Rice Farming

Rice is a staple food for most Asian countries especially in the Philippines. Being an agricultural country and one of the largest island-groups in the world, the Philippines has a land area of 30 million hectares, 47% of which is agricultural land. Based on the agriculture census by the Philippines Statistics Office (PSA), the country has a total of 7.19 million hectares of farm in which 5.4 million hectares is an arable land for rice. Due to this, the country became the world’s 8th largest producer of rice. Out of over 100 million Filipinos, rice production employs over 2 million households making it one of the most important and major crops produced locally.

This research identified the macro/micro environmental factors (such as political, environmental, social and technological) affecting the rice industry in the Philippines and assessed how Big Data technologies could be used to address its issues. Other countries have solved the same issues by utilizing the capability of Big Data analytics. As this technological advancement was proven effective by other countries, comparison was made. A need to harness and optimize our rich resources through this technological advancement was evident.

Using one of the technology foresight technique of scenario building, this study was able to identify the current situation of the country’s rice industry and determined its capability to adopt Big Data technology. With its 10 steps, this technique was the appropriate methodology to formulate strategies on how to manage the technological catch-up process necessary for a successful implementation. Scenarios were developed from the gathered data, with the incorporated use of visualization and clustering tool such as Mind Map and Future Wheel.

This study identified the root cause of all the recurring issues and provided recommendations to aid the digitalization roadmap of the country’s rice sector. The mismanagement of the country’s rice industry resulted to various issues on its value chain.

This research was deemed viable to the assessment of the recurring issues not being addressed in the past decades.

Rice Farm is a growing business that is based in Nigeria which is involved in the cultivation and production of rice to the Nigeria populace in ensuring food security and reducing hunger in the country. We have in possession a secure and suitable hectare of farmland to start our commercial cultivation and production of rice. Since, we want to compete with the best industry in the country, aside from securing a farmland, we are planning to purchase farming equipment and machines to enhance production. We are going to hire some key employees who are going to undergo training so as to fit into the ideal picture of the 21 st century commercial farming and rice processing and packaging workforce we want to build to enhance employability in the country, Nigeria. We are in the commercial rice farming business because we want to leverage on the vast opportunities created by the border closure by the Federal Government of Nigeria, to contribute our quota in growing the Nigeria economy, improve national food security, provide raw materials for industries and above all to make profit. In ensuring we achieve our aim, we need a capital of #5,000,000 for the purchase of equipment, payment of salaries, transportation and other logistics activities. The future projection for the sales revenue is to make #2,000,000. The projection increases at a geometric progression putting all factors into consideration.

The peri-urban rice farming system is a strategic axis in the fight against food vulnerability in Ziguinchor. And yet, ignored by decision-makers, it suffers from urbanization and physicochemical changes in the soils of rice fields. This study aims to promote the integration of rice farming into the urban system. It required an agronomic diagnosis on the basis of 180 yield squares sample of ¼ m sideways installed in 4 periurban valleys. Yield is determined by the product of the average density of paddy grains per m² and the average weight of a grain. Yield is determined by the product of the average density of paddy grains per m² and the average weight of a grain. It follows from this study that this system of rice farming, practised in the lowlands, is rainfed type. Five traditional rice varieties ("Coulcoulba", "Diamicé", "Etoukhale", "Yagholale" and "Abdou Diouf") and four other registered varieties (ITA 123, War 1, DJ684D and Ikong Pao) are grown in the city. Yields, estimated on average at 4.79± 0.35 t.ha-1, contribute to the food security of households that practise rice farming. Among the valleys, Cobitène-Colobane that produces 5.07 t/ha presents the best yield. As regard the varieties, the "Coulcoulba" which reaches 5.65 t/ha has the highest yields. However, urbanization, silting, acidification and progressive salinization of soils are the main limiting factors of this production system. In the face of these constraints, the rehabilitation of salt dams and the reservation of these valleys to urban agriculture could underpin the sustainability of rice farming in the municipality of Ziguinchor.

Soil acidic conditions and the decline in soil fertility are among the critical factors that constraint higher crop productivity in the Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain (OHPP), Bangladesh. The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lime and manure on soil fertility, nutrients and yields of wheat, mungbean and rice. Experiments were done at Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) farm and farmer field over two consecutive years with the cropping pattern, namely wheat-mungbean-transplanted (T.) aman rice/monsoon rice. The varieties used were Bijoy for wheat, BARI mung6 for mungbean and Bina dhan7 for T. aman rice. There were nine treatment combinations with three lime levels (0, 1 and 2 ton dololime ha-1 ) and three manure treatments (poultry manure, farmyard manure and no manure) with three replications. The rate of poultry manure was 3 t ha-1 and that of farmyard manure was 5 t ha-1 . Nutrients from manure sources were supplemented with chemical fertilizers to adjust recommended dose. Lime was added to the first crop for entire two crop cycles and manures were applied to the first crop of each crop cycle. Soil pH increased by 0.5-1.11 units, the higher values were observed with higher rates of lime application. Soil organic matter (SOM) increased slightly due to manure treatment. Soil phosphorus availability increased, zinc and boron availability decreased, but the potassium and sulphur availability remained almost unchanged after liming. Application of lime and manure had significant positive effect on the yield of wheat, and their positive residual effects on mungbean and T. aman rice. The effect of 1 t lime ha-1 was comparable with that of 2 t lime ha-1 . Between two manures, poultry manure performed better than FYM on crop yields. The trend of plant nutrient uptake by wheat, mungbean and rice followed the trend of these crops yield increase, i.e., crops that were able to uptake more nutrients shown higher yields. The treatment combinations with 1 t ha-1 lime and 3 t ha-1 poultry manure produced an average 35- 55% yield benefit over control for the first crop (wheat) and 41-43% yield benefit for the third crop (T. aman rice). This study suggests that dololime @ 1 t ha-1 coupled with poultry manure @ 3 t ha-1 or FYM @ 5 t ha-1 would be an efficient practice for better soil acidic condition, soil fertility and productivity of crops in the Himalayan piedmont soil of Bangladesh.

