SPT

Liquefaction is a hazardous seismic-based phenomenon, which causes an abrupt decrease in soil strength properties and can result in the massive destruction of the built environment. This research presents a novel approach to reduce the risk of soil liquefaction using jet-grouted micropiles in clean sands. The saturated soil profile of the study project mainly contains clean sands, which are suitable to more reliably employ simplified soil liquefaction analyses. The grouting is conducted using 420 micropiles to increase the existing soil properties. The effect of jet grouting on reducing the potential of liquefaction is assessed using the results of the cone penetration test (CPT) and the standard penetration test (SPT), which were conducted before and after jet grouting by implementing micropiles in the project sites. According to three CPT-based liquefaction analyses, the Juang method predicts the most effective improvement range of the factor of safety in the clean sand. The Boula...

Liquefaction is a phenomenon loss the strength of the soil due to a cyclic load, like the load caused by an earthquake, which causes the soil to deform from solid to liquid. occurs in saturated soil due to increased pore water pressure and effective reduction of soil stress and also reduces the shear strength of the soil. This researchhas purpose to determine the potential of liquefaction that can occur and how to prevention it with Dynamic Compaction. This research is located in the Yogyakarta International Airport Development Project (YIA). This research starts from collect of SPT and CPT soil data and laboratory data runway, Development Project for testing CSR (Cyclic Stress Ratio) and CRR (Cyclic Resistance Ratio) and comparing results before and after compaction. The results showed that there was before soil reinforcement, some soil layers at each review point still have the potential for liquefaction. However, after soil compaction with dynamic compaction, it can be concluded that all points of observation are safe from liquefaction potential because all points have a Safety Factor > 1 and has a value (N 1) 60 ≥ 30 classified as unliquefied soil. The liquefaction zone is at varying depths ranging from 2-6 meters. Dynamic load method test can prevent liquefaction on sandy soil

Liquefaction of saturated soils during earthquake often had been a major cause of damage to structures. Since beginning the liquefaction studies were concentrated on sandy soils, as the sandy soils are known to be more susceptible to liquefaction. However, observations from some sites in China and Loma-Prieta earthquakes show that soils with high plastic fines are also susceptible to liquefaction. Isotropically consolidated undrained cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on undisturbed samples of silty clay soil and results of these tests are used to verify the methods based on SPT data. Slow cyclic tests were performed to investigate the development of pore pressure and cyclic strength, as reliable pore pressure measurement is only possible in slow cyclic triaxial test for clayey soils. The site was than characterized for liquefaction by a computer program developed.
The N-value was obtained for the same site by conducting Standard Penetration Test. Test results were verified using methods reported by Tokimatsu & Yoshimi (1983) and Ishihara (1993). The simplicity of the methods and application of the methods to the fine-grained soils are the main criteria for selection of the field methods. The computer program also provides characterization of site using these methods.

Background:  Noise is typically conceived of as being detrimental to cognitive performance. However, given the mechanism of stochastic resonance, a certain amount of noise can benefit performance. We investigate cognitive performance in noisy environments in relation to a neurocomputational model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and dopamine. The Moderate Brain Arousal model (MBA; Sikström & Söderlund, 2007) suggests that dopamine levels modulate how much noise is required for optimal cognitive performance. We experimentally examine how ADHD and control children respond to different encoding conditions, providing different levels of environmental stimulation.Methods:  Participants carried out self-performed mini tasks (SPT), as a high memory performance task, and a verbal task (VT), as a low memory task. These tasks were performed in the presence, or absence, of auditory white noise.Results:  Noise exerted a positive effect on cognitive performance for the ADHD group and deteriorated performance for the control group, indicating that ADHD subjects need more noise than controls for optimal cognitive performance.Conclusions:  The positive effect of white noise is explained by the phenomenon of stochastic resonance (SR), i.e., the phenomenon that moderate noise facilitates cognitive performance. The MBA model suggests that noise in the environment, introduces internal noise into the neural system through the perceptual system. This noise induces SR in the neurotransmitter systems and makes this noise beneficial for cognitive performance. In particular, the peak of the SR curve depends on the dopamine level, so that participants with low dopamine levels (ADHD) require more noise for optimal cognitive performance compared to controls.

