Calismaya 108&#39; i basketbol, 14’u hentbol, 30’ u voleybol oynayan, yas ortalamalari 16,552±,743 olan 71’ i bayan 81’ i erkek toplam 152 sporcu katilmistir. Bu sporcularin 121&#39; i imgeleme kullanmistir. Korelasyon analizi sonucunda basari motivasyonu alt boyutlari ile imgeleme alt boyutlari arasinda pozitif yonde istatistiksel olarak anlamli iliski gorulmustur (p&lt;0,05). Katilimcilarin cinsiyeti ve...

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has numerous external load control variables. The management of these variables makes the physiological responses and performance presented by athletes also modify. The present study aimed to assess the activity of CK and LDH enzymes, performance and metabolic responses caused by two HIIT protocols above the maximum in male recreational runners. Fifteen recreational male runners performed two HIIT protocols in randomized order with multiple conditions: 1) H15 (n = 15), with a HIIT protocol of 15:15 work-recovery duration, and 2) H30 (n = 15) with a HIIT protocol of 30:30 work-recovery duration. Both protocols were performed at similar intensity (130% vVO 2max), one set until voluntary exhaustion. Blood samples were collected and used to capture the levels and activities of blood lactate (BLac: mmol•L −1), glucose (GLU: mg•dL −1), creatine kinase (CK: U•L −1), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH: U•L −1). BLac and GLU were collected at pre, five, and ten minutes after the H15 and H30 protocols were performed. Blood samples were used to measure the activities of CK and LDH enzymes, which were verified 24 h before and 48 h after the protocols. The distance traveled (m), total time (s), and bouts performed (rep) were also registered. Significant differences between conditions H15 and H30 were observed in the bouts performed (p = 0.001; ES = 1.19). Several statistical differences were found over time for BLac [pre vs. post 5 (both conditions: p = 0.001), pre vs. post 10 (both conditions: p = 0.001), and post 5 vs. post 10 (H30: p = 0.004)], CK [pre vs. post 24 (H15: p < 0.001; ES = 0.97 and H30: p = 0.001; ES = 0.74) post 24 vs. post 48 (H30: p = 0.03; ES = 0.56)], and LDH [pre vs. post24 (H15: p = 0.008; ES = 1.07 and H30: p = 0.022; ES = 0.85). No statistical differences between conditions were observed for any blood parameter. Thus, the volunteers exhibited equal performance in both protocols, which

IntroductionResting heart rate (HRrest), heart rate variability (HRV), and HR recovery (HRR) from exercise provide valuable information about cardiac autonomic control. RR-intervals during acute recovery from exercise (RRrec) are commonly excluded from HRV analyses due to issues of non-stationarity. However, the variability and complexity within these trends may provide valuable information about changes in HR dynamics.PurposeAssess the complexity of RRrec and determine what physiologic and demographic information are associated with differences in these indices in young adults.MethodsRR-intervals were collected throughout maximal treadmill exercise and recovery in young adults (n = 92). The first 5 min of RRrec were (1) analyzed with previously reported methods that use 3-interval lengths for comparison and (2) detrended using both differencing(diff) and polynomial regression(res). The standard deviation of the normal interval (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences (rMS...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 4-weeks high-intensity interval training with short interval 15s/15s in three modes-linear (straight-line runs), shuttle and combined. Each group performed 2 x 4 minutes runs at 95-105% of VIFT. Eighteen male young soccer players participated in the present study. Before commencing the experiment, the participants were randomly divided into three HIIT groups: linear (n=6), combined (n=6) and shuttle (n=6). Players completed the 30 m sprint test, 505 COD test and the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15 IFT) before and after the experiment. Results show significant improvements from pre-to post-training only in the 505 COD test (left) (p < 0.05) and 30-15 IFT test (p < 0.05) in the combined and shuttle group. No significant differences were observed between the groups in any measured outcome. In conclusion, all HIIT modes performed in 4-weeks period led to improvements in aerobic endurance, speed performance and change of direction speed. In the combined group, we observed the most significant improvement in aerobic endurance and speed performance and in change of direction speed we noticed the best progress in the shuttle group.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of aerobic exercise with vitamin E consumption on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in people15 to 18 years. For this purpose,44 patients with an average age of 15.79±0.97 (years), Weight 95.10±13.08 (kg) and BMI of 31.46±3.22 (kg/m 2) randomly divided into 4 groups of 11 persons (1. aerobic exercise with diet 2. Vitamin E with diet 3. Vitamin E +aerobic exercise with diet 4. Diet). Variables of Weight, body mass index, waist to hip ratio, blood sugar, cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and elasticity of the liver was measured before and after 8 weeks intervention. The paired T-test and ANOVA showed that in comparison within groups decrease in indicators such as weight in the first, third and fourth groups, body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio in the first and third groups, triglyceride in the first and second groups, cholesterol in first and fourth groups, low-density lipoprotein in the fourth group, the second group and alanine amino transferase in second group and liver elasticity was significant in all groups (P<0.05). In comparison between groups and between variables except of high-density lipoprotein and cholesterol difference was not significant (P<0.05) that in Scheffe post hoc test results in favor of vitamin E with diet group were observed. So, it seems that aerobic exercise along with diet control or the daily intake of vitamin E(400IU) along with diet control have a significant role in the improvement or decline of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. But to achieve the most effective way and a single treatment strategy requires further research.

Objective Having physical activity and proper nutrition are very important for preventing Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). The present study aims to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) along with purslane (Portulaca Oleracea) supplementation on the lipid profile of rats with NAFLD
Methods In this experimental study, 25 male Wistar rats randomly divided into five groups: healthy control, NAFLD control, supplement, HIIT, and HIIT + supplement. To induce NAFLD, rats received a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. The HIIT was performed for eight weeks, five sessions per week. Plasma levels of High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), Triglyceride (TG) and Total Cholesterol (TC) were measured. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test were used to analyze the data.
Results Plasma level of TG in the HIIT + supplement group were significantly lower than in the NAFLD control group (P=0.035). The TC level in the supplement (P=0.013) and HIIT +supplement (P=0.001) groups was significantly lower than in the NAFLD control group. The HDL level in the HIIT + supplement group was significantly higher compared to healthy control (P=0.021), NAFLD control (P=0.001), HIIT (P=0.006) and supplement (P=0.018) groups. The LDL level in the HIIT (P=0.01), supplement (P=0.001) and HIIT + supplement (P=0.001) groups was significantly lower than in the NAFLD control group.
Conclusion It seems that HIIT combined with purslane supplementation can have better effect compared to HIIT and purslane supplementation alone; therefore, this method can be used as a complementary therapy in people with NAFLD.