Otoman Empire

Darko Darovec

HISTOIRE BRÈVE DE L’ISTRIE

Forum, Udine 2010

RÉSUMÉ

L’auteur nous brosse un tableau des plus importants changements politiques, administratifs et ethniques enregistrés dans la péninsule istrienne. Il constate, par exemple, que les premiers habitants desquels existent notices certaines ont été les Histres, qui à la péninsule ont donné son nom. En 178 av. J.-C. ils ont été battus et soumis par les Romains. En 476 aux Romains ont succédé les Goths, ensuite les Byzantins (en 539) et les Francs (en 788). Sous la domination des empereurs du Saint Empire Romain Allemand, la région a été incluse dans plusieurs groupements politiques et administratifs, principautés et comtés, jusqu’à devenir vers 1060 à son tour un margraviat autonome. Ses seigneurs étaient les Patriarches de Aquilée, qui ont assumée aussi tout le pouvoir spirituel et ont été destitués seulement en 1420 par l’expansion de l’influence vénitienne sur une grande partie de la péninsule. Sa partie centrale, la soi-disant Comté de Pazin, est resté sous la domination des Hasbourg de 1374 à la chute de Venise en 1797. La période napoléonienne a apporté des changements profonds dans le domaine social et administratif. La conséquence directe des conquêtes napoléoniennes a été la domination autrichienne sur l’Istrie, durée plus d’un siècle (de 1797 à 1806 et de 1813 à 1918). Après la première guerre mondiale, l’Istrie est passée sous la domination de l’Italie, qui toutefois après la seconde guerre mondiale a gardé seulement une partie très petite de la région (les villes de Muggia et San Dorligo), alors que la Slovénie a eu les arrondissements de Koper, Izola, Piran et Podgrad, et la partie restante, plus grande, l’a obtenu la Croatie.
À travers les siècles a changé aussi l’organisation géografique-administrative de l’Istrie. Au temps des Romains et au Moyen Age l’Istrie comprend le territoire au sud des fleuves Timav et Vipava, de Mont Trstenik – près de Postojna – et Mont Snežnik, jusqu’à le fleuve Rasa et le golfe du Kvarner. Au VI et VII siècle, avec le terme Istrie il était usage d’indiquer tous les territoires byzantins dans le haut-Adriatique (Istrie, Aquilée et Venise). Plus tard, avec la désagrégation intervenue à l’époque de la féodalité en plein développement (de XI au XIII siècle) et au bas Moyen Age (du XIV au XV siècle), l’Istrie a vu réduire son territoire jusqu’à rester restreinte dans les limites du margraviat existant déja du temps des seigneurs allemands et plus tard sous la domination autrichienne jusqu’à XIX siècle. En ce temps-là ses limites septentrionaux concordaient avec ceux des communes de Muggia, San Dorligo et Podgrad, là où la frontière tourne vers Rijeka. Trieste est resté hors du territoire administratif de l’Istrie jusqu’à X siècle. Depuis la moitié du XI siècle est entré à faire partie de l’Istrie aussi le territoire à l’est du fleuve Rasa jusqu’à Trsat. Après la seconde guerre mondiale, habituellement on admet que l’Istrie commence par la commune de Koper.
Les siècles de l’histoire istrienne sont caractérisés de nombreux changements etniques, dictés par les événements politiques et économiques. Presque sept siècles de domination romaine ont apporté à une costante colonisation, c’est-à-dire à un transfert de population des régions italiques a’autres régions conquises par les Romains. Ainsi la population autochtone a été complètement romanisée. Un autre changement ethnigue, décisif pour l’Istrie, a été l’arrivée des Slaves dans les Balkans au VI siècle. Dans les siècles suivants les Slaves ont déchaussé la population romane qui de toute façon a continué à augmenter par l’arrivée de nouveaux immigrés des régions italiques. Le moment décisif pour le dessus des Slaves est sorti des pressions provenantes de l’est et en partie aussi des conditions difficiles de vie en Istrie (maladies endemiques, épidémies et guerres) qui ont permis de survivre seulement à la partie plus résistante de la population.
Les pressions provenantes de l’est (la défense et la fuite devant les turcs) a exercé une influence sur la définition des limites nationaux entre les principaux populations slaves de l’Istrie, les Slovènes et les Croates. Déjà à partir du dernièr siècle, les experts de différentes matières humanistes fixaient la ligne de démarcation entre les deux groupes ethniques sur le fleuve Dragonja. Les Italiens au contraire étaient en majorité dans les centres commerciaux de la côte et formaient ainsi une étroite bande mononationale le long de la côte istrienne. Dans le domaine économique l’artisanat et le commerce des villes l’emportaient sur l’agriculture de l’hinterland. D’ici dérivent aussi les différences patrimoniales et culturelles entre les Italiens et les populations slaves istriennes, qui par l’évolution de la situation au siècle passé et dans notre siècle ont fait exploder les nationalismes et les haines entre les ethnies, lesquelles ont abouti en exodes de la population.

