Pyramids of Giza

This is the German manuscript of the book:
Adalbert EVIAN. The Mediumship of Maria Silbert. Translated by H. E. Kennedy, B.A. London (1936): Rider & Co. Paternoster House E.C.
It was sent by Adalbert Kovačević (his nom-de-plume was Adalbert Evian, later he adopted the name Adalbert Bert), the author of the book from Cairo to his father Aleksander Kovačević (*Trieste, Austrian Empire, 1866 +Zagreb, 21. II. 1943), who at that moment was staying with his sister Danica Nikolajević in Rome, 17 int. 18 Via Cantore. Danica Nikolajević had a son, Dr. Vladimir Nikolajević, also living in Rome (Circonvallazione Clodia 36 A).
The printed book was also sent to Aleksander Kovačević with the dedication: “Meinem Vater Herrn Alexander Kovačević herzlichts zugeeignet – Berti, Cairo, 21. I. 1937.”
Aleksander Kovačević lived for quite a few years in Sarajevo and worked as a financial councilor of the Department of Finances of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian Territorial Government until the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1918. Then – having divorced his wife and lost his daughter Dudi - he moved to Zagreb and took a flat in a villa, St. George’s Street (Jurjevska ulica) No. 57, first floor. His mail-box was still there on the door after many decades. He died of heart failure at the Holy Spirit Hospital on February 21, 1943 and was buried on February 23 at the Zagreb Central Cemetery Mirogoj in the same grave with Pavle Nikolajević (*1895 +1925) (Plot: Roman Catholic No. 131, Class II, Grave No. 213). On December 5, 1963 this grave was exhumed and the remains of the two men were deposited in the common grave.
Aleksander Kovačević was a highly educated, sophisticated gentleman, who played the violin (he somehow disliked Robert Schumann) and owned a considerable library. In the thirties he regularly received the elegantly bound editions of the Deutsche Buchgemeinschaft, although their contents in those brown years were not always good.
During the World War One Aleksander Kovačević sent his son Adalbert – Berti to Graz to school, in order to keep him far from the front. The boy was lodged with Maria Silbert, the famous medium, and whenever he came to Sarajevo for holidays reported very unusual happenings. His father thought all this to be humbug, and on one occasion went to Graz to find new lodgings for Adalbert. However, having himself witnessed very unusual events in the Silbert house, decided to leave his son there and never again made fun out of the topic.
These years in Graz changed Adalbert’s entire life: inspired by some spiritistic activities he moved to Cairo, worked there for Swedish Industries (Rue El Maghraby 25, P.O. Box 1722)
and then married a Jewish lady from Alexandria, called Henriette and converted to the Jewish religion. Adalbert Bert, as his new name was, and Henriette, had three sons, Errol, Eddy and Eric. In the thirties Henriette paid a visit to her father-in-law in Zagreb and in the spring of 1940 Aleksander Kovačević travelled to Egypt. It was the last time they met.
After the generals Naguib and Nasser overthrew King Farouk in 1952, Egypt became unpleasant for the Jews to live. Therefore the Bert family emigrated to Israel – staying first at Javniel, Beit Gan, where they befriended the Steiner family from Zagreb/Velika Gorica in Croatia. There have been no contacts with Croatia since 1953.

The curious alignment of the three main pyramids at Giza has puzzled many people over the ages. Various theories have been proposed, either based on site geometry or stellar alignments coupled with known ancient Egyptian religious beliefs. This paper shows that the precise alignment of the pyramids can be explained with mathematics alone, using diskerfery and other geometry. We then use the same techniques to identify the most-probable location of the now-dismantled fourth pyramid at Giza. The techniques and discoveries in this paper provide the basis for dating Giza, as discussed in the companion paper "55,550 BCE and the 23 Stars of Giza" (Douglas, 2019).

