Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Mutations in the cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 gene cause a clinical variant of Rett syndrome (CDKL5-RTT). A role for the acute-phase response (APR) is emerging in typical RTT caused by methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 gene mutations (MECP2-RTT). No information is, to date, available on the inflammatory protein response in CDKL5-RTT. We evaluated, for the first time, the APR protein response in CDKL5-RTT. Protein patterns in albumin- and IgG-depleted plasma proteome from CDKL5-RTT patients were evaluated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis/mass spectrometry. The resulting data were related to circulating cytokines and compared to healthy controls or MECP2-RTT patients. The effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) were evaluated. CDKL5-RTT mutations resulted in a subclinical attenuated inflammation, specifically characterized by an overexpression of the complement component C3 and CD5 antigen-like, both strictly related to the inflammatory response. Cytokine dysregu...

The effectiveness of antioxidant defence system in relation to the lipid peroxidation process is of particular interest in the case of aquatic animals such as fish. Lipid peroxidation is an indicator of free radical induced membrane damage resulting from the degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Neural degeneration is a frequent consequence of excessive free radical production. Brain is rich in PUFA and therefore it is susceptible to oxidative damage The aim of this study was to

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the leading cause of death for preterm infants resulting from gastrointestinal disease. This review will focus on several components of human breast milk that may be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of NEC. The severe pathological features of NEC include inflammation, mucosal ulceration and disruption of the intestinal barrier. Despite maximal neonatal intensive care, the incidence and mortality rate of the disease remains high. Administration of breast milk, as well as donor breast milk, to preterm infants has been shown to reduce the incidence of NEC. Beyond this, there is no disease specific treatment for NEC. The immunomodulatory and protective properties of human breast milk have been evaluated in search of key components that may be utilized for the effective prevention and treatment of NEC.

Aim
Having reviewed earlier the role of probiotics in obesity and other associated metabolic disorders like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), engineering probiotics for cholera and other neuronal diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson disease with incidence of obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM) so much on the rise, Here the aim of this systematic review is to highlight the influence of dietary patterns, like fatty acids, other lipids on role of maternal stress and the neuropsychiatric disease (NPD) formation along with influence of probiotics in reverting them.
Method
A systematic review was carried out using the PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, Embase, Cochrane reviews, and Google Scholar, Search engine with the MeSH Terms; “Impaired lipid metabolism”; “Oxidative stress”; “inflammation”; “Gut Microbiota (GM)”; “NPD”; “Schizophrenia (SCZ)”; “Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)”; “Bipolar disorders (BD)”; “Gamma amino butyric acid
(GABA)”; “5-hydroxy tryptamine (5HT)”; “Brain derived neutrotrophicfactor (BDNF)”; “Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)”;
“Saturated (SFA)”; “Depression”; “Resolvins”; “Protectins”; “Short chain fatty acids (SCFA)”; “Probiotics”; “Fecal Transplantation” from 1990 till June 2020.
Results
We found a total of 900 articles under various subheadings of GM and NPD and probiotics with NPD and SCZ, ASD. One hundred ninety-two (192) articles got selected for this comprehensive review. No meta-analysis was conducted.
Conclusion
We observed a marked correlation among dietary habits, like utilization of Western diet (WD) with marked escalation of intake of
high fat, high sugar rich diet escalated n6 PUFAS over n3 PUFAS and influence on GM that is not helpful in digestion of the nondigestible fibers in form of starch along with generation of butyrate aiding in certain beneficial effects and on formation of various
neurochemicals like escalation of BDNF while increased GABA, reduced 5HT formation alteration of tryptophan metabolism is
seen in these WD food and we have tried to detail the role of SCFA formation, generation of resolvins and how they work in the
formation of various NPD besides maternal diet during pregnancy and how it determines infants microglial priming and later determinants of early stress.