Prin aranjarea materialului în cuprinsul volumului am încercat să oferim unitate structurii. Cu toate acestea, subtitlul Studii și documente s-a impus ca o reflectare a abordării secvențiale și nu exhaustive a unui subiect vast ce acoperă cronologic două secole de istorie urbană. Apoi, o parte a subcapitolelor volu-mului reprezintă studii deja publicate înaintea susținerii în ședință publică a tezei, cât și ulterior.

Albanisches Institut, në bashkëpunim me Shtëpinë Botuese "Faik Konica", ka botuar më 2015 veprën e Injac Zamputtit "Dokumente për historinë e Shqipërisë (1623-1653) dhe ribotuar më 2018 "Relacione e dokumente për historinë e Shqipërisë (1610-1650)". Kjo është vepra e tretë që po botojmë. Në të njëjtën kohë botojmë edhe veprën e katërt të tij me kujtimet që ai ka lënë dhe që janë një dëshmi shumë interesante për jetën dhe kohën në të cilën ka jetuar. Injac Zamputti është kolosi i historiografisë shqiptare. Vlera e veprave dhe e shkrimeve të tija nuk zbehet aspak edhe pse kanë kaluar shumë dekada nga periudha e publikimit, bile e kundërta. Nëse lexohen apo rilexohen ato shkrime e vepra, vërtetohet kjo gjë. Pikërisht kjo është edhe arsyeja kryesore që po botojmë këtë vepër të tij dhe, në këtë mënyrë, kuptohet edhe ajo që e vlerësojmë dhe e respektojmë shumë lart punën e tij të palodhshme. Duhet vënë në dukje se kjo vepër është shumë e rëndësishme për studime e hulumtime të mëtutjeshme në fushën e historisë dhe letërsisë shqiptare. Libri që kemi në dorë "Studime albanologjike (1941-2013)", përgatitur nga i biri i autorit, Jozef Zamputti, është i ndarë në tri pjesë. Pjesa e parë është teza e doktoraturës së tij që botohet për të parën herë, siç është shkruar më 1941 me titull "Il Seicento Veneziano e l'Albania Turca" ("Shtatëqinda Veneciane dhe Arbëria Turke"). Tezën e doktoratës e botojmë në gjuhën italiane, ashtu siç e ka paraqitur në Universitetin e Triestes, që, në Shqipërinë diktatoriale, nuk iu pranua kurrë si titull doktorate. Pjesa e dytë e këtij libri përmban shkrimet e Zamputtit të botuara në revista të ndryshme shkencore: Në fakt këto janë ribotim i tyre, por të përmbledhura në formë libri dhe në mënyrë kronologjike. Janë studime sidomos mbi historinë shqiptare, por ka edhe nga letërsia, historia e letërsisë shqiptare etj. Shkrimet që janë përfshirë në këtë libër botohen me gjuhën origjinale të botimeve të asaj kohe. Prandaj, ka edhe me dialektin e veriut që u lejua në botime deri në vitet '60. Pjesa e tretë e këtij libri përmban dy intervistat e tij që po i ribotojmë këtu, bibliografinë dhe biografinë e Injac Zamputtit.

