Pit Grave culture

КУРГАН ЭПОХИ БРОНЗЫ-РАННЕЖЕЛЕЗНОГО ВЕКА ЛИТВИНЕНКОВО 1 БЕЛОГОРСКОГО РАЙОНА РЕСПУБЛИКИ КРЫМ Аннотация. Публикация посвящена результатам раскопок кургана № 1 курганной группы «Литвиненково» расположенного к юго-востоку от с. Литвиненково Белогорского района Республики Крым. Исследования кургана носили спасательный характер в связи с разработкой на месте его расположения песчаного карьера. Выявлено шесть погребальных сооружений (основное и пять впускных). Насыпь кургана была сооружена над основным захоронением ямной культуры, в которую в дальнейшем были впущены ещё 5 погребений. Ключевые слова: курганы, погребения, каменный ящик, эпоха бронзы, ранний железный век, ямная культура, катакомбная культура.

At the end of the 4th millennium BC bringer of the Pit-grave culture appeared in the area south of Stara planina Mountain and in the valley of Tundzha River – in present day south-east Bulgaria. These people were nomads who buried their dead in burial mounds.
The aim of the present poster is to present the special case of grave № 30 from the burial mound near village of Mogila. During the archaeological excavations 30 graves were uncovered. Nine of them were connected to the Pit-grave culture and one was also assigned to the first phase of Early Bronze Age (grave № 30), being thus contemporary.
Grave № 30 does not comply with the standard funeral practice of the Pit-grave culture. The burial was performed on a burnt fill in a crouched position on the right side. The dead body was laid while the wood was still burning. Near to the left hand of the individual was found a hand-made ceramic bowl. It’s typical local production during the first phase of the Early Bronze Age in the region (Ezero culture). It was full of grain. According to interpretation of researchers grave № 30 represents the sacrifice of a local person during the burial of the primary grave № 29 of the Pit-grave culture.

The paper analyzes some pathological marks as well as non-pathological features observed in the two male skeletons
from the burials recently discovered in the Sugokleya barrow (Ukraine): one is attributed to the Pit Grave culture,
and the other to the Ingul Catacomb culture. The intravital and perimortal injuries’ patterning, as well as the presence of
wooden mace in the Pit grave, and a stone axe head in the Catacomb grave, suggest that the buried persons were warriors.
The specificity of the muscle relief development on the bones, the occupational stress markers or muscle-skeletal markers
along with degenerative and post-traumatic and inflammatory diseases of the joints of limbs and spine are combined into
osteological sets of markers associated with the intensive use of weapons/

/ В статье анализируются морфологические признаки, следы болезней и травм двух мужских скелетов из погребе-
ний поздней ямной и ингульской катакомбной культур, обнаруженных в Сугоклейском кургане (Украина). Расположение
и характер прижизненных и перимортальных травм, а также наличие булавы и топора в погребальном инвентаре, гово-
рят о том, что мужчины были воинами. Специфика развития мышечного рельефа на костях, признаки «оккупационного
стресса», изменения суставов конечностей и позвоночника объединяются в остеологические комплексы, связанные
с интенсивным использованием ударного оружия.

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Mineralogical, geological and paleontological analyses of archaeological tools and features have started already in the 18th century. These sporadic investigations were followed by systematic geological analysis from the middle of the 19th century. Following the proposals of Flóris Rómer archaeologist at this time in Hungary in
the 1860s, geoarchaeological research started at first by the analysis of obsidian stone tools and later by the analysis of kurgans. By the magnetic susceptibility and complex sedimentological analysis of Vesszős-halom (Pusztaszer/Ópusztaszer), we were able to separate three different phases of accumulation of the analysed kurgan. It was also possible to prove the formation of the bedrock and soils that cover the surface of kurgan
(Vesszős-halom – Vesszős Mound). Furthermore, the former environment of the kurgan could have been reconstructed by using the results of pollen and malacological analyses.