Refrigerators

In this study, the energy consumption of 149 domestic refrigerators has been monitored in Malaysian households. A questionnaire was used to get relevant information regarding the usage of this appliance in the actual kitchen environment to feed into neural networks. Prediction performance of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) approach was investigated using actual monitored and survey data. Statistical analyses in terms of fraction of variance R2, Coefficient of Variation (COV), RMS are calculated to judge the performance of NN model. It has been found that the regression coefficient R2 is very close to unity for the best prediction performance results. © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.

198.170.104.138/jas/2008/2124-2129.pdf

With advancement of Automation technology, life is getting simpler and easier in all aspects. In Today's world Automatic systems are being preferred over manual system. With the rapid increase in the number of users of internet over the past decade has made Internet a part and parcel of life, and IoT is the latest and emerging internet technology. Internet of things is a growing network of object-from industrial machine to consumer goods that can share information and complete tasks while you are busy with other activities. Wireless Home Automation system(WHAS) using IoT is a system that uses computers or mobile devices to control basic home functions and features automatically through internet from anywhere around the world, an automated home is sometimes called a smart home. It is meant to save the electric power and human energy. In this paper, Home automation system differs from other system by allowing the user to operate the system from anywhere around the world through internet connection. This paper represents the controlling and monitoring of the home environment using wireless sensors. An automated system is represented which can be used to visualize and monitor the power consumption online on a Smart phone using mobile application, to detect the gas leakage using LPG detector and a smart refrigerator module is presented which is capable of sensing and monitoring its contents and also provides advantageous features.

Sesuai dengan kegunaannya mesin  pendingin terdiri dari beberapa jenis antara lain :
1. Refrigerator untuk keperluan Industri.
2. Lemari es / Kulkas.
3. Freezer (Pembekuan / pendingin makanan dan minuman).
4. Penyejuk ruangan (AC/Air Conditioning).
5. Dispenser (untuk menghasilkan air panas dan dingin).
6. Kipas angin penyejuk.

Mesin pendingin (Refrigerator) ialah suatu rangkaian mesin atau pesawat yang mampu bekerja untuk menghasilkan suhu atau temperatur dingin (temperatur rendah).
Sesuai dengan kegunaannya mesin  pendingin terdiri dari beberapa jenis antara lain :
1. Refrigerator untuk keperluan Industri.
2. Lemari es / Kulkas.
3. Freezer (Pembekuan / pendingin makanan dan minuman).
4. Penyejuk ruangan (AC/Air Conditioning).
5. Dispenser (untuk menghasilkan air panas dan dingin).
6. Kipas angin penyejuk.

"Collection and recycling of product returns is gaining interest in business and research worldwide. Growing green concerns and advancement of green supply chain management (GrSCM) concepts and practices make it all the more relevant. Inputs from literature and informal interviews with 84 stakeholders are used to develop a conceptual model for simultaneous location–allocation of facilities for a cost effective and efficient reverse logistics (RL) network. We cover costs and operations across a wide domain and our proposed RL network consists of collection centers and two types of rework facilities set up by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) or their consortia for a few categories of product returns under various strategic, operational and customer service constraints in the Indian context.
In this paper, we provide an integrated holistic conceptual framework that combines descriptive modeling with optimization techniques at the methodological level.We also provide detailed solutions for network configuration and design at the topological level, by carrying out experimentation with our conceptual model. Our findings provide useful insights to various stakeholders and suggest avenues for further research."