Section A (a Timeline) of a 3-hour Powerpoint presentation in the course of a series of seminars under the general title "Arts and Architecture in Ancient Athens and Greece", organized by ATINER (Athens Institute of Education and Research) in the period 28 May - !0 June 2017, in Athens

The text presents the dynamics and variability of the political options and alliances which shaped the borders of modern Syria in the most crucial period of World War I and the first years of post-war reality in the Middle East. The researchers show how the external interests of the Great Powers took priority over the Syrians’ internal affairs. For the inhabitants of the Levant, it meant the Western practice of ignoring Arab opinions and aspirations in the aftermath of the Great War, which was sealed in the Treaty of Versailles. Despite the positive solutions proposed by The King-Crane Commission (1919), the new post-Ottoman order ignored local identities and political preferences. The new borders were created artificially and determined arbitrarily. The Sykes-Picot agreement reinforced both conspiracy theories in the Middle East and the mythology of the Great Arab Revolt. The competing Western powers took advantage of the local minorities, fueling dislike and strengthening sectarianism. In the years 1919–1920, Pan-Syrianism solidified and took a characteristic form of striving to consolidate the fragmented nation of the Greater Syria. The resolutions of the General Syrian Congress of 2 July 1919 provided timeless premises for the political orientation of the Syrian nationalists, which strongly influenced politics in the Middle East in the following decades. However, the partition of Greater Syria after World War I proved to be one of the worst of many political traumas experienced in the Middle East at that time. Pan-Syrianism was systematically weakened by the conflicting aspirations among the Syrians, the Lebanese, the Palestinians, and Jordanians.

Tokom 2019. i 2020. godine objavljene su u izdanju Federalnog ministarstva obrazovanja i nauke dvije knjige prof. emeritusa Enesa Pelidije, pod sljedećim naslovima: 1.) Osmanisti Bosne i Hercegovine do kraja 20. stoljeća – biografski i bibliografski podaci i 2.) Osmanisti Bosne i Hercegovine do početka 21. stoljeća – biografski i bibliografski podaci. Ličnosti opisane u knjigama interesirale su se za širok historijski okvir tokom kojeg je teritorijom Bosne i Hercegovine upravljalo Osmansko carstvo. Manjim dijelom je to kasni srednji vijek, zatim period novog vijeka, te početak modernog doba. Tako je autor klasificirao osmansko doba u predgovoru prve knjige. Gledano u cjelini, može se vremenski govoriti o ukupno 522 godine; najprije interakcije, potom direktne, te na kraju posredne osmanske vlasti.

The process of the two Balkan Wars (1912-1913) remained incomplete until the First World War started. The aim of this study is to give some informations about The First World War and the role that Balkan region played to this war when the national consciousness of Balkan peoples began to crystallize. After the two Balkan Wars, all the Balkan states continued their efforts to gather their co-nationals into their national states. It's concluded that the Balkan Wars leaded to the internationalization of this crisis spreading it to an ample area while many other crises at the same region were resolved without a general war in Europe. It appears that the First World War that began in 1914 in the Balkan region was a continuation of the wars that started in 1912-1913 period in the same are.

İki Balkan Savaşı (1912-1913) süreci, Birinci Dünya Savaşı başlayana dek eksik kalmıştır. Bu çalış-manın amacı, Birinci Dünya Savaşı ve ulusal bilinçlerin belirginleşmeye başlayan Balkan halklarının savaşta oynadığı roller hakkında bazı bilgiler vermektir. İki Balkan Savaşlarından sonra bütün Balkan devletleri ulus-devletlerine ortak vatandaşlarını toplamak için çabalarını sürdürmüştür. Aynı bölgede birçok krizin Avrupa'da genel bir savaşa götürmeden çözüme kavuşurken Balkan Savaşları bu durumu daha geniş bir alana yayarak krizin uluslararasılaşmasına yol açtığı sonucuna varılmaktadır. 1914 yı-lında ve Balkanlar bölgesinde başlayan Birinci Dünya Savaşı, aynı bölgede ve 1912-1913 döneminde yaşanan savaşların devamı niteliğinde olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Cuando en 1645 el Gran Turco decidió tomar el reino de Candía de una vez y por todas, la Monarquía Hispana se planteaba como un aliado indispensable para los venecianos. No obstante, los problemas internos que sacudieron a la Monarquía Católica en tiempos de Felipe IV llevaron a que la ayuda destinada a combatir al infiel no fuese la deseada, tanto por venecianos como por españoles. Este trabajo trata de cubrir un periodo olvidado por la comunidad historiográfica, con el claro objetivo de demostrar la importancia que la defensa de Creta tuvo para el Rey Católico pese a los pocos socorros que pudo destinar a la causa veneciana. Salvaguardar Candía era fundamental, ya que, de hacerse con la isla, los otomanos se aproximarían peligrosamente a las posesiones hispanas en Italia.

