Rhaetic

""Etruscan is an Indo-European language, probably belonging to a sub-branch of Anatolian which does not include Hittite. This claim is based on the following evidence:
• only lexical items for which Etruscologists have proposed a gloss have been used in this research (no attempt has been made at proposing new glosses for currently obscure or highly controversial Etruscan terms);
• 138 of the glosses put forth by Etruscologists belong to basic lexicon, and 97% of such basic lexicon has an IE etymology;
• 19 grammar morphemes have also been assigned a value by Etruscologists: 95% of them have an IE etymology;
• all such etymologies are based on regular sound laws;
• a few notable innovations are shared by Etruscan and Anatolian languages (often excluding Hittite).""

Grave Creek stone was written by a Libyan sailor and warrior in 400 BC in Finnish in Old European script. His ship was part of a fleet transporting  refugees from the Po Valley of Italy to Ohio on Carthaginian Ships. His ship stayed over in Mexico for repairs, and by the time they arrived at the mouth of the Ohio, the fleet had already left for Carthage. Then a storm destroyed their ship, leaving them alone in a wilderness. He thinks of his wife far away, of nights in a cabin. Another terrible storm comes and his mates begin to fight. 
The stone was found in the upper burial chamber of the largest mound of the Adena culture in Moundsville, West Virginia. He not only survived, but became a famous chief, standing 7 ft 4 inches tall. He signed his name with a sword rebus that said, "I made many great champions."

The so called “Motion” -ī-Suffi x, attested in Etruscan from the beginning of the epigraphic tradition to build female from masculine names, is mostly considered to be borrowed from the motion suffi x of the Indo-European language family. The Author supposes its origin from the Latin genitive -i morpheme, expressing the belonging to someone and coming from the Latino-Faliscan language area by way of fi xed formulas like Marcī filius. The linguistic affi nity between Etruscan and Raetic, which has been deeper explored in the last years thanks to recent epigraphic evidence, leads us to verify if the “motion” morpheme is also present in this language. From the analysis of the available linguistic
sources we can say that the Raetic language has developed an independent suffi x for the female second name, namely the -na suffi x, while the masculine has -nu. The negative answer to our question suggest that the split between Etruscan and Raetic must have taken place in a very ancient time, in a time where the contact between Etruscan and the Italic Languages was still to come.

The Rhaetian marine transgression, which occurred across Europe in the latest Triassic, 205.5 Ma, famously deposited one or more bone beds. Attention has generally focused on the basal bone bed alone,
but here we explore this bed, and a stratigraphically higher bone bed at the top of the Westbury Formation, and compare the faunas. The Rhaetian at Hampstead Farm Quarry, Chipping Sodbury, Gloucestershire, UK, has produced more than 26,000 identifiable microvertebrate remains, including teeth and scales of chondrichthyan and osteichthyan fishes, as well as vertebrae of sharks, bony fishes,
ichthyosaurs, and plesiosaurs. The higher bone bed (‘bed 9’) contains more small specimens than the basal bone bed, and they are also less abraded, suggesting less transport. Both bone beds yield largely
the same taxa, but Rhomphaiodon minor and rare Vallisia coppi and Sargodon tomicus are found only in the basal bone bed. Duffinselache is reported only from units above the basal bone bed, but low in the
Westbury Formation, and durophagous teeth only from two horizons. Four out of nine chondrichthyan species are common to both bone beds, whereas Rhomphaiodon minor and Ceratodus are absent, and
hybodonts in general are rarer, in bed 9. Bed 9 is the richer source of marine reptile remains, including ichthyosaur teeth, jaw fragments, vertebrae, rare plesiosaur teeth and vertebrae, and a few Pachystropheus vertebrae and limb bones. Whereas the basal bone bed represents considerable transport and possible storm bed deposition associated with the onset of the Rhaetian Transgression, bed 9 was deposited under a lower energy regime.