About 19% of the total electricity production is consumed in the residential sector and this fraction is expected to grow in future. Air conditioners, refrigerators, washing machines and other appliances are significant energy users in this sector. In this paper, the energy consumption and internal cabinet temperatures of 30 domestic refrigerators have been monitored to give an overview of the usage pattern of this appliance in Malaysian households. A questionnaire was designed to get relevant information regarding the usage of this appliance in the actual kitchen environment as well. This information is paramount in shaping or implementing a program that would get more support from users. The statistical analysis such as clustering and segmentation were manipulated and utilized in order to show the influence of the usage conditions on the temperature. The paper also calculated energy, bill savings and associated emission reductions by replacing an old inefficient refrigerator with a new efficient one.

http://eprints.um.edu.my/6895/

This study was conducted to investigate the status of domestic refrigerators available in Bangladesh. At present more than 50 refrigerator brands are available in Bangladesh. Almost all of the brands are Chinese using aluminum compressors and low quality refrigerants. These are cheaper than any well-known refrigerator brand. The common complains of the consumers were delayed ice formulation and noise. R12, R22, R134a, R600 and R600a were commonly used as refrigerants in Bangladesh which required 24, 34, 48, 72 and 96 minutes respectively to make ice. Their refilling costs and noise level were 1350, 500, 1350, 1000, 2200 Tk/L and 80, 81, 72, 82, 96 db respectively. R12 and R22 formed hard ice within 24 and 34 minutes respectively but R134a, R600, R600a could not form ice so quickly. The noise level, refilling cost and complains of R600 and R600a were high from both consumers and repairers. Noise level also varied upon compressor. Repairers feel comfort to refill R12, R22 and R134a instead of R600 and R600a, though R12, R22 are banned in many countries according to the declaration of Montreal Protocol and Kyoto protocol. Conventional refrigerators could not be run by R600a, the most eco-friendly refrigerant as because it makes huge noise. So repairers refill the conventional refrigerators with R12, R22 and R134a. R134a is better than R600/R600a and tends to be eco-friendly refrigerant.

This paper reviews on the possibilities of researches in the field of exergy analysis in various usable sectors where vapor compression refrigeration systems are used. Here, it is found that exergy depends on evaporating temperature, condensing temperature, sub-cooling and compressor pressure. It also depends on environmental temperature. Nowadays, hydrocarbons are considered as refrigerant having low ODP and GWP, and these are considerable in the aspect of exergy analysis. Refrigerants R 407a, R 600a, R 410a and R 134a are considered and analyzed with respect to exergy efficiency. Mixtures of hydrocarbons with R134a also show better performance with respect to other refrigerants. Among the components of the vapor compression system, much research showed that major part of exergy losses is occurred in the compressor. Nanofluid and nanolubricant cause to reduce the exergy losses in the compressor indirectly. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032110004089 
http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1364032110004089/1-s2.0-S1364032110004089-main.pdf?_tid=bc1fc33c-a9c7-11e3-ae54-00000aacb360&acdnat=1394616287_221e1c9cd933c24fe68a0834a938ef2d

This paper emphasized on the possibilities of researches in the field of exergy analysis in various usable sectors where vapor compression refrigeration systems are used. Exergy losses, exergy efficiency, second law efficiency and irreversibility of the system components as well as of the whole system are measured. In the vapor compression system, R134a, R290 and R600a are considered as refrigerants. Exergy parameters in the compressor, evaporator, condenser and expansion devices are calculated and analyzed. Exergy losses depend on evaporator temperatures, condensing temperature, refrigerants and ambient temperature. Most of the exergy losses occur in the condenser. Expansion device has the lowest losses. Exergy parameters are compared for different operating temperature. It is found that hydrocarbons (R600a) have 50% higher exergy efficiency than R134a. Mixture of hydrocarbons also shows the best performance based on the exergy analysis. © 2011 IEEE.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx5/6032030/6041433/06041480.pdf?tp=&arnumber=6041480&isnumber=6041433

The domestic refrigerator is now a common household device with very few households in the developed world not possessing 1, or more, for the storage of chilled foods. Domestic storage is the last, and in many respects the most important, link in the food chill chain. Inadequate domestic refrigeration or cooling is frequently cited as a factor in incidents of food poisoning. The authors reviewed the temperature performance of refrigerators in 2008. This new review builds on that review, covering studies that have been published since (and those that were unfortunately missed in the first review), and also seeks to put this important stage of the food cold chain in its context. It is clear from the published data that many refrigerators throughout the world are running at higher than recommended temperatures. It is also clear that, despite improvements in energy use, the temperature performance and use of refrigerators have not changed significantly in the last 40 or so years. Many h...