In 1645, when the Sultan was ready to conquer Candia from once to all, the Spanish Monarchy arises as an essential ally for the Venetians. Nonetheless, the never-ceasing clashes of the Spanish forces led to short assistances for the Republic to fight the infidel. This essay tries to cover a period slightly forgotten by historiographical community, with the clear goal to demonstrate the importance of defending Crete for the Catholic King, notwithstanding the few succours he destined to promote the Venetian cause. To safeguard Candia was essential, because taking over the island the ottomans would get dangerously closer to the Spanish possessions in Italy.

In 1967 a hoard of 237 golden Western European and Ottoman coins (323.21 gr.) was discovered in Veliko Tarnovo. They can be divided into two groups: Western European – 23 pieces and Ottoman – 214 pieces (Diagram 1).
The first group is represented by coins of the Belgian Confederation (Netherlands and Utrecht), the Venetian Republic (Alvise Mocenigo, Paolo Renier, Ludovico Manin) and Austria (Maria Theresa and Franz II).
The Ottoman coins date from the time of Mustafa III (1757-1774), Abdul Hamid I (1774-1789), Selim III (1789-1807), Mustafa IV (1807-1808) and Mahmud II (1808-1839). The latest coins come from the 17th year of the last of all mentioned sultan’s reign – struck in 1823. They are respectively the terminus post quem for the deposition of the hoard (Diagram 2).
The coins from the hoard were collected in the course of 1757-1823, and the chronological analysis shows that this happened almost without interruption as the coins found in it were minted throughout this period (Diagram 3). The more active accumulation apparently began in the late 18th and the early 19th c., with the peak in the 1820s, when the assemblage of the treasure and its hiding was probably over. It is from this time that the largest amount of whole coins comes, apparently still involved in money circulation. Without rejecting the hypothesis of the concealment of this hoard in 1835 during the Velcho’s Conspiracy (Velchova Zavera), already launched by some earlier researchers, the periodic and continuous accumulation of the deposit rather suggests that its concealment took place soon after 1823.

The intermittent war between Spain and the Ottoman Empire developed in North Africa has left several testimonies scattered in libraries and archives. These works are difficult to classify since there is no remarkable difference between historical data and fiction. We return to the debate about one of these narrative works: Historia del Maestre último que fue de Montesa, written by Captain Diego Suarez Montañés.

This article examines the issue of the military defence system of Tarnovo in the second half of the 19th c. The purpose of the study is to reveal details related to the only surviving fortification facility near the town from this period – “Arab Tabiya”. It is situated
in the Lipata locality on hill of Garga Bair. Alongside information is presented about other fortifications from that time, which no longer exists. The study is based on archive and bibliographic sources, as well as on field trips.
The study offers evidence that during the period under review the Ottoman Empire
counted on a military defence system it had already tried and relied again on a fortification
system that had nothing to do with the previous fortress structures. The Ottomans
built around Tarnovo three separate and not very big earth fortifications with direct visibility between one another. These are the tabbies on the hills of Kartala Garga Bair and Sveta Gora. This is how the Empire was trying to implement a more effective
and wide-ranging security and defence system for the adjacent areas. It has been ascertained that the tabbies were in use for a period not longer than 20 – 30 years, i. е. immediately before the Liberation of Bulgaria from the Ottoman rule. Then the tabbies were abandoned and were subsequently completely wiped out.

Birinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında Kızıldeniz ve Arap Yarımadası'nın en önemli olayları Hicaz'da başla-mıştır. Bölgenin dini, siyasi ve askeri önemi, hem Osmanlı hem de İngilizlerin sadece bölgesel hesaplar gütmekten ziyade, daha büyük ve daha geniş çaplı sonuçlar elde etmek açısından Mekke Emiri Şerif Hüseyin'i kazanmaya çalışmalarına sebep olmuştur. Birinci Dünya Savaşı boyunca Osmanlı Devleti, Hicaz'daki kutsal şehirleri korumaya çalışmış, ancak buralara yeterli asker, malzeme ve silah desteği sağlayamamıştır. 1916 yılında İngilizlerin kışkırtmasıyla Haşimi Arapları Osmanlı Devleti'ne karşı ayaklanmış, Mekke Emiri Şerif Hüseyin bağımsızlığını ilan ederek Hicaz'ın büyük bölümünü ele geçirmiştir. Hicaz'daki Osmanlı direnişinin sembolü Medine müdafaası olmuştur. Bin bir güçlükle Medine'yi Birinci Dünya Savaşı sonuna kadar savunan Fahrettin Paşa, Mondros Mütarekesi'nden bir müddet sonra, Ocak 1919'da teslim olmuştur. Bu suretle Osmanlı Devleti, asırlarca idare etmiş olduğu kutsal topraklardan çekilmiştir.

The most important events in Red Sea and Arabian Peninsula started in Hijaz during the World War I. Religious, political and military importance of this region caused both Ottomans and the British not only fight for regional but also get wider and bigger consequences over winning the governor of Mak-kah Sherif Husayn. During the World War I, Ottomans tried to defend holy cities n Hijaz but they couldn't provide sufficient military, materials and warfare. In 1916, in consequence of British provocation Hasheemi Arabs rebelled and the Governor of Makkah Sherif Husayn declared independence against Otoman Empire and then captured most of Hijaz. Fahreddin Paşa defended Medinah with tremendous effort and only after Mondoros Treaty he delivered it in January 1919. With him, Otoman Empire drew completely back from holy lands which he dominated for centuries.