This study was conducted in two districts of Mbarali and Kyela famous for paddy production in Mbeya Region, in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania (SHT). The study aimed at evaluating management practices, socioeconomic roles and production constraints of rice crop. A cross-sectional design was employed whereby data were collected at a single point in time. The two districts were purposively selected based on the fact that they are the most important for rice production in the SHT. In each district, four wards were randomly chosen and thereafter four (4) villages per ward were selected making a total of eight study villages. In Kyela District the villages were Ipande (Ipande ward), Muungano (Ikolo ward), Kisale (Ipinda ward) and Katele (Makwale ward) whereas in Mbarali; Mahango (Madibira ward), Kapunga (Itamboleo ward), Mbuyuni (Mapogoro ward) and Ukwama (Mapogoro ward) were studied. Thirty (30) farmers were randomly selected from each village for interviews, making a total of 240 farmers (120 farmers per district). In both districts data were also collected from both primary and secondary sources. Results showed that very few (<40%) farmers did apply integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) technologies for increased crop production, levels of awareness on the application of farmyard manure (FYM) and Minjingu Rock Phosphate (MRP) fertilisers in farms was very low. This study has shown that rice was the leading revenue source in both study districts. The mean annual incomes per household were Tsh 1.8 million and Tsh 133, 333 from rice and livestock, respectively. However, the key drivers for increased rice productivity in the farming system were found to be the availability of improved seeds, fertilizer use, and best farming methods related to water management, availability of insecticides and herbicides, mechanization and reliable market. The study concludes that the rice market is the main constraint and therefore reliable marketing channels needs to establish.

This study was conducted in two districts of Mbarali and Kyela famous for paddy production in Mbeya Region, in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania (SHT). The study aimed at evaluating management practices, socioeconomic roles and production constraints of rice crop. A crosssectional design was employed whereby data were collected at a single point in time. The two districts were purposively selected based on the fact that they are the most important for rice production in the SHT. In each district, four wards were randomly chosen and thereafter four (4) villages per ward were selected making a total of eight study villages. In Kyela District the villages were Ipande (Ipande ward), Muungano (Ikolo ward), Kisale (Ipinda ward) and Katele (Makwale ward) whereas in Mbarali; Mahango (Madibira ward), Kapunga (Itamboleo ward), Mbuyuni (Mapogoro ward) and Ukwama (Mapogoro ward) were studied. Thirty (30) farmers were randomly selected from each village for interviews, making a total of 240 far...

Soil acidic conditions and the decline in soil fertility are among the critical factors that constraint higher crop productivity in the Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain (OHPP), Bangladesh. The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lime and manure on soil fertility, nutrients and yields of wheat, mungbean and rice. Experiments were done at Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) farm and farmer field over two consecutive years with the cropping pattern, namely wheat-mungbean-transplanted (T.) aman rice/monsoon rice. The varieties used were Bijoy for wheat, BARI mung6 for mungbean and Bina dhan7 for T. aman rice. There were nine treatment combinations with three lime levels (0, 1 and 2 ton dololime ha-1 ) and three manure treatments (poultry manure, farmyard manure and no manure) with three replications. The rate of poultry manure was 3 t ha-1 and that of farmyard manure was 5 t ha-1 . Nutrients from manure sources were supplemented w...

We report here the analysis of factors those influence the production and profitability of swampland rice farming in South Kalimantan Indonesia. Four sub-districts which represented 2 major swamp agroecology (tidal and monotonous swamp) were purposively selected. Two analyses, i.e., stochastic frontier production function and Cob-Douglas profit function unit-output-price alighted from Cob-Douglas production function were applied to investigate the factors affecting the resource use and profit of swampland rice farming. We found that rice production is significantly positive affected by seed, fertilizer, and labour. In line with that, the increase of input price leads to a decrease in farmer profits, the lower the welfare level of the farmers. The prices in the study area are unstable due to the lack of transport infrastructure. We suggest the improvement of transport infrastructure is needed to assure farmer welfare and agricultural development. The government assistance in term of credit provision and machinery access is expected.