A new reading and socio-linguistic analysis of the inscribed
porphyry stone from Pfatten/Vadena (Bolzano, Italy) is here
presented. Starting from a new words division of the letter
sequence, the author reviews previous interpretations
tended to explain the inscription within a Celtic framework,
even if in Etruscan language. The Pfatten necropolis as a
matter of fact displayed since the first discoveries, especially
in the 1940s excavations, many burials attributable to Celtic
culture. The new analysis, after having isolated a Raetic
verb pnake and a name Vitamu – etymologically Celtic but
formally Raetic – takes into account the possibility that the
sequence la↑em can be the expression of a time/calendar
statement.
Other Celtic documents as well as inscriptions from the
Raetic region, showing marks or other not epigraphic signs
combined with texts, are offered as cultural and epigraphic
comparison to the inscription of Pfatten/Vadena.
Two different exegetic proposals on the last letters, and
therefore of the entire text, are considered starting from the new analysis. Both interpretations assume a social background
of immigration and following integration of Celtic
people into the Raetic society, as the formal adaptation of an
originally Celtic name to the Raetic language shows

SAN BRICCIO DI LAVAGNO
On a basaltic hill near Lavagno at the end
of the last century come to light various ceramics
and metallic materials of various periods.
Interesting are the horns inscripted in the alphabet

of Magrè (IV – III century B.C.) in close relationship

with those of Magrè near Schio, and Trentino

Alto Adige (Montisei, Sanzeno, Mechei, Malles).

The peculiar outline of Glenford Fort in Perry County, Ohio, built by the Adena culture, may be viewed as an inscription in Rhaetic, the original script of the Shawnee.
Ancestors of the Shawnee arrived in Ohio in 400 BC aboard ships commissioned by them from Carthage, along with other groups fleeing from an invasion of the Po Valley in northern Italy by Gauls.
Until conquered by Rome in 146 BC, Carthaginian ships continued to cross the Atlantic to obtain gold from Columbia to buy mercenaries and to obtain oak timbers from the eastern US to build ships. It may be that some Shawnee moved to the coast of North Carolina to cut trees needed by Carthage.
The funeral mound at Glenford Fort is dedicated to a chief from Tunisia, who died around 270 BC. It reads ‘Our great speaker, a peaceful man from the country Tunisia’.

Very few tragedies had the impact to the native population of Tyrol as the “Optionen.” As part of the 1939 agreement  between  Hitler  and  Mussolini  the  members  of  the  German  and  Italian  population  in  the historical  Tyrol  were  forced  to  either  migrate  to  Nazi  Germany  and  become  fully  (ethnically  and linguistically) “Pure Germans,” or stay in their ancestral lands and become “Pure Italians.”Of course, the  very definition of purity  in the  ethno-linguistic sense  does  not make much sense, particularly  when  we  address  the  specific  features  of  Tyrolean  history.  In  this  context  it  is  useful  to remember that in the Alpine region of Europe, the so-called “two sisters” Switzerland and Tirol are the two Euregiones(transnational  cross-border  regions)  with  a  common  heritage  and  tetralingual  background.  (…)

In 400 BC, invading Gauls drove the Rhaeti, Camonicans and Etruscans out of the Po Valley of Italy, more by show of arms than by force. Some went north into the Alps, some went south to central Italy, but the wealthy elite purchased a voyage across the Atlantic on ships from Carthage to begin a new life in Ohio.
Twenty years later, a hundred sons and daughters arranged a simultaneous wedding near their capital. All three groups participated, Grove, Ice and Wizard. Everyone brought baskets of earth to construct a suitable monument that would appeal to the serpent goddess to protect and vitalize the newly married couples. Designed as a rebus, the Great Serpent Mound says: ‘A hundred of our trees married. To the wedding ground they brought earth.’

Unique among hundreds of stone monuments along the Chattahoochee River Corridor in Georgia is a stone burial mound in the shape of a boat. The central arrangement of stones resembles a head in profile wearing two war feathers. The overall design is a rebus in Old European letters that say in Finnish: 'Take now into a tree our Chief'. The deceased was a sailor from Estonia who died in 400 BC after their ship from Carthage took a wrong turn and went up the Chattahoochee instead of the Mississippi; the deltas of both rivers are similar.