Chronic pain (CP) is a severe clinical entity with devastating physical and emotional consequences for patients, which can occur in a myriad of diseases. Often, conventional treatment approaches appear to be insufficient for its management. Moreover, considering the adverse effects of traditional analgesic treatments, specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) have emerged as a promising alternative for CP. These include various bioactive molecules such as resolvins,
maresins, and protectins, derived from ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs); and lipoxins, produced from ω-6 PUFAs. Indeed, SPMs have been demonstrated to play a central role in the regulation and resolution of the inflammation associated with CP. Furthermore, these molecules can modulate neuroinflammation and thus inhibit central and peripheral sensitizations, as well as long-term potentiation, via immunomodulation and regulation of nociceptor activity and neuronal pathways. In this context, preclinical and clinical studies have evidenced that the use of SPMs is beneficial in CP-related disorders, including rheumatic diseases, migraine, neuropathies, and others. This review integrates current preclinical and clinical knowledge on the role of SPMs as a potential therapeutic tool for the management of patients with CP.

For many years, both preclinical and clinical studies have provided evidences to support the beneficial effects of ω-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the prevention of chronic diseases.
However, recently, an increasing number of studies reported adverse or contradictory effects of ω-3 PUFAs on human health. While dose and experimental condition need to be considered when evaluating these effects, oxidation of PUFAs also serves as an important factor contributing to the inconsistent results. In fact, oxidation of PUFAs happens frequently during food processing and storage, cooking and even after food ingestion. The free radicals and metabolites generated from PUFA oxidation may adversely affect food quality and shelf life by producing off-flavors and reducing nutritional values. The impact of PUFA oxidation in human health is more complicated, depending on the concentration of products, disease background and targets. This review will introduce different types of PUFA oxidation, discuss its impact on food quality and human health and provide some thoughts for the future research directions.

Background: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common behavioral disorders in children. Insufficient dietary intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) has been suggested to have an impact on the development of symptoms of ADHD in children. Individuals with ADHD have been demonstrated to have significantly reduced blood concentrations of PUFAs and, in particular, reduced levels of omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs. These findings suggest that PUFA supplementation may reduce the attention and behavior problems associated with ADHD.

Objective: To provide an overview of the efficacy of dietary LC-PUFA supplementation in the treatment of ADHD. Methods: Literature published up until December 2013 on the effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation on ADHD symptoms was obtained using a PubMed search and critically reviewed.

Results: Dietary PUFA supplementation appears to have beneficial effects on ADHD symptoms although these effects are small. The clinical relevance of these observations remains to be determined.

Conclusion: There is only limited support for the efficacy of PUFA supplementation for the core symptoms of ADHD. Given the small effect sizes regarding PUFA supplementation, it may not be a sufficient therapy for a majority of patients with ADHD.

The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with sunflower oil (SFO), flaxseed oil (FSO) or 1% SFO+1% FSO on growth performance, and lipid, testosterone and fatty acid profiles of California rabbit bucks. Number of 24 California bucks having 5.3-5.5 months of age and weighing 2316-2429 g were divided into four groups (n=6). Bucks in the control group were fed free commercial diet, while those in the 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th groups were fed the same diet with 2% SFO, 2% FSO, or 1% SFO+1% FSO, respectively. Growth parameters were determined during the experiment (16 wk). Serum lipid, testosterone and fatty acid profiles were determined. Results showed insignificant treatment effect on body weight, feed intake and weight gain during the experiment (0-16 wk). The differences in serum triglycerides and total lipids between treatment groups and control were not significant, but triglycerides increased (P<0.05) in FSO-than SFO-bucks. Phospholipids decreased (P<0.05) only by SFO+FSO, while total cholesterol and LDL increased (P<0.05) by SFO or SFO+FSO, but HDL was not affected. All oil types increased (P<0.05) Non-HDL, being higher (P<0.05) in SFO+FSO than in SFO or FSO. Serum Castelli I and II indices, AST and ALT activity, serum total fatty acids and fatty acid profile were not affected by treatment. In conclusion, balancing the ratio between n-6: n-3 fatty acids is important to be the easiest approach to indicate this would be intake of oils rich in n-3 or n-6 fatty acids, such as sunflower and flaxseed oils, respectively.