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of temperature, door opening, thermostat setting position, relative humidity, and loading on energy consumption of a household refrigerator-freezer. Our investigation reveals that temperature has the greatest effect on energy consumption followed by loading. Next greatest effect are due to door opening and thermostat setting position. Relative humidity has minimal effect on energy consumption. With the experimental data, a multiple regression equation has been developed to investigate their combine effect.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=888397&tag=1

This study presents the effects of different operating variables on energy consumption of refrigerator-freezer that had two phases. The first phase is to investigate the effects of the number of door opening, duration of each door remain open, ambient temperature, cabinet load and thermostat setting position on energy consumption during the open door conditions. The second phase is to investigate the effects of the ambient temperature, cabinet load, thermostat setting position and open surface water pan area inside the cabinet on energy consumption during the closed door conditions. All the experiments were conducted in the environmental controlled chamber. The result shows that there is a great influence of different variables on energy consumption and average consumption is about 3.3 kWh day-1. The effects of number of door opening, ambient temperature and cabinet load are more compared to the others. The open door energy consumption is 40% more compared to the closed door test. It is found that the average of the maximum energy consumption is 27.3% more compared to average consumption and 55.6% more compared to average of the minimum consumption. If the users be serious, a significant amount of energy could be saved with the proper utilization of refrigerator-freezer. © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.

docsdrive.com/pdfs/ansinet/jas/2008/1822-1831.pdf

With advancement of Automation technology, life is getting simpler and easier in all aspects. In Today's world Automatic systems are being preferred over manual system. With the rapid increase in the number of users of internet over the past decade has made Internet a part and parcel of life, and IoT is the latest and emerging internet technology. Internet of things is a growing network of object-from industrial machine to consumer goods that can share information and complete tasks while you are busy with other activities. Wireless Home Automation system(WHAS) using IoT is a system that uses computers or mobile devices to control basic home functions and features automatically through internet from anywhere around the world, an automated home is sometimes called a smart home. It is meant to save the electric power and human energy. In this paper, Home automation system differs from other system by allowing the user to operate the system from anywhere around the world through in...

The performance of adsorptive solar refrigerators based on composite adsorbents 'silica gel-sodium sulphate' is studied. An optimum composition of adsorbent 'silica gel-sodium sulphate' is suggested to be of 20 % silica gel and 80 % sodium sulphate. The basic factors affected the net coefficient of energy performance of the adsorptive solar refrigerator were stated. Net coefficients of performance of solar adsorptive refrigerator based on composite 'silica gel-sodium sulphate' are stated to change from 0.25 to 0.34 during operating period. Utilization of the adsorption heat is suggested to warm the heat carrier which applied to heat adsorbent during regeneration.

Personal computers are increasingly becoming the platform of choice to design and implement control algorithms because it is simple to write, modify and update software programs that implement control algorithms. In this paper, the personal computer is used to control the electrical appliances which includes turning high power alternating current (AC) loads such as lights, fans, heaters etc ON or OFF. To successfully integrate the interface box with the machine (laptop), an interface device is used within the PC that can perform the necessary tasks. The interface box can be controlled by the computer by connecting to the USB port and developed a program in C-sharp(C#) programming language. The program will demonstrate the basic idea of how to control devices and monitor events. With the program, the computer can turn electric devices ON/OFF while disregarding the manual control system. Moreover, the people who are physically disabled in homes and work places are able to control the ...