Soil acidic conditions and the decline in soil fertility are among the critical factors that constraint higher crop productivity in the Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain (OHPP), Bangladesh. The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lime and manure on soil fertility, nutrients and yields of wheat, mungbean and rice. Experiments were done at Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) farm and farmer field over two consecutive years with the cropping pattern, namely wheat-mungbean-transplanted (T.) aman rice/monsoon rice. The varieties used were Bijoy for wheat, BARI mung6 for mungbean and Bina dhan7 for T. aman rice. There were nine treatment combinations with three lime levels (0, 1 and 2 ton dololime ha-1 ) and three manure treatments (poultry manure, farmyard manure and no manure) with three replications. The rate of poultry manure was 3 t ha-1 and that of farmyard manure was 5 t ha-1 . Nutrients from manure sources were supplemented w...

The problem in rice production in Java is the decrease of agricultural land area, and the increase of old farmers, the share cropping system is a system of land tenure distribution that is mostly carried out in Java. The research was conducted in Klaten Regency as the centre for rice production in Cemtral Java. This study aims to determine the management of rice farming using a share cropping system and factors that affect its productivity. The research involved 60 farmers as the research samples who were collected using multiple linear regression methods. The analysis revealed that the number of tenant farmers amounted to 38% with a relatively younger age and a land area of 0.7 ha. Economically, they live a decent life with revenue per cost 1.6 and profit per cost C 0.25, and a productivity level of 6.3 tons/ha, which is higher than the landowners are. The share cropping system in rice farming in Klaten Regency is a system of land use and labor that provides good incentives for the tenant.

The book titled ‘Allocative Efficiency of Rice Farmers’ is an important piece of work as it evaluates the issues relating to the adoption of new agricultural technologies and the problems faced by the farmers and their effects on the society and economy. Since most of the farmers in India are small and marginal and economically poor, they are constrained in accepting the available improved technologies due to lack of capital investment involved in the new technology. The book that is based on a study conducted in West Bengal of India does not find farmers to be allocatively efficient in using their resources under their existing socio-economic conditions and, therefore, tries to measure inefficiency of farmers under certain constraints, and also traces reasons for the basic problems faced by the farmers in adopting new agricultural technology. The study highlighted in the book tries to incorporate several exogenous constraints viz. local needs and social goals that may impede in adopting the recommended technology, etc. The study incorporated in the book takes into account the major issues relating to Allocative efficiency of rice cultivators in adopting the new technology in West Bengal.

In agriculture, the use of pesticide has been the dominant form of pest management since the 1950s to kill pest organisms including
insects, weeds, fungi and nematodes.  In recent times, use of pesticides in rice farming has increased rapidly and this scenario
contributes significantly towards adverse effects on human health and environment. This study investigated types of pesticide and
identified their hazards and potential risks used by rice farmers in the village of Permatang Keriang, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. Pesticide
use, pesticide formulation, groups, classes, major pests as well as pesticide risks and toxicity were examined. Forty selected rice
farmers which represent 33% of  the  total rice farmer population were interviewed based on 40 questions.

We report here the analysis of factors those influence the production and profitability of swampland rice farming in South Kalimantan Indonesia. Four sub-districts which represented 2 major swamp agroecology (tidal and monotonous swamp) were purposively selected. Two analyses, i.e., stochastic frontier production function and Cob-Douglas profit function unit-output-price alighted from Cob-Douglas production function were applied to investigate the factors affecting the resource use and profit of swampland rice farming. We found that rice production is significantly positive affected by seed, fertilizer, and labour. In line with that, the increase of input price leads to a decrease in farmer profits, the lower the welfare level of the farmers. The prices in the study area are unstable due to the lack of transport infrastructure. We suggest the improvement of transport infrastructure is needed to assure farmer welfare and agricultural development. The government assistance in term of ...

We report here the analysis of factors those influence the production and profitability of swampland rice farming in South Kalimantan Indonesia. Four sub-districts which represented 2 major swamp agroecology (tidal and monotonous swamp) were purposively selected. Two analyses, i.e., stochastic frontier production function and Cob-Douglas profit function unit-output-price alighted from Cob-Douglas production function were applied to investigate the factors affecting the resource use and profit of swampland rice farming. We found that rice production is significantly positive affected by seed, fertilizer, and labour. In line with that, the increase of input price leads to a decrease in farmer profits, the lower the welfare level of the farmers. The prices in the study area are unstable due to the lack of transport infrastructure. We suggest the improvement of transport infrastructure is needed to assure farmer welfare and agricultural development. The government assistance in term of ...

This study aims to analyze the stage of technology adoption and farmers’ behavior toward technology adoption on cropping systems of Jajar Legowo (JLS) and Direct Seeding System (DSS) on rice farming in the village of Duria Asi, Wonggeduku district of Konawe Regency, Indonesia. This research was conducted on March to May 2017. The research approach used is qualitative research. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, documentation, and archival footage. Data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that the application of of jajar legowo planting system has not been widely applied (23%). Farmers’ behavior is determined by internal and external factors in determining the technology’s adoption ability of Jajar Legowo System and Direct Seeding System. Therefore, cooperation from extension agencies and researchers is needed to increase the ability of farmers’ group in rice field farming so that local institution can perform its function better in order to achieve the production target.