Sample

Statistics: is the science of collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and reasonable interpretation of data. It also deals with methods and techniques that can be used to draw conclusions about the characteristics of a large number of data points--commonly called a population by using a smaller subset of the entire data.
Statistics is sometimes described as the science of decision making under uncertainty and can be divided into two broad areas as follows:
Descriptive Statistics Quantities and techniques used to describe a sample characteristic e.g. mean, standard deviation, box-plot.
Inferential Statistics which covers those statistical procedures used to help draw conclusions or inferences about a population on the basis of a sample of data collected from the population. Important areas inferential statistics include confidence intervals, hypothesis tests, regression analysis and experimental design. Underlying inferential statistics is the idea of probability and probability distributions.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental carcinogenic compounds that may contaminate vegetable oils and their levels can be reduced by refining. In order to understand the influence of the refining steps, the content of 15 PAHs was assessed throughout alkaline refining in soybean, sunflower and olive oil samples. Eight commercial brands of these oils were also analysed. The analytical method involved a liquid–liquid extraction, a solid-phase clean up (C18 and Florisil) followed by RP-HPLC with fluorimetric detection. The total PAHs content in the studied samples can be considered generally low. The light PAHs (2–4 rings) were predominant. Virgin olive oils showed the highest values (max. 26 μg/kg). An evident decrease of PAHs contents during alkaline refining was observed (71%, 88% and 85% in sunflower, soybean and olive oils, respectively) being more pronounced in light PAHs. Neutralization and, particularly, deodorization were the more effective steps contributing...

The objective of this research was to test suitability of the Dumas combustion method to completely substitute the Kjeldahl method in routine laboratory determination of crude protein content in cereals and oilseeds. The validation of the method demonstrated that it is able to determine crude protein content in cereals and oilseeds in an efficient and accurate manner, with a detection

In the present study, toremifene urinary excretion studies were evaluated in order to examine main metabolic reactions and to select target metabolites in doping control analysis. Urine samples from three female subjects were collected every 3 h for at least 15 days after the oral administration of a single dose of Fareston® (60 mg). The elemental compositions of the compounds detected were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using a time-of-flight system with accurate mass measurement. More detailed structure elucidation was obtained by monitoring the presence or absence of structure-specific ions, using product ion scan and neutral loss acquisition modes, whereas the metabolites urinary profiles were evaluated in selected reaction monitoring acquisition mode. The results showed that the main routes of phase-I modifications involved carboxylation of the chlorinated side chain, N-demethylation and hydroxylation in different positions. Fifteen metabolites were found in all subjects studied, most of them were detected for more than 10 days in the free, glucuronide and sulphate fractions, with a maximum of excretion generally after 9–22 and 34–47 h from drug administration. These metabolites can be divided in two groups: metabolites with the characteristic chlorine isotope pattern and metabolites without the characteristic chlorine isotope pattern. The most abundant and long-term compounds were the carboxylated metabolites followed by the hydroxylated metabolites. Their product ions originating after collision-induced dissociation were observed to occur prevalently in the dimethylaminoethoxy and in the chlorinated side chains. These structure-specific ions were used to design screening and confirmation procedures to positively identify toremifene administration in doping control analysis. Figure Suggested main metabolic routes of toremifene, as postulated by excretion studies followed by both LC-MS/MS assays with different acquisition modes and LC-QTOF

The life quality research is in fact a major field of the analysis on the social and economic evolution of a country. The living standard (life quality) keeps on being a quite sensitive issue as it implies a number of both methodological and or organizational aspects. The most frequently the life quality is studied on the basis of the surveys being organized at the households level. These surveys (investigations at random) must be achieved in such a way that, by extending the data, they allow us to stick with the fore casted margin of error. This is specifically the reason for this material to briefly bring up the methodology which is applying when organizing a survey. Out of the immensity of data we have selected, after processing them, those conclusions which we considered as being the most significant for suggesting the life quality in Romania. The work includes tables and graphs, being abundantly thrown into relief by absolute and relative data.

The margins of the sample vibrate, announcing the existence of something else beyond its limits. A text under form of a playlist, from its origins in hip-hop, to the sample as a door to virtuality, from Ḥalīm al-Ḍab to Gordon Matta Clark and Pasolini. An ontology of the sample, as an invitation to think the visible as a sample of the possible.

Aloe plants have been widely documented in artists’ treatises dating from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century as a source of colorant to achieve lustrous golden glazes on tin- and silver-foiled objects and warm-toned finishes on musical instruments, such as violins. Aloe extracts contain characteristic anthraquinone and phenolic components which impart a distinctive orange tone and fluorescence to mixtures containing them. Because of the low concentration of colorant in the coatings and its probable degradation by high temperature during manufacture, the identification of aloe in heated oil–resin mixtures represents an analytical challenge. For this reason, the possible presence of aloe in glazes and coatings has been largely overlooked. This paper describes various analytical approaches to the identification of aloe in historic samples, from comparison with results obtained from reference standards and mock-up samples. Complementary analytical techniques including thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, high-performance liquid chromatography, laser desorption–mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization-mass spectrometry and surface-enhanced Raman scattering were used. Different chemical markers were identified by the individual methods and the advantages and limitations of each technique for the identification of aloe in oil–resin varnishes are discussed.

How to balance the tension between the state and the market. Develop three strategies which developing countries can adopt to balance state/market relations in the context of globalisation. draw on three contending theoretical perspectives of international

The objective of this research was to test suitability of the Dumas combustion method to completely substitute the Kjeldahl method in routine laboratory determination of crude protein content in cereals and oilseeds. The validation of the method demonstrated that it is able to determine crude protein content in cereals and oilseeds in an efficient and accurate manner, with a detection

Forensic scientists are often expected to present the likelihood of DNA identifications in US courts based on comparative population data, yet forensic anthropologists tend not to quantify the strength of an osteological identification. Because forensic anthropologists are trained first and foremost as physical anthropologists, they emphasize estimation problems at the expense of evidentiary problems, but this approach must be reexamined. In this paper, the statistical bases for presenting osteological and dental evidence are outlined, using a forensic case as a motivating example. A brief overview of Bayesian statistics is provided, and methods to calculate likelihood ratios for five aspects of the biological profile are demonstrated. This paper emphasizes the definition of appropriate reference samples and of the “population at large,” and points out the conceptual differences between them. Several databases are introduced for both reference information and to characterize the “population at large,” and new data are compiled to calculate the frequency of specific characters, such as age or fractures, within the “population at large.” Despite small individual likelihood ratios for age, sex, and stature in the case example, the power of this approach is that, assuming each likelihood ratio is independent, the product rule can be applied. In this particular example, it is over three million times more likely to obtain the observed osteological and dental data if the identification is correct than if the identification is incorrect. This likelihood ratio is a convincing statistic that can support the forensic anthropologist's opinion on personal identity in court. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Do white performers (eg. Eminem, Vanilla Ice) have a moral right to perform hip-hop? The question of who to perform which music is a form of control of who and how best to give to the audience the best of the art form giving them (the audience) a heart thrilling and mind blowing treat. But the question of who has the right to perform which music (hip-hop for instance) is a sensitive issue that could ignite an unending debate of who should be considered the founders or who has the monopoly of a universally accepted and performed art, music.

The Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) is an important set of regulations widely employed mostly by the public sector’s board of management as well as public accounting organizations in the United States.1 This paper looks at the SOX Act in details and explains how the act has played an enormous role in the accounting industry to assess its effects to the accounting industry since it was implemented.