This study carried out the field survey from house to house to garner the information of consumer behavior. In this study the energy consumption 104 refrigerators have been monitored as well. The energy consumption of 104 refrigerators is clustered and segmented to classify the refrigerators of same characteristic in the same group. The capacity of the refrigerator, frequency of door opening and position of refrigerator either near heat source or away from the heat source is considered for clustering and segmentation analysis. The clustering and segmentation in this survey reveal the effect of these factors on the energy performance of the refrigerator. © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.

docsdrive.com/pdfs/ansinet/jas/2008/3957-3962.pdf

The ownership of household electrical appliances especially refrigerator-freezer has increased rapidly in Malaysia. Almost every household in this country has a refrigerator-freezer. To reduce energy consumptiom in this sector the refrigerator is one of the top priorities of the energy efficiency program for household appliances. Malaysian authority is considering implementing minimum energy efficiency standards for refrigerator-freezer sometime in the coming year. This paper attempts to analyze cost-benefit of implementing minimum energy efficiency standards for household refrigerator-freezers in Malaysia. The calculations were made based on growth of ownership data for refrigerators in Malaysian households. The number of refrigerator-freezer has increased from 175,842 units in 1970 to 4,196,486 in 2000 and it will be about 11,293,043 in the year of 2020. Meanwhile it has accounted for about 26.3% of electricity consumption in a single household. Therefore, efficiency improvement of this appliance will give a significant impact in the future of electricity consumption in this country. Furthermore, it has been found that implementing an energy efficiency standard for household refrigerator-freezers is economically justified. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421503001691 
http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0301421503001691/1-s2.0-S0301421503001691-main.pdf?_tid=37fdc0e6-a9c6-11e3-84eb-00000aacb35f&acdnat=1394615636_60b3c239be3dee9257914e356cb6d988

Refrigerator-freezers energy consumption is greatly affected by room temperature, door opening and thermostat setting position. Two frost free household refrigerator freezers of the same capacity were tested in the laboratory to determine the sensitivity of their energy consumption to various usage conditions. The experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of single variables, such as temperature, thermostat setting positions and door opening, and their combined effect on energy consumption. Our investigation reveals that room temperature has the higher effect on energy consumption, followed by door opening. Thermostat setting position has the lower effect on energy consumption. More detailed tests were performed under different room temperature, thermostat setting position and door opening conditions. With the experimental results, a first order mathematical model has been developed to investigate their combined effect on energy consumption. The test results are discussed and presented. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0196890401000693/1-s2.0-S0196890401000693-main.pdf?_tid=be7006d8-a9c7-11e3-9f83-00000aab0f26&acdnat=1394616291_dc412b15fd14b37210cda62afebf1a00 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890401000693

This paper examined the determinants of eco-innovation from an evolutionary economics perspective. The focus was on consumer demand (pull) as a determinant of eco-innovation in the sale of consumer appliances (refrigerators). The research also addressed the effect of life cycle costing (LCC) and eco-labels on consumer demand for refrigerators. A mixed methodology approach combining quantitative analysis of web site sales was combined with qualitative content analysis of refrigerator product descriptions. The Energy Star eco-label and other environmental claims made in product descriptions were found to drive consumer demand for refrigerators. The research also found that consumers exhibited the willingness to pay (WTP) a premium for energy efficient and eco-innovative products when purchasing refrigerators from the Home Depot web site.

There are number of methods (i.e. engineering, regression) and computer tools (i.e. DOE-2, BLAST, HOT2000, ENERGY-10) for the modeling and forecasting of energy. Recently, a new approach artificial neural network has been widely used for load forecasting, solar energy, heating, ventilating, refrigeration, building energy analysis and so on in the field of energy as its (i.e. NN) prediction performance is better than other approaches in non-linear modeling analysis as has been found in literatures. A Neural Network (NN) also commonly referred to as an Artificial Neural Network, is an information-processing model inspired by the way the densely interconnected, parallel structure of the brain processes information. In this paper, experiments were conducted on a refrigerator to investigate the energy performance by varying the parameters (i.e. room temperature, door opening, internal cabinet temperatures, relative humidity and so on) that influence its energy consumption. Finally, experimental data were used to investigate refrigerators' energy prediction performance using NN approach. Statistical analyses in terms of fraction of variance R 2, Coefficient of variation (COV), RMS are calculated to judge the performance of NN model.

http://www.rericjournal.ait.ac.th/index.php/reric/article/view/12 
http://eprints.um.edu.my/6894/

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of temperature, door opening, thermostat setting position, relative humidity, and loading on energy consumption of a household refrigerator-freezer. Our investigation reveals that temperature has the greatest effect on energy consumption followed by loading. Next greatest effect are due to door opening and thermostat setting position. Relative humidity has minimal effect on energy consumption. With the experimental data, a multiple regression equation has been developed to investigate their combine effect.