Hajrudin, a Turkish architect and a Mimar Sinan’s disciple, erected in 1566 a magnificent structure known as Stari most in Mostar. It was considered one of the most beautiful bridges in the world at the time. The bridge was entirely demolished in 1993 war. Its reconstruction was supported and financed by foreign countries. Following an international competition, two reconstruction projects were commissioned by „Omega Engineering” company
from Dubrovnik: one of them was aimed at research, design and supervision of the reconstruction of Tara and Halebija towers whereas the other one was aimed at the reconstruction supervision of Stari most. In the course of reconstruction the bridge was thoroughly researched together with its castle and towers.
The geometry and metric system of the bridge have always aroused interest within the scientific community.
The basic unit of measure in the Turkish Empire was an „arshin” (ell). Several measures have been used throughout history: the so-called „èarši” arshin (68 cm in length), „endaze” arshin (65 cm), „terzi” arshin (68 cm) and „mimar” arshin (75,77 cm) for building purposes. A great expert in bridges, prof. Milan Gojkoviæ made a significant contribution to an understanding of the construction and geometrical design of bridges. He put forward
an interesting proposal for the reconstruction of the original geometry with five curvature radii as well as the ratio between the proportions of the structure in relation to the Golden Section. His theory suggested that the basic unit of measure in the bridge construction was „edezet” arshin (62,3 cm) which was markedly different from other known measures of the time. In order to determine the unit of length which would serve as a basis for defining
the geometry and metric system of the bridge, he divided the arch span of the bridge by 46. In other words, Gojkoviæ divided the span of the already constructed bridge of 28,68 m by 46 metric units of the Turkish Empire (arshin) and thus arrived at an arshin of 62,3 cm.
Archaeological research has shown that Hajrudin had discovered abutments of an earlier wooden bridge which he subsequently built on. The same is confirmed by the archive materials concerning the bridge construction. The arch span of the new stone bridge was considerably reduced through the process of building on the abutments. The span between the abutments of the wooden bridge was 34,75-34,88mas proved by the research. When this
length of the span is divided by 46 (the number of arshins contained in the sultan’s decree on construction),
we get the exact unit of measure – an arshin of 75,77 cm. It is an accurate measure of the building „mimar” arshin of the Turkish Empire. The analysis of the geometrical features of other parts of the bridge based on 1982 photogrametric survey shows that all elements of the bridge were built in the metric system of „mimar” arshin and smaller measures derived from it. A smaller unit of measure derived from dividing the „mimar” arshin by 24 is
„parmak” measuring 3,157 cm. A systematic analysis of the bridge photogrametric survey from 1982 has served as a basis for researching into the metric system and geometry of the bridge. The research results have proved that the bridge was designed as a segment of a circle. Some parts are slightly deformed as a result of water blows or a loosened scaffolding probably. Deformations resulted in warping as well as an upward distortion at some points in relation to an ideal semi-circle of the designed structure. The span between the two abutments ranges from 28,62 to 28,71m– equal to 38 arshins (the exact span would be 28,77 m using the 75,77 cm arshin). The stone arch is a segment of the circle, somewhat smaller than its half. The mid-point of the circle of the
intrados curvature is somewhat lower than the arch rise, i.e. the cornices on the abutments from which
the stone arch springs. The difference in height between the arch key and the top of the cornices is 15,5
arshins or 11,74 metres. The radius of the circle of the bridge curvature is 19,5 arshins or 14,76 metres; the
diameter is 39 arshins or 29,55 metres. The centre of the curvature is moved downwards by 4 arshins or
3,03 metres in relation to the top of the cornice, i.e. the bottom of the stone arch. The basic unit of measure
of Hajrudin’s bridge is the building or „mimar” arshin measuring 75,77 cm in length. The stone arch
springs from the stone abutments on either bank of the river bearing a simple cornice as a support. The
cornice is 31-33 cm high corresponding to the height of 10 parmaks or 31, 57 cm.
The intrados of the bridge was built by means of 111 courses of stone blocks. Each course contains between
two and five stone blocks. Above the stone arch there is the lower cornice of the bridge with a wall above. On top of the wall and below the bridge parapet there is the upper cornice. The outer edge of the bridge parapet is right above the bridge wall. The intrados of the stone bridge is 5 arshins and 4 parmaks (5 1 6 A) wide corresponding to the length of 391,48 cm. The height of the stone blocks of the arch is between 79 and 84 cm; the most common
measure is 82 cm, it is somewhat longer than the arshin and corresponds to the length of 1 arshin and 2 parmaks (1 1 12A) or a total of 26 parmaks. The simply moulded lower cornice is on top of the arch. It is 22,1 cm high corresponding to 7 parmaks. It is projected from the arch by 4,5 parmaks. Above it there is the bridge wall which, in relation to the main arch, is projected by 1 6 arshin or 4 parmaks (12,6 cm). It is retracted from the edges of the cornice supporting it by 1 2 parmaks or 1,6 cm. Therefore, the basic section of the bridge between the two walls is 5 1 2 arshins wide (5 arshins and 12 parmaks) or 417 cm. Within the body of the bridge on its either side there are „openings” of varying sections formed by three walls. Therefore, the section of the bridge along the banks consists of three perpendicular walls put up above the vault. The outer walls are thicker and built up of regular stone blocks whereas the central one is made of smaller rough stone blocks. The width of the openings and
the central wall between them is 1 arshin whereas the width of the outer walls is 1 arshin and 6 parmaks (1 1
4 A). The widths of certain walls (thicker ones upstream and thinner ones downstream) as well as widening
of the right upstream wall which receives the strongest water blows shows that the builder had a profound
knowledge of the water regime as well as of the abutment statics.

The Kamame Church in Jerusalem has been constructed by Helena, mother of Eastern Roman Emperor Big Constantinus, in the place where the grave of Christ is believed to exist. This church that is a pilgrimage local  for Christians is a holy temple accepted by Christian communities. The domination of the church is shared among  Catholic, Orthodox, Armenians, Syriac, Ethiopians and Copts. The guarding of the church, its administration and  reparation is accepted as an honor fort the communities. After a while this matter turned in to a struggle of  domination  upon the Kamame Church among communities. Disputes among different communities became an important matter fort he Otoman administration after the conquer of Jeruselem. Although the Otoman  administration tried hard to fulfill the right requests of the communities without being deciphered, the matter began  to become worse and worse day by day. İn this article disputes among Christian communities upon the Kamame  Church and talked the attitude of Otoman Empire in this discussion

U sklopu specijalnog izdanja magazina "Identitet" povodom 800 godina autokefalnosti Srpske pravoslavne crkve ovaj članak se pozabavio istorijatom i ulogom SPC na prostoru nekadašnje Austrijske monarhije od naseljavanja Srba u austrijske krunske zemlje do današnjeg perioda.