The seasonal fatty acid composition of farmed common carp (Cyprinus carpio) viscera, muscle, bones, and skin were determined in spring (March), summer (June), autumn (September), and winter (December) (% of total fatty acids). Palmitic acid (C16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1n-9) were the most abundant saturated fatty acid (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), respectively. Linoleic acid (C18:2n-6), arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) were the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). All tissues had a lower percentage of MUFA but higher PUFA in the summer in comparison to the other seasons. The results of principle components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) suggested that summer common carp could be distinguished from other seasons, but the tissue source of the oil could not be determined.

A B S T R A C T Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can influence fertility in farm animals. Some evidence in mice and sheep have suggested that PUFAs may influence offspring sex ratio, which may have significant value for cattle production. To test this hypothesis, three groups of Holstein cows were supplemented with either 0%, 3% or 5% protected fat (PF) in the form of calcium salt of fatty acids (rich in omega-6) from 14–21 days pre-partum until conception. Proven-fertile frozen semen from the same ejaculate was used for insemination. Calf sex recorded at birth was 8/19 (42.1%) male offspring in the control group, increasing to 14/20 (70%, P > 0.05) and 17/20 (85%, P < 0.05) in 3% and 5% PF, respectively. To test if this effect was caused by a direct influence on the oocyte, we supplemented bovine cumulus oocyte complexes during in vitro maturation with either omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), omega-6 linoleic acid (LA) or trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Sex ratio of the produced transferable embryos was determined using PCR of SRY gene. Similar to the in vivo results, sex ratio was skewed to the male side in the embryos derived from LA-and CLA-treated oocytes (79% and 71%) compared to control and ALA-treated oocytes (44% and 54%, respectively). These results indicate that both dietary and in vitro supplementation of omega-6 PUFAs can skew the sex ratio towards the male side in cattle. Further experiments are required to confirm this effect on a larger scale and to study the mechanisms of action that might be involved.

The involvement of oxidative stress in aging and age-related diseases is well known. It is of interest that indirect (unconjugated) bilirubin as an antioxidant and polyunsaturated fatty acids susceptible to peroxidation can be associated with longevity. Twenty-seven community-dwelling centenarians were studied in relation to performance and nutrition status. The centenarians with better performance status had higher serum levels of total protein, albumin, creatinine, indirect bilirubin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, in addition to higher blood pressure. Serum albumin significantly correlated positively with total protein, iron, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, and negatively with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Serum indirect bilirubin significantly correlated with serum albumin, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Serum indirect bilirubin level was associated with the degree of physical activity in Japanese centenarians. Considering antioxidant effects of indirect bilirubin and health benefits of polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as the relevant literature, the present study suggests that centenarians with better performance status have a higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids protected from peroxidation.

Chronic pain (CP) is a severe clinical entity with devastating physical and emotional consequences for patients, which can occur in a myriad of diseases. Often, conventional treatment approaches appear to be insufficient for its management. Moreover, considering the adverse effects of traditional analgesic treatments, specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) have emerged as a promising alternative for CP. These include various bioactive molecules such as resolvins, maresins, and protectins, derived from ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs); and lipoxins, produced from ω-6 PUFAs. Indeed, SPMs have been demonstrated to play a central role in the regulation and resolution of the inflammation associated with CP. Furthermore, these molecules can modulate neuroinflammation and thus inhibit central and peripheral sensitizations, as well as long-term potentiation, via immunomodulation and regulation of nociceptor activity and neuronal pathways. In this context, preclinical and cl...

Abstract: Anti-inflammatory long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3-LC-PUFAs) are both neuroprotective and have antidepressive effects.

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