ISO 8187, ISO 8561, and ISO 7371 are the relevant test standards for household refrigerating appliances. This paper presents the possibility of introducing ISO household refrigerator-freezer test standards in Malaysia. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of room temperature, door opening, thermostat setting position, relative humidity, and loading on energy consumption of a household refrigerator-freezer. With the experimental data, a multiple regression equation is developed to investigate their combined effect. Finally, energy consumption according to the regression equation with optimum setting conditions is compared with ISO standard test conditions. Our comparison reveals that ISO refrigerator-freezer test standards are applicable with respect to Malaysian climatic conditions and usage patterns. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0360544201000287/1-s2.0-S0360544201000287-main.pdf?_tid=2441c732-1d34-11e4-a55c-00000aab0f6b&acdnat=1407307231_90190f1eb7f6897d015c8170d6f8ee0c 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544201000287

ISO 8187, ISO 8561, and ISO 7371 are the relevant test standards for household refrigerating appliances. This paper presents the possibility of introducing ISO household refrigerator-freezer test standards in Malaysia. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of room temperature, door opening, thermostat setting position, relative humidity, and loading on energy consumption of a household refrigerator-freezer. With the experimental data, a multiple regression equation is developed to investigate their combined effect. Finally, energy consumption according to the regression equation with optimum setting conditions is compared with ISO standard test conditions. Our comparison reveals that ISO refrigerator-freezer test standards are applicable with respect to Malaysian climatic conditions and usage patterns. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544201000287

Hydrocarbons being natural fluid have drawn much attention of the scientists and researchers for the application as a sustainable material for the vapor compression refrigeration system. This paper presents a comparison of the energetic and exergetic performances of a domestic refrigerator using pure butane and isobutane as refrigerants. The thermodynamic performances such as exergy destruction or losses, exergy efficiency, and coefficient of performances (COP) were investigated. These parameters were measured at varied operating conditions. Exergy and energy efficiencies of isobutane were found to be 50% and 175% higher than that of R-134a. The analysis shows that the performances of butane and isobutane as refrigerants are comparable with HFC134a. It has also been found that at higher evaporating temperatures, the exergy losses are minimal. The maximum exergy loss occurred in the compressor and the value was 69% of the whole losses in the system. Highest sustainability index was found for butane compared to that of R134a and R600a, respectively. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15435075.2011.621491

ISO 8187, ISO 8561, and ISO 7371 are the relevant test standards for household refrigerating appliances. This paper presents the possibility of introducing ISO household refrigerator-freezer test standards in Malaysia. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of room temperature, door opening, thermostat setting position, relative humidity, and loading on energy consumption of a household refrigerator-freezer. With the experimental data, a multiple regression equation is developed to investigate their combined effect. Finally, energy consumption according to the regression equation with optimum setting conditions is compared with ISO standard test conditions, Our comparison reveals that ISO refrigerator-freezer test standards are applicable with respect to Malaysian climatic conditions and usage patterns.

