Processing and Characterization of Natural Fibres

Schiff base synthesis of 1,3,4 oxadiazole  derivatives containing
Indole moiety bearing thiazolidinone ring were synthesized by the
condensation  of  2-(3-(4-oxo-3-(p-tolyl)  1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1Hindol-1-yl)-N-(1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-    ylidene)  acetohydrazide
with acetic anhydride. To this reaction was subjected in schiff base
reaction. It forms 2-(1-((4-acetyl-5-methyl-5-(trifluoromthyl)-4, 5-dihyro-1,  3,  4-oxadiazol-2-yl)  methyl)-1H-indol-3yl)-3-(p-tolyl)
1H-tetrazol-5-yl).  The  structure  of  these  newly  synthesized
compounds was characterized by
1
H NMR,
13
CNMR, Mass, IR,
and elemental analysis.

Summary: The British Museum houses a significant collection of organic material from prehistoric Swiss lake dwellings (c.4000 to 500 bc) excavated in the late nineteenth century. The waterlogged, anaerobic, alkaline burial environment provided conditions suitable for the preservation of a range of organic materials including many textiles. The textiles, which represent a range of techniques and include fine complex weaves, netting and skeins, largely remain as treated at the time of excavation. Recent assessment of the condition of this textile collection, with a view to improving the storage and display of these rare survivals, has allowed nineteenth-century approaches to the recovery, treatment, mounting and display of archaeological materials to be documented. The collection has been rehoused in a suitable standardized storage system, preserving the original and highly informative historic mounts. Some of the textiles remain, however, at risk due to acidic mounting materials, broken glass or the fragments being insecure in their frames. The opportunity was also taken to assess the potential of this historic textile collection for detailed investigation, including fibre identification, technological study and dye analysis. A range of analytical techniques was employed, including macroscopic analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Weave analysis and technological classification of the textiles was possible, even for textiles still in their original mounts. Many of the textiles showed signs of early consolidation and the presence of detrital material but, using SEM, fibre identification was possible in every sample examined. This demonstrated the use of flax fibres (Linum usitatissimum), lime/ linden (Tilia sp.) bast fibres and lime/linden bark showing various degrees of processing. The majority of the fibres examined showed evidence for low temperature or incomplete charring. Using FTIR a range of consolidants has been identified, including natural resins and a carbohydrate material, possibly a gum or sugar solution. The chemical condition of some of the fibres, determined by Raman spectroscopy, and the presence of consolidants and other detrital material, suggests that potential dye analysis and other forms of (bio)molecular analysis could be compromised for some of the collection. The results of this pilot study will guide the future conservation strategy for this historic collection and allow informed decisions to be made regarding future access for technical and scientific study.

The present study investigates tactile, thermal, physiological comfort, and hand values of newly developed mulberry silk waste/wool blended fabrics for end use. Intimate blended fabrics S1 (65s/35w, 2/33 × 33 tex) and S2 (65s/35w, 2/25 × 25 tex) had higher resilience as well as warpwise extensibility, whereas union-blended fabrics S3 (100w × 65s/35w, 2/33 × 33 tex) and S4 (100w × 65s/35w, 2/25 × 25 tex) had high bending hysteresis, high tensile energy, lower coefficient of friction, and less geometric roughness. S1, S2, and S4 fabrics exhibited higher transmission properties against air and moisture vapor whereas S3 fabric showed superior thermal insulation properties. S1 found significantly different (p ≤ .05) from S2 in terms of smoothness, uniformity, and aesthetic appearance. Total hand value of developed fabrics showed its suitablilty for women’s light weight winter dress material and suitings, whereas union-blended fabrics were suitable for men’s winter suitings. Stoles, mufflers, throws, and khes (bed covering) were the most suitable end uses in terms of intimate blended fabrics while shawls, lohis (gents shawl) mufflers, and khes were the most suitable end uses of union-blended fabrics.

桑蚕丝/羊毛混纺织物终端用途的舒适性和手感性能评价

本研究探讨新开发的桑蚕丝/羊毛混纺织物终端用途的触觉，热，生理舒适性和手感性能值。精密混纺织物S1（65s / 35W， 2 / 33×33 tex）和S2（65s / 35W，2 / 25×25 tex）有较高的韧性以及经向延伸性，而交织混纺织物S3（100W×65s / 35W，2 / 33×33 tex）和S4（100W×65s / 35W，2 / 25×25 tex）具有较高的抗弯滞后，高15抗张能量，摩擦系数较低，较少几何粗糙度。S1，S2和S4的织物表现出对空气和湿气更高的传输特性，而S3织物表现出优异的热绝缘性能。S1与S2在光滑，均匀性和美观方面发现显著差异（p≤.05）。 手感性能值20的开发面料适宜女性轻质冬季服装面料和西装面料，而交织混纺织物适合秋冬男士西装面料。精密混纺织物最适合的最终用途是用在披肩，围巾，和印度粗斜纹布（床罩），同时交织混纺织物最合适的最终用途是用在披肩，罗溪丝（绅士披肩），围巾和印度粗斜纹布。

This research was carried out to evaluate how alkali treatment of selected natural fibres (kenaf, luffa, betel nut, banana and rice straw) influences thermal properties, morphological properties and infrared spectrum properties of the composites made from
polypropylene reinforced with natural fibres. Composites were made by compression moulding technique using hydraulic hot press. Composites were characterized by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) to establish their thermal stability. The infrared
spectrum of both treated and untreated natural fibres/PP composites were studied using Fourier transforms infrared spectrometer (FTIR). Infrared spectroscopy is sensitive to the presence of chemical functional groups in the composites. A functional group is a structural fragment within a molecule. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the morphology of composites. Increase in the thermal stability and better fibre-matrix compatibility of the composites were noticed in the treated fibres. Thermal stability of all the reinforced natural fibres was found to be around 205oC.
Decomposition of both cellulose and hemicellulose in the fibres took place at 310oC and above, whereas the degradation of reinforced fibre composites took place above 430oC. After the chemical treatment, the FTIR results showed the reduction of OH bonds for all natural fibre composites used in this study. Mercerization had successfully modified the structure of natural fibres and these modifications improved the thermal stability of the composites by promoting better fibre-matrix bonding.

The study presented was aimed to investigate the effect of different pre-treatments of Agave sisalana leaves on yield, physicochemical and anatomical characteristics of fibre. A. sisalana leaves were treated with acid, alkali and biomaterial. Fibres obtained through different pre-treatment conditions were examined for their physicochemical and anatomical characteristics. Results indicated a notable influence of the three treatments on yield and physical properties of fibres. Total yield (%) and number of fibre per leave was recorded from the biomaterial treated leaves followed by alkali treated leaves. Physical properties including fibre length and fibre diameter were also maximum for the fibres obtained from biomaterial treated leaves. Results of solubility and other chemical examination of fibres from all the treatments were same. Microscopic study of fibre indicated their cellular structure and needle shape with sharp apex and lumen. The study thus established the biomaterial pretreatment as an ecofrienly, efficient and productive way for extraction of sisal fibre.