Die geostrategische Lage des bosnisch-herzegowinischen Raumes im Südosten Europas gemäß alten geographischen Karten Geostrategijski položaj bosanskohercegovačkoga prostora na jugoistoku Europe prema starim geografskim kartama Sarajevo, 2016.

U radu se donosi prijedlog ubikacije utvrde Ribnica (Ribniçse), čije je osvajanje detaljno opisao poznati osmanski putopisac Evlija Čelebi u svojem djelu Putopis, koje se još jedanput potvrdilo kao iznimno vjerodostojan izvor za povijest hrvatskih zemalja u osmanskom razdoblju. Ribnica se identificira s poznatom utvrdom Kaštel Andreis (Castel Andreis), čiji se ostatci nalaze u naselju Jadrtovac kod Šibenika. Njezinom je identifikacijom omogućena detaljnija rekonstrukcija osmanskog napada na područje Morinjskog zaljevu u ljeto 1660. godine, koji je do sada bio poznat samo po kratkim zabilješkama suvremenih povjesničara. Zapovjednik obrane utvrde uskok Šarić (şarik) identificira se s poznatim harambašom Cvitkom Šarićem, serdarom i zapovjednikom šibenskih Morlaka iz razdoblja Kandijskog rata.

Un 10 de noviembre de 1444, tuvo lugar la batalla de Varna, el inicio del fin del imperio romano de oriente y de la hegemonía grecolatina de 2000 años en Asia Menor. Aunque los musulmanes y otomanos continuaron divulgando la filosofía y matemática de la Grecia clásica y alejandrina, además de las suyas, los cristianos bizantinos empezaron a perder la hegemonía política que nunca más recuperaron.

The paper shows the changes appearing in the travelogues at the end of the 18Ith century, announcing the Romantic way of travelling and describing the travel. Those changes are discussed through the analysis of Voyage en Turquie et en Egypte (1788) by Jean Potocki (1761-1815), Polish traveler, adventurer and writer, writing in French. The paper is divided into three parts. The first one shows the changes in the way of writing, the second in the way of travelling and the last one in the attitude towards the Other.

Vladavina Osmanskoga Carstva na prominskome području protezala se od 1522. do 1680-ih godina. Osvajači su sa sobom donijeli i novu religiju - islam. Premda je muslimanima život bio lakši jer su pripadnici drugih religija imali niži društevni status i bili su oporezivani višim poreznim stopama, prakticiranje katoličanstva nije bilo zabranjeno. U očuvanju katoličke vjere tijekom osmanske vladavine najveću zaslugu imali su visovački franjevci koji su ostali na svojem otočiću te su i u tim nezahvalnim uvjetima nastavili voditi brigu o župnim potrebama katoličkog stanovništva na osvojenim područjima.

La storia del viaggio e dei viaggiatori permette di assumere la mobilità come punto di vista privilegiato dal quale osservare le realtà sociali e territoriali e i contatti che tra esse s’instaurano a livello di mercati, economie, strutture politiche e civili. In quest’ottica s’intende analizzare Quanto di più curioso e vago ha potuto raccorre Cornelio Magni in viaggi e dimore per la Turchia, prima sezione dell’opera più nota del mercante e viaggiatore Cornelio Magni. L’opera, testo odeporico e narrazione dell’alterità, permette di gettare lo sguardo sulla fitta rete di rapporti commerciali e politico-diplomatici tra Oriente e Occidente, sulla realtà territoriale dell’Impero ottomano e sui venti di guerra che proprio sul finire del Seicento avrebbero portato il Sultano alle porte d’Europa.