This study aims to find a solution to problem 53 of the "Rhind Mathematical Papyrus" housed in the British Museum since 1864. To date, the problem has not yet been solved and is considered incomplete by Egyptologists who have dealt with it. My hypothesis, completely new, starts from the assumption that the data contained in it are sufficient to identify the procedure and to obtain the result. The triangular shape drawn on the papyrus was divided into three overlapping isosceles triangles having the same vertex, and then the position and size of each of the hieratic numbers indicated on the triangular drawing of the problem 53 was analyzed. The calculations below the drawing seem to have a mathematical correspondence with the measurements of the three triangles having the same vertex, and in this context the numbers indicated by the scribe suggest that the three isosceles triangles superimposed are directly proportional to each other. This solution would confirm what Eric Peet had noted about the Egyptians' ability to calculate "direct proportionality" in Problem 11 of the Moscow Papyrus. The mathematical result is also confirmed by the correspondence between the freehand triangle drawn by the scribe on the papyrus and the geometric drawing made by computer with the measurements resulting from the calculations described in RMP 53. Finally, the geometric drawings resulting from the hypotheses formulated by Egyptologists Chace, Clagett and Miatello were also compared with Ahmose's drawing on Rhind's papyrus.

This is a companion paper to and reliant on “Diskerfery and the Alignment of the Four Main Giza Pyramids” (Douglas, 2019 [1]). Following the geometric alignments shown in that paper, we now present the astronomical design plan with 23 stars. There is a perfect alignment with three stars, very close alignment with others, and close alignment with other prominent stars in the area. We propose that this was done to provide a date for the construction of Giza. The alignment occurs at circa 55,550BCE.

A twenty-hectare swath of Old Kingdom 4th Dynasty settlement that central authorities laid out at the low, southeastern base of the Giza Plateau as housing and infrastructure for building pyramids shows distinct components that reflect how they mobilized labor into collective action for building on a colossal scale through already existing social bonds and home-based fellowships from districts, villages and neighborhoods. Correlation between this architectural footprint, builders' graffiti, and recently discovered papyrus day logs with district signs suggests links to larger national networks. Ensconced alongside the major Nile port of its time, community members served in both ships' crews and work gangs with links to broader interregional networks. It is possible that immigrants from source countries who specialized in procurement and transport of exotic products contributed to ethnic diversity in the distinct components of "downtown Egypt." Brought together in a central settlement much larger and denser than any at home, each occupant experienced an exponential increase in social interactions. But we see hints that, as authorities multiplied social clusters for collective action and established procurement networks of broad spatial range, they preserved home-based fellowships. It may have been true for downtown Egypt at the pyramids that, regardless of a city's size, everyone lived in villages and neighborhoods.

An analysis of the Egyptian Royal cubit, presenting some research and opinions flowing from that research, into what I believe was the original cubit, and how it was corrupted. I show various close arithmetic approximations and multiple ways of getting the divisions of the cubit, as well as some related measures. The cubit also encapsulates the basic components for the metric system.

LATER EDIT: it can be read in the introduction of the article that the Sphinx was built during the fourth dynasty, around the years 2575- 3467 B.C.E. This was a mistake and it should've read 2575-2467.

ABSTRACT:
Opinions are divided about the actual age of the Sphinx in Giza, Egypt. The general consensus among most scientists and writers is that the Sphinx must’ve been build during the reign of Khafra of the fourth dynasty (around 2500 B.C.E.).

There are, however, also arguments that point to the possibility of the Sphinx being built ahead of this time. In support of this hypothesis there are those that point to the erosion patterns on the body of the Sphinx, which they claim are water erosion patterns. The last period of rain in Egypt however goes all the way back to 7000-3000 B.C.E.

Another interesting fact is that the Sphinx’s body has been covered in sand for most of its life (about 3300 out of the 4500 years it’s assumed to have been in existence). It therefore seems illogical that the heavy erosion patterns on Sphinx’s body can have occurred during the time it was covered, or during the time it was actually uncovered.