The standard penetration test (SPT) is the most widely used in in-situ test. This test involve hammer impact on penetration rods, and resulting penetration resistance or blow counts is strongly influenced by the amount of hammer energy actually transferred into the rods. Research has shown that the energy transfer to the rod is lesser than the actual energy generated by the blows of hammer, so the direct approach of determining the transferred energy, based on force and acceleration measurements near the top of the drill rods, should be adopted. The proposed approach provides a unified method of measuring transferred energy in the SPT. The measured energy data can be used in a consistent manner to correct the recorded blow counts to a reference energy level for each test and allow reliable correlation of the same in assessment of liquefaction potential evaluation.

In biochemistry analyzer the temperature  play crucialrole  as many of the  health  parameters  are tested  at precise  temperature.  In  automated  bio-chemistry  analyzer,  precise  temperature  control  is  achieve
d  by using the peltier device as heat pump and PID control action. The temperature is measured at the flow cell using  the  LM-35  temperature  sensor  and  set  point  temperature  is set  by  using  the  PWM  output  of  a microcontroller employed for the control action. In the presented work, the temperature control is achieved at  an  accuracy  of  ±0.1 0C  by  controlling  the  design  parameters  of  the  heat  pump  circuit.  Further,  besides controlling  the  temperature  at  desired  set  point,  the  temperature  achieving  rate  has  to  made  as  fast  as possible. This is made by using an enhanced current source by suitable designing the peltier driving circuit

Asthma is a common disorder that in 2009 afflicted 8.2% of adults and children, 24.6 million persons, in the United States. In patients with moderate and severe persistent asthma, there is significantly increased morbidity, use of health care support, and health care costs. Epidemiologic studies in the United States and Europe have associated mold sensitivity, particularly to Alternaria alternata and Cladosporium herbarum, with the development, persistence, and severity of asthma. In addition, sensitivity to Aspergillus fumigatus has been associated with severe persistent asthma in adults. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is caused by A fumigatus and is characterized by exacerbations of asthma, recurrent transient chest radiographic infiltrates, coughing up thick mucus plugs, peripheral and pulmonary eosinophilia, and increased total serum IgE and fungus-specific IgE levels, especially during exacerbation. The airways appear to be chronically or intermittently colonize...

Despite the continuous developments in the Cone Penetration Test (CPT), the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is still used extensively in site investigations. Hence, there is a constant need to update the CPT–SPT correlations to make use of the growing experience with the CPT. Many CPT–SPT correlations have been proposed based on case histories of predominantly quartzitic/non-crushable sands; yet, more efforts are needed to enhance their reliability. Additionally, recent studies were carried out on calcareous/crushable sands have shown that the common CPT–SPT correlations for these sands are even less reliable than they are for quartzitic sands. In this study, a proposed approach is presented to define the related soil compressibility parameters of the CPT–SPT correlations. The presented methodology enhances the reliability of the CPT–SPT correlations and provides a unified approach encompassing both crushable and non-crushable sands.

Standard penetration test (SPT) reveals the spatial complexity of standard penetration resistance (N-value) with depth. In this paper, a 1D stochastic characterization of spatial complexity of N-values is developed by considering data obtained from sixty two boreholes in Guwahati City. The N-value profile is modeled as the sum of deterministic part and a stochastic component. The deterministic part which characterizes the non-stationary mean of the data is determined by linear regression analysis. The remaining error is modeled as a spatial random field. The characterization of error heterogeneity as a homogeneous Gaussian random field successfully captures the observed auto-correlation function. The proposed stochastic model is used to compute the probability of factor of safety against liquefaction by Monte-Carlo simulation. The results obtained are presented in form of fragility surfaces, expressing the probability of liquefaction as a function of magnitude of the earthquake and ...