Rapd Analysi

This study was carried out to detect the distribution of antibioticresistant  genes  in  multi-antibiotic  resistant  bacteria  isolated  from
Saudi  Arabian  patients  in  Taif  city.  Hence,  simple  methods  were
followed herein to isolate and characterize the antibiotic resistant
bacteria by the common phenotypic, morphological, biochemical and
molecular  characters.  Out  of  200  cultures  tested,  60  multidrug
resistant  bacteria  isolates  were  randomly  chosen  for  isolating  the
antibiotic  resistance  genes.  About  47%  of  antibiotic  resistant  tested
bacteria were isolated from urine samples and 53% from stool. The
study  further  aimed  to  analyze  antibiotic  resistance  rates  against
commonly used antibiotics among bacterial population of urine and
stool  samples.  These  bacterial  isolates  were  identified  and
categorized  into  eight  species, Escherichia  coli,  Staphylococcus
aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Citrobacter
freundi, Enterobactur sakazakii, Salmonella sp. and Shigella sp. The
isolates  exhibited  resistance  in  decreasing  order  for  Clindamycin
(83%),  Penicillin  G  (69.6  %),  Rifampin  (64.7%),  Cefotaxime
(53.6%),  Cefaclor  (51.7%),  Ceftriaxone  (47.2%),  Nitrofurantoin
(44.2%), and Norfloxacin (39.7%). Maximum resistance to extendedspectrum β-lactam antibiotics occurred in 11.3% of isolates and the
production of extended spectrum β-lactamase was achieved by 3.5%
of isolates. Multiple resistances to three or more antimicrobial agents
were  documented.  PCR  method  was  used  to  isolate  the  antibiotic
resistance genes for analyzing the molecular classification of these
isolates. It was based on CTX-M1, CTX-M2 and mecA genes which
were used for rapid assignment of bacteria into genera  and species. The  results  indicate  that  all  isolates  harbor  one  or  more  of
antibiotic resistance genes and that the PCR technique is a fast,
practical and appropriate method for determining the presence of
antibiotic-resistance  genes.  Moreover,  the  similarity  matrix  and
differentiation  between  these  isolates  was  studied  dependent  on
RAPD pattern using 8 different primers.

The aim of this study was to figure the prevalence, phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance (AR) pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine and swine nares. Colonies with typical morphology on Baird-Parker agar supplemented with egg-yolk tellurite emulsion were selected and biochemically/genotypically identified as S. aureus. These strains were further subjected to epsilometer test for their sensitivity to various clinically important antibiotics and antibiotic susceptibility testing for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and double-disk diffusion testing was performed by the standard disc diffusion method following CLSI guidelines. S. aureus strains were also tested for the presence of AR genes, viz., blaZ, mecA, aacA-aphD, erm (ermA, ermB, ermC), tet (efflux genes tetK and tetL, tetM and tetO of the ribosomal protection family), and vanA. The nasal cavities of 17 out of 47 randomly selected bovine and 20 out of 28 randomly selected swine were positive for S. aureus, re...