In his book ‘Fingerprints of the Gods’ (1995), Graham Hancock touches on this subject. In his description of the Sphinx he relies on the work of John Anthon West; ‘Serpent in the Sky’ (1993). I immersed myself in this material. The work of Hancock on the Sphinx provides the basis for the short essay. My goal is to introduce Hancock and his theory on the Sphinx to the reader, as well as introducing the reader to a different view of our history. Based on this short essay I also hope that the reader is challenged to ask him- or herself certain questions.

C'est une nouvelle théorie originale (non farfelue). Cette partie décrit la construction du couloir ascendant. Elle analyse, les éléments troublants laissés par les égyptiens à l'intersection entre le couloir ascendant et la syringe. Puis montre le nouveau plan de l'architecte.
Je pense apporter une "pierre" pour comprendre la philosophie de l'architecte et la résolution de plusieurs énigmes. Mon but est de mettre en évidence les traces qu'on laisser les  égyptiens, et de donner une explication plausible. J'espère que cela ouvrira de nouvelles perspectives.

In this article I relate the Heit el-Ghurab (HeG, Wall of the Crow) 4th Dynasty settlement site to the idea that long-term pyramid towns did not originate in temporary workers settlements. Components of the HeG settlement fit attributes of both types of settlement, which Egyptologists infer from texts and archaeological information from other sites. During its time, people may have called the HeG the Southern Tjeniu (bank settlement) of the Pyramid, Great is Khafre (§njw rcj Wr ¢a.f Ra). Under this name, the HeG comprised a kind of proto-pyramid city. Its counterpart, the Northern Grg.t (settlement), may have been associated with the Khufu Pyramid. But overall, the HeG settlement fits neither worker’s town nor pyramid town. I review the hypothesis that the HeG belonged to a major Nile port. As such, it serves as a footprint of a formal expeditionary force composed of apr-gangs and crews for either building or seafaring, or both. I hypothesize a possible match between gangs, phyles, and divisions and the Gallery Complex, the central component of the HeG. Certain officials may have administered functions of the HeG during its heyday in the mid to late 4th Dynasty, as reflected in titles they inscribed in their tomb chapels during the early to mid 5th Dynasty. One such official was Nesut- nefer, who held the title Administrator (aD-mr) of the Southern Tjeniu of Khafre. By the time these officials made their chapels, people had abandoned the HeG when the royal house moved to Saqqara and Abusir for building the king’s memorial complex. Those who stayed at Giza settled closer to the riverbank, or near the valley temples in pyramid towns named after the kings and their pyramids.

The paper explains how the ancient Egyptian architects used the arithmetic of unit-fractions to reckon the astronomical tilt of 26° 31' 23" ±5" for the Great Pyramid’s entrance passage, which is correlated to the latitude of ~ 29° 58' 45" north and Earth’s axial tilt ~24° 6' of nearly 5070 years ago. Therefore, in the beginning, the paper explains for the first time, with the supporting translation, the architectonic and geometric reckoning-methods of almost 40% of the so-called Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (RMP). Firstly, it explains the meanings of 36 mathematical and geometric symbols in RMP’s hieratic text. Secondly, in relation to the divisions of the Egyptian cubit rod, it explains the architectonic decomposition method of the 2/n table on decomposing the sum of two unit-fractions, such as 1/n, into other unit fractions, where n is an odd number from 3 to 101. It shows that this recto table, which represents almost 1/3 of RMP, is on subdividing line-segments like 2/n into only measurable parts. Thirdly, it shows that RMP#24 is an example of calculations related to the sine of an angle and RMP#74 is an example of calculating the values of angles. Fourthly, it shows that RMP#65 is an example of using a grid-system to plot and subdivide the arc of half the side of an octagon into 10 parts. Finally, the paper shows how the pyramids designers used these ancient Egyptian mathematical and geometric methods in reckoning and implementing the astronomical tilt of the Great Pyramid’s entrance passage in the Giza Plateau.

This is a academic essay which compare and contrast the pyramid of Giza and Angkor Wat. This paper will look at the varieties that these two amazing structures build upon, those varieties are purpose, social structure at the time of building, and scientific techniques.