Refrigerator-freezers energy consumption is greatly affected by room temperature, door opening and thermostat setting position. Two frost free household refrigerator freezers of the same capacity were tested in the laboratory to determine the sensitivity of their energy consumption to various usage conditions. The experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of single variables, such as temperature, thermostat setting positions and door opening, and their combined effect on energy consumption. Our investigation reveals that room temperature has the higher effect on energy consumption, followed by door opening. Thermostat setting position has the lower effect on energy consumption. More detailed tests were performed under different room temperature, thermostat setting position and door opening conditions. With the experimental results, a first order mathematical model has been developed to investigate their combined effect on energy consumption. The test results are discussed and presented. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0196890401000693/1-s2.0-S0196890401000693-main.pdf?_tid=74d0bd20-1d34-11e4-b21f-00000aacb362&acdnat=1407307366_d2e1398d1456ab8447efca773a3ba445 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890401000693

The paper is particularly concerned with developing a proposed energy guide label for household refrigerator-freezers through consumer research. Survey work conducted throughout Malaysia to develop a comprehensive energy guide label. A simple labeling design with different features and colors was also performed using the labeling concept of other countries (such as Australia, Thailand, and from the EU). There are many steps to implement a labeling program for a particular energy consuming appliance, such as consumer/stakeholder involvement, design, policy makers' involvement and so on. So, this is a vast area of work. This paper mainly focuses on consumer research in designing or shaping a comprehensive label. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0301421503002829/1-s2.0-S0301421503002829-main.pdf?_tid=237446a8-a9c7-11e3-9413-00000aacb35f&acdnat=1394616031_757a68a41bf68ec32af43ab173c7e0ec 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421503002829

Orientador: Vivaldo Silveira JuniorDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de AlimentosResumo: Os equipamentos utilizados para refrigeração e condicionamento ambiental têm um potencial significativo de redução de consumo energético, principalmente porque esta pratica utilizam quantidades significativas de energia e são encontrados em todas as residências e indústrias. Neste contexto existem numerosos estudos dirigidos para aumentar a eficiência energética dos sistemas de refrigeração domésticos, utilizando diferentes estratégias tecnológicas. O dispositivo proposto neste trabalho atua como um condensador evaporativo, substituindo o ar,, como meio de troca térmica convencional dos sistemas de refrigeração domésticos, por uma corrente vertical de água em contato com a superfície do condensador, aproveitando desta maneira o calor absorvido pela água na mudança de fase (efeito evaporativo) e diminuindo a temperatura de condensação. O protótipo...

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of temperature, door opening, thermostat setting position, relative humidity, and loading on energy consumption of a household refrigerator-freezer. Our investigation reveals that temperature has the greatest effect on energy consumption followed by loading. Next greatest effect are due to door opening and thermostat setting position. Relative humidity has minimal effect on energy consumption. With the experimental data, a multiple regression equation has been developed to investigate their combine effect.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=888397&tag=1

ABSTRACT The domestic refrigerator is now a common household device with very few households in the developed world not possessing one, or more, for the storage of chilled foods. Domestic storage is the last, and in many respects the most important, link in the food chill chain. Inadequate domestic refrigeration or cooling is frequently cited as a factor in incidents of food poisoning. The authors reviewed the temperature performance of refrigerators in 2008. This new review builds on that review, covering studies that have been published since (and those that were unfortunately missed in the first review), and also seeks to put this important stage of the food cold chain in its context. It is clear from the published data that many refrigerators throughout the world are running at higher than recommended temperatures. It is also clear that, despite improvements in energy use, the temperature performance and use of refrigerators has not changed significantly in the last 40 or so years. Many consumers still remain unaware of the recommended refrigeration temperature range, how to ensure that the correct refrigeration temperature range is achieved, the importance of monitoring that the recommended temperature range is being maintained, and the potential hazards of temperature abuse. Keywords: Refrigerator, fridge, chilled storage, food preservation, food safety

Refrigerator-freezers play an important role in the preservation of perishable food in warm and humid climates. Experiments were conducted in a controlled chamber to investigate the effects of the ambient temperature, cabinet load, thermostat setting and an open surface water pan on the heat transfer and energy consumption of refrigerators. The operating variables have strongly influence the heat transfer and energy consumption. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0360544208003113/1-s2.0-S0360544208003113-main.pdf?_tid=8a8d0bf0-a9c6-11e3-b565-00000aab0f26&acdnat=1394615774_79a1e1050062fcb4a942adbb73f2cba1 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544208003113