Phytochemical Analysis

Medicinal herbs have a long history in improving human health and curing various diseases. A wide interest has been made for researchers using herbal material in identification of the active components and verification of their efficiency. Many researches are working seriously to find out substitutes for antibiotics as they cause side effects on the functioning of different parts of the body, organs and systems over the last twenty years. The phytochemical analysis of the medicinal plants extracts showed that the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroid and amino acid. Uses of phytochemical compound against pathogenesis. The investigation of plant extracts effective against staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus sp. The higher concentration (200 mg/disc) of methanol extract of Avicennia germinans showed significant antibacterial activity against six bacterial cultures from (10mm-32mm). In this present study it was interestingly recorded that the zones of inhibition of methonolic extract of Avicennia germinans were greater than the standard antibiotics which were used in the present research work.

The three major curcuminoids, curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bis-demethoxycurcumin, from Curcuma domestica Val. (Curcuma longa L.) and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) were fully separated and quantified in less than 5 min using a capillary zone electrophoresis method with standard fused-silica capillaries and photodiode array detection. An electrolyte solution of 20 mm phosphate, 50 mm sodium hydroxide and 14 mmβ-cyclodextrin was found to be appropriate. Quantification was performed with 3,4-dimethoxy-trans-cinnamic acid as internal standard, and the limit of detection was 0.01 mg/mL. Extraction, stabilisation during sample storage and quantification procedures were optimised and carried out with drugs and commercial curry powder from different provenances. The results were compared with the photometric method of the monograph Curcumae xanthorrhizae rhizoma of the European Pharmacopoeia. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Present study aims to evaluate antibacterial efficacy of Bakuchi (Psoralea corylifolia) seed extracts prepared in two different solvents. Antibacterial assay was performed by agar well diffusion method against Gram positive skin pathogens, like Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram negative skin pathogens, which included Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris and Escherichia coli. Bakuchi seed extract in methanol and diethyl ether exhibited broad spectrum antibacterial activity against skin pathogens, however comparatively bakuchi seed extract in methanol was found to be more promising with maximum zone of inhibition against K. pneumoniae with zone of inhibition 21mm in diameter and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 2.5mg/ml. These results confirmed the potential of the Bakuchi seed extract in the development of ayurvedic topical skin formulations.

Medicinal plants are important source of antibacterial compounds. These plants contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, phenolics, terpenes and volatile oils The objective of this research was to determine the chemical composition of methanolic peel extract. The phytochemical compound screened by GC-MS method. Twentyseven bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of Punica granatum. The identification of phytochemical compounds is based on the peak area, retention time molecular weight, molecular formula, MS Fragment-ions and Pharmacological actions. GC-MS analysis of Punica granatum revealed the existence of the 2H-Pyran,2,2´-[1,10-decanediylbis(oxy)]bis[tetrahydro-, 6-Oxa-bicyclo[3.1.0

Brazilian propolis contains several phenolic compounds among which 5 diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (artepillin-C) is commonly found in areas where flora is rich in Baccharis species. The quantification of artepillin-C has become an important factor as an indicator of Brazilian propolis quality and the compound may be used as a chemical marker for quality control in exportating green propolis. This work was to validate the method and evaluate the content of artepillin-C from 33 samples collected in different Brazilian regions. The method used was HPLC with UV–vis detection and a reversed-phase C18 column. The validation parameters studied were: linearity, accuracy, precision, quantification and detection limits. The results obtained were: detection limit = 0.0036 µg/mL, quantification limit = 0.012 µg/mL, accuracy = 0.0064 and 0.078, recovery 98–102%. Artepillin-C content varied from 0 to 11% depending on the geographical origin. Propolis from the southeast region presented the highest level of artepillin-C (5.0–11.0%). Whist that from the northeast region did not show any artepillin-C. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Three methods widely employed in the evaluation of antioxidant activity, namely 2,2о-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method, static headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC) and b-carotene bleaching test (BCBT), have been compared with regard to their ...