This paper, although very short and not as specific, it should provide sufficient boost for starters on similar topic.

I reexamined the tomb of the Queen Mother Hetepheres I, the so-called Trial Passages, the unfinished pyramid GI-x, the queen's pyramid GI-a and other features of the northern Eastern Field in relation to Khufu's Great Pyramid (GI) and hypothesized changes of  plan in the early layout of this part of the Giza Necropolis.

I provide a preliminary report on the first season of the Giza Plateau Mapping Project (GPMP), were David Goodman and I established the survey control that served subsequent seasons of archaeological work. I also report on mapping features cut into the bedrock floor a

We report on how we located and excavated 4th Dynasty settlement west of the Khafre Pyramid and southeast off the pyramids in the Heit el-Ghurab site, on ancient bakeries, and on evidence for Old Kingdom settlement and water transport infrastructure buried in the floodplain and under modern settlement east of the Giza Plateau.

This is a new original theory (not far-fetched). This part describes the construction of the ascending corridor. It analyzes the disturbing elements left by the Egyptians at the intersection between the ascending corridor and the descending passage. Then show the architect's new plan. I think I bring a "stone" to understand the philosophy of the architect and the resolution of several puzzles. My goal is to highlight the traces left by the Egyptians, and to give a plausible explanation. I hope this will open up new perspectives.

Khnum-Khufu was the birth name of the 4th Dynasty king who commissioned the building of the Great Pyramid of Giza. There are no contemporary records that tell us what Khufu was actually like, but he probably had many of the characteristics of the men who make it to the top of the world’s rich list. Like them, he thought big, had supreme self-confidence and did not care what people thought of him. Khufu would also have had to have been highly focused, even single-minded at times, and driven by a great passion for achieving what he did. Although often painted by Egyptologists as a tyrant, Khufu must have had a robust set of high internal standards, we can see that he strived for perfection in his pyramid we will also show that he was a caring son, husband and father too, but history has painted him as an oppressor of his people and his family.

The following hypothesis pretends to expose the probable technique used by ancient Egyptians to lift and rise at the height of 145 meters all blocks and constructive elements that compound the pyramids of the Giza plateau, specially the Khufu pyramid.
Two kind of ramps are expose in the work. The model elaboration was made taking approximate dimensions that have blocks that compound the pyramids – more precisely, Khufu pyramid -, utilizing geometric basic forms, physics-mathematical simple reasonings and measures of common lengths to the epoch. A suitable angle for the slope must be determined to make possible annulling almost completely the action of gravity force, to obtain a ramp that satisfies two fundamental conditions:
I- Transform the moving blocks work to overcome only the friction force when dragging them and not into overcome the action of gravity force on them.
II- Facilitate move the blocks in a comfortable, safe and fast way, making possible to accomplish complex maneuvers with a minimum risk; even when its implies traveling bigger distances and to transfer a bigger number of elements that compose ramps and their talus.
The First type of ramps constitute the main part of this work due it provides the effective technique to solve the incognita of how were raised all constructive components to reach the desired height of 146 meters that had the Khufu pyramid in their splendor times. The second type of ramps provides the technique to improve to the maximum the existent relation between the pyramid constructive process and the possibilities to finish this process in real time according with the constructive techniques that existed on that time.
The core of the talus system is composed by calcareous rock, which provides a great stability to the system and the talus system consists of clay mortar from Giza plateau named “TAFLA”, limestone slabs and vegetable fiber, which give to this system a very high stability.

The Douglas triangle is a special right triangle using φ and √3. It appears that its proportions and peculiarities impressed the Giza planners so much that they used it, when scaled by 50π, for the base lengths of the Khufu and Khafre pyramids. This paper presents the triangle and discusses some of its interesting features.