The Late Triassic Rhaetian stage is perhaps best known in southwest Britain for the bone beds of the Westbury Formation, but there are other fossil-rich horizons within this and the underlying Blue Anchor Formation. Samples from a borehole drilled at the Filton West Chord, and collected from exposures near Bristol Parkway railway station, have yielded significant fossil material from both of these formations. The assemblage recovered from the Blue Anchor Formation is similar to those from the lower Westbury Formation, yielding roughly equal proportions of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans. Assemblages recovered from the Westbury Formation are typical of those from the upper Westbury Formation, in being dominated by osteichthyans. The borehole samples have produced the first recorded evidence of crinoids in the British Triassic, and the first evidence of coleoid cephalopods, in the form of grasping hooklets, from the Rhaetian, and indeed the first from the British Triassic.

The Late Triassic Rhaetian stage is perhaps best known in southwest Britain for the bone beds of the Westbury Formation, but there are other fossil-rich horizons within this and the underlying Blue Anchor Formation. Samples from a borehole drilled at the Filton West Chord, and collected from exposures near Bristol Parkway railway station, have yielded significant fossil material from both of these formations. The assemblage recovered from the Blue Anchor Formation is similar to those from the lower Westbury Formation, yielding roughly equal proportions of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans. Assemblages recovered from the Westbury Formation are typical of those from the upper Westbury Formation, in being dominated by osteichthyans. The borehole samples have produced the first recorded evidence of crinoids in the British Triassic, and the first evidence of coleoid cephalopods, in the form of grasping hooklets, from the Rhaetian, and indeed the first from the British Triassic.

SALTO NEL TEMPO - "Escursione a doppio anello sul basso versante orientale del capoluogo della Riviera, celebre per la cascata di Santa Petronilla. Alla scoperta di una delle chiese romaniche più imponenti e significative del Ticino e una delle più belle della Svizzera, riconosciuta monumento storico d'importanza nazionale."

Note: The following article is a readaptation of the previously presented research “Brief comparative analysis of the languages and dialects of the Tyrolean alpine area (Nortades / Rotalian – Part 1)” also available on Filò JFTA. Thinking about the wonderful variety and complexity of the dialects and languages spoken in the historical Tyrol, we cannot mis the wonderful opportunity to address one of the most interesting aspects of the area between the current provinces of Südtirol/Bozen and Trentino/Trento. While the northern part of this area is referred as “Südtiroler Unterland” and the southern as “Piana Rotaliana” the commonality between them is the fact that this is a border zone, and area “where everything comes together,” from a linguistic, cultural, ethnic, and historical standpoint.

In March 2015, Shawnee Joe sketched on a sheet of note paper two stories that he could not read. He had memorized them from writing on walls of a cave hidden in the Appalachian Mountains, of which he was the keeper. This script died out in Europe 2400 years ago, but survived in America.
The language is Finnish. The script comes from the Po River Valley of Italy, written by the Rhaeti, whose neighbors were Etruscans and Camonicans. The letters comprise a consonant-vowel syllabary designed for Finnish; with special rules for writing that greatly expand the number of words that can be written with just one letter. The stories use 28 different syllables and 3 number symbols.
The first story teaches how to write numbers by relating the origin of serpent mounds (there were four), built by the sons of three chiefs, Grove, Ice and Wizard. Each is a tribe from the Po Valley: the Rhaeti, Camonicans and Etruscans. Thus it is a foundation story of the Shawnee.
The second is a speech given by Shawnee chieftain Forest after losing a war and ceding territory. Forest tells the spears that they are still champions and women can be proud to marry champions of peace. It is not clear if this war was in Italy or America.
Around 400 BC, Gauls invaded the Po River Valley of northern Italy and expulsed the inhabitants by show of strength rather than by combat. In Roman annals, they acted more civilized than the Romans. Etruscans may have retreated to central Italy, Camonicans may have retreated into their glacial valleys, but the Rhaeti were forced to move into the Alps where their irrigation farming was much less effective. That is, all except the literate Rhaeti who disappeared altogether.
At the same time, the Adena Mound Builders arrived in Ohio from Europe on ships from Carthage, the principal ally of Etruscans. Their mounds match those from Phrygian Turkey, where both Etruscans and Rhaeti originated. Thus there is a strong possibility that the Shawnee descend from the Rhaeti, whom Strabo considered to be the same as Etruscans.