The archaeological excavations in the medieval town of Caransebeș (Sebeș)
during 2017 and 2018 revealed fragments from a medieval street, most probably built
between 1551‐1552, at the same time with a consolidation of the fortification, ordered
by the imperial general Gian Battista Castaldo (1493‐1563). The street was arranged
with stone on a width of 4.80 m. Other fragments of stone pavements and a water
drainage gutter, used during the 16th century and most of the 17th century, have been
found on its side. The street and the water drainage gutters were no longer in use after
the city was conquered by the Austrians (1688). According to the cartographic sources,
the street appeared on an Austriac map depicting the city during the Ottoman rule.

The First Balkan War, which started on 8 October 1912, attracted French diplomatic and military attention. In order to closely observe the military operations and tactics of the belligerents, the French War Office sent six military missions to the Balkans. With an approval of both the Balkan Allies and the Ottoman Empire, French officers, guided by local officers, had full access
to the battlefields. These missions all had great interest to observe the use of artillery, fortification systems, coordination between different army corps, etc. Moreover, they paid significant attention to the local customs, traditions, and history. After returning from the Balkans, the members of the missions submitted their reports to the French General Command, but some of them thought that war experiences from the Balkans must be shared publicly outside military circles. Thus they published papers in scholarly army journals or
as special military studies. These published works drew great attention to the Balkan Wars, and eventually led to the question whether the French Army was ready for the type of war that took place in the Balkans. In order to prepare, all European armies, including France’s, started to conduct various reforms and restructuring. The Balkan experience was of substantial significance to
each army, providing them with the possibility of examining flaws in their own military system and thereafter correcting them. Unfortunately, an unexpected
war which broke out less than a year after the Bucharest peace conference caught most of these reforms in progress, so it is impossible to assess the long-term
military benefit to foreign nations from the Balkan Wars.

Today's France was the country of Gauls in the past. The ancestors of the French are the Frank. The real home of the Franks was a barbarian and pagan tribe living in the Danube around Hungary. As the Russians' historical ambitions were control the warm seas imaginary, Frank's dream was to land on the Mediterranean. The Roman Empire prevented these dreams of the Franks for centuries, and they made them a frontiersman as similar to that of the Turks who protected the borders of the Empire in the Danube. Rome also exempted them from taxes. Already the word Frank means tax-free. Although the first contacts between the Turks and the Franks were between the French and the Seljuk Turks, the extensive Turkish-French relations in the diplomatic, commercial and military fields extend up to the 1396 Battle of Niğbolu. At the beginning, the relations with the hostile people began to recover from the rise of the Ottomans as the world state. In the period of Suleiman the Magnificent, these relations made a hit peak. France was under the threat and pressure of its neighbor Spain. The Ottoman Empire, by patronizing France, has achieved an ally in the middle of Europe, and they wanted to politically weaken Europe. Relations began to deteriorate after the 1789 French Revolution, and during the First World War and the Turkish War of Independence, mutual warfare was made between them. Although relations have started to improve again with the 1921 Ankara Treaty. But relations spell was broken again because of the Britain's Middle East porject.

U tekstu vam donosimo pismo biskupa Azotskog i apostolskog namjesnika u Bosni i Hercegovini od 1832.-1846., samo Hercegovini od 1846.-1863. godine fra Rafe Barišića, caru austrijskom i kralju ugarsko-hrvatskom Ferdinandu V. Barišić se u pismu osvrće na silne nevolje s kojim se u svakodnevnom životu susreću katolici u BiH pod turskom vlašću. Barišićevo pismo, možemo slobodno reći, odnosi se na cijelo vrijeme okupacije BiH od strane Otomanskog Carstva, ne samo ovog vremena u kojem živi biskup.

Documented for the first time in 1290, during King Ladislaus IV the
Cuman (1272–1290), the city of Caransebeș was one of the important commercial centers in the northern part of the Middle Danube during the Middle Ages. Until the Ottoman conquest in the seventeenth century, it is known as a city belonging to the Wallachian nobles. In 1688 it was freed by general Veterani, during the reign of Emperor Leopold I (1658–1705).
The archaeological research performed inside the fortified city begun in the fall of 2016. It consisted of a rescue excavation in the area of the north-eastern precinct. Our fieldwork