The eastern cliff of the Giza plateau has always been one of the most visited and, thus, constantly disturbed outskirts of the necropolis. Situated close to the inhabited valley, it was targeted by numerous generations of people who came to loot, make secondary burials or settle in abandoned rock-cut chapels. Rare undisturbed or partly preserved Old Kingdom burials discovered in rock-cut complexes of the eastern cliff of the plateau provide valuable information on burial practices of the population buried in this marginal area of Giza. According to the available titles, the males who decorated their tombs at the foot of the plateau were palace attendants, administrators of the royal domain and royal works, or served in the necropolis as priests and craftsmen (Kormysheva-Malykh 2010; Kormysheva-Malykh-Vetokhov 2010; Kormysheva et al. 2015). The tombs also housed burials of their relatives; some women interred here held the titles of priestesses of Hathor and Neith (Kormysheva-Malykh-Vetokhov 2010: 132-138; Kormysheva et al. 2015: 110-111).

Rispondo subito alla domanda in maniera secca: finchè non verrà trovata una prova definitiva non si potrà mai affermare con certezza che le piramidi siano un prodotto di origine extraterrestre. E qui, chi non é interessato a conoscere e sviscerare il problema a fondo, può tranquillamente passare ad un' altra domanda. Chi invece vuole andare oltre e conoscere il dibattito per poi farsi un' idea personale, dovrebbe continuare a leggere. Pronti? Via! A vostro rischio e pericolo. Affermiamo subito categoricamente che NON ESISTE nessuna prova del fatto che la Piramide di Cheope sia stata costruita da/per Cheope o nel periodo di regno di Cheope. Tutte le cosiddette 'prove' a sostegno di questa tesi sono indiziarie e si sono rivelate ormai dei falsi o degli errori; in alcuni casi ci troviamo addirittura davanti ad autentiche frodi. Ciò ovviamente, anche se fosse accertato ed accettato, non proverebbe che le piramidi di Giza siano di origine extraterrestre; per arrivare a tale conclusione bisogna seguire un percorso lungo ed articolato che qui sarò costretto per forza di cose a riassumere. Tenete conto che nel mio libro in preparazione sviscero tutto l' argomento in oltre 200 pagine, capirete quindi che non lo si può trattare in toto in una risposta su quora. In questa risposta riassumerò il percorso nei seguenti punti:

The reviewed publication presents a concise history of the Giza Archives and the projects that followed, narrated by their principal investigator. It is a part of the book series MetaLABprojects by MetaLAB at Harvard University, an “idea foundry, knowledge-design lab, and production studio experimenting in the networked arts
and humanities”. These are fashionable words, indeed, and Manuelian’s book is an example of their factual meaning fulfilled in a cooperation between the humanities and the computer science. The book is captivating, inspiring and, in contrast to the deluge of overpriced scientific publications bought only by libraries, available at a reasonable cost. It is worth reading by Egyptologists of varying specializations, not only because of the current possibilities described in a comprehensive manner but also because it openly speaks about the limits and challenges on the way to an imaginable broader synthesis.

"Uvo Hölscher in Abusir. A Milestone in the History of Research in Architectural History" - Essay in the exhibition catalogue "Sahure. Tod und Leben eines großen Pharao", Frankfurt/Main: Liebieghaus - Skulpturensammlung (24 June - 28 November 2010) - (in German)

The geometric analysis carried out in this study is essentially based on a comparison between the three pyramids of Giza and the Bent Pyramid of Dahshur. By examining the two survey data plans drawn up by Sir W. Petrie at the respective locations, it appears that there is a proportional relationship between the distances separating the three pyramids and the profile of the Bent Pyramid. By rotating the plan of the three pyramids by 3.14 degrees, we obtain exactly the profile of the Bent Pyramid's double-slope shape. Furthermore, it turns out that, by multiplying by 9/7 the measurements resulting on the rotated plan, we obtain the measurements of the base, the height, as well as the measurements of the two slopes that characterise the rhomboidal profile of the Dahshur pyramid.