An HPTLC densitometric method for the simultaneous determination of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol as well as trace amounts of piperine in pepper-contaminated cinnamon was developed. The applicability of the method was tested with cinnamon bark powder adulterated with pepper powder, cinnamon oil, clove powder, clove oil and a commercial preparation containing cinnamaldehyde and eugenol. The method was validated for specificity, precision, accuracy and robustness. The method was found to be precise for different concentrations of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and piperine. The accuracy of the method was checked by conducting a recovery study at three different levels. The linearity was found to be in the ranges 52.54-735.56, 533.2-8531.2 and 50-300 ng/spot, respectively, with correlation coefficients of 0.9985 +/- 0.04, 0.9982 +/- 0.06 and 0.9937 +/- 0.11 for cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and piperine.

Prunus cerasoides D. Don (Rosaceae) is a medium sized deciduous tree found mainly in the temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere. Its distribution range is restricted to sub-montane and montane Himalaya extending from Himachal Pradesh in Northcentral India to Sikkim, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, West China and Thailand. It is abundantly distributed in temperate zones of Garhwal Hills of Uttarakhand state. The plant is acclaimed for significant medicinal importance in the traditional system of medicines and used in several Ayurvedic formulations. Its efficacy has also been recognized by the modern system of medicine. The plant has been extensively investigated for its phytochemical constituents and a considerable number of chemical constituents of diverse classes including steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, polyphenolics, glycosides, etc. have been reported from different parts of the plant. Pharmacological studies have revealed antimicrobial, diuretic, BPH protective, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the plant. However, despite wide-ranging chemical composition, and traditional medicinal significance, pharmacological investigation of the plant is limited. This review is an attempt to present a comprehensive summary of traditional uses, ethnomedicinal value, phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological aspects of the plant.

Many plant species are used in the different parts of the world since ancient time to control various pathogenic bacteria. This work was designed to assess the antibacterial activities of aqueous and methanol extracts of Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens, and Capsicum chinense fruits against eight pathogenic bacterial strains. The plant extracts were assessed for the presence of large classes of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phytosterols, phenol, carbohydrate, protein, reducing sugar and capsaicin. The aqueous and methanol extracts of three varieties of capsicum fruits showed wide antibacterial activities against the different human pathogenic bacteria. From this result it is concluded that capsicum fruits may serve as natural bactericidal agents for the treatment of various infectious diseases caused by different Gram positive and Gram negative human pathogenic bacteria.

Plants have been a source of herbal remedy throughout the history of mankind. Worldwide, various medicinal plants
are used to treat ailments and diseases. Azadirachta indica (Neem) is used in traditional medicine as a source of
many therapeutic agents in the Chinese and African cultures. The anti-microbial efficacy of the stem back of
Azadirachta indica was evaluated using its solvent extracts. The solvents used were Petroleum ether (PE), Hexane
(HE), Methanol (ME), Water. Four different bacterial isolates and one fungal isolate were used in the study. The
bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli.
The fungal isolate was Candida tropicalis. Antibiotic sensitivity of the bacterial isolates was tested using standard
Gram positive and Gram negative antibiotic sensitivity discs. Agar well diffusion technique was used in investigating
the efficacy of the solvent extracts of the stem bark of Azadirachta indica. It was observed that the Petroleum
ether (PE), Ethanol (EE) and Hexane (HE) extracts of the stem bark of Azadirachta indica were effective on
Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida tropicalis at undiluted
concentration (100%) and diluted concentrations (133.3mg/ml and 100mg/ml). None of the solvent extracts used in concentration (100%) and diluted concentrations (133.3mg/ml and 100mg/ml). None of the solvent extracts used in
this investigation was effective on Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli was susceptible to the actions of ofloxacin,
gentamicin and nitrofurantoin. Klebsiella pneumonia was susceptible to the actions of ofloxacin. Phytochemical
analysis of the stem bark of Azadirachta indica showed the presence of alkaloids, steroids and anthraquinones.

In the last 10 years there has been an increased interest in using techniques involving microwave-assisted extraction and pressurised solvent extraction in analytical laboratories. This review gives a brief overview of both methods, and reports on their application to the extraction of natural products. The influence of parameters such as the nature of the solvent and volume, temperature, time and particle size of the matrix is discussed. Through numerous examples, it is demonstrated that both techniques allow reduced solvent consumption and shorter extraction times, while the extraction yields of the analytes are equivalent to or even higher than those obtained with conventional methods.