KMT journal article, based on a research project I carried out to investigate and evaluate the ScanPyramids muon detection results that were published in Nature journal in November 2017. My new interpretation of the results is tentatively set out in the KMT article and it refutes the conclusions drawn by the ScanPyramids team. The new hypothesis was generated and updated based on feedback to a preliminary paper, published for peer review here on Academia in April 2018.

Основная цель состояла в том, чтобы исследовать обе стороны погребальной дороги, ведущей к Третьей пирамиде, в отношении любых погребальных и светских построек, которые могут датироваться Древним  Царством. Внимание сосредоточено в первую очередь на южной стороне.

In the knowledge of the secrets of the Pyramids, our enemy is the gaze of Evil: dominance of a part over the Whole. With this lie our mind is buried in dust without seeing the Essence — PYRAMIDS AS A CHORUS. Seeing the primacy of the Whole, we see: this ancient order is Seven: the Sphinx surrounded by his army. So the pupil is the king of the eye, so the green color of foliage is the axis of light that God pours into our eyes. // В познании тайн Пирамид враг нам взор Зла: власть части над Целым. Сей ложью ум наш в прах зарыт, не зря Суть — ПИРАМИДЫ КАК ХОР. Видя ж Целого главность, зрим мы: строй сей древний — Семь: Сфинкс в круге рати его. Так зрачок — ока царь, так листвы цвет зеленый — ось света, что в глаз льет нам Бог.

The Djoser pyramid is an open book encrypted in the laws of physics.
For whom familiar with those laws, the 12 pits 33 m deep under the base unveil the secrets of this pyramid:
- The king's dead body is still intact in the middle of the pyramid, never put
  down in the central pit granite construction.
- Floats in those pits full of water lifted the building blocks efficiently.
- The pyramid constructor made up a funerary scene in the subterranean galleries to fool the "visitors" of the future.
The deadline is full success, the king still preserved 4500 years later.
The Djoser descendants, were not dumb to the point of not using the same very efficient set of rules for their pyramids, but had to improve tools and methods to enable an explosive increase in size.
For an unknown reason this know how vanished for ever after the "Menkaure" pyramid was achieved.

ABSTRACT: This lecture provides a broader background summary of each ruler of Dynasty 4, including Sneferu (2613 - 2589 BCE), Khufu (Cheops) (2589 - 2566 BCE), Djedefre (2566 - 2558 BCE), Khafre (Chephren) (2558 - 2532 BCE), Bikka?, Menkaure  (Mycerinus) (2532 - 2504 BCE), Shepseskaf (2504 - 2500 BCE), and Queen Khentkawes I.  The lecture provides an overview on the reign lengths, various domestic construction projects, achievements, selected events, and related trends, and the evidence for international relations, during each reign; excerpts from later textual sources are provided to flesh out what later traditions, histories and folklore recalled regarding selected rulers (e.g., Palermo Stone; Turin Canon; Herodotus; Manetho), while an overview is also furnished regarding the known burial complex and associated art, architecture, and material remains for each ruler.  UPDATED: Feb. 28, 2023.

There is an at times heated debate between mainstream archaeologists and historians, and alternative researchers, about the age of the monuments at Giza. Mainstream produces Carbon 14 tests and ancient histories, written long after the fact, as proof. Alternative researchers propose much earlier dates. Neither side has rock-solid evidence.

The site of Giza in Egypt has been measured with precision, at different times, by expeditions of
archaeologists who have reported the results of their surveys in various documents. All surveys measured the dimensions
of the three main pyramids on the same vertices originally located by the English archaeologist Flinders Petrie, around 1880. His reports allowed us to determine the lengths of the bases and heights of the pyramids of Cheops, Chephren and
Mykerinos. The translation of these lengths of meters to ancient Egyptian feet of 0.3 meters shows that the magnitudes
of length, area, and volume of the buildings were determined starting from a measurement system whose numbers
represent the revolutions of different planets. In this paper, we determine the lengths of the pyramids and their translation
to that system, as well as the important numerical results between the proportions of their different magnitudes with
those of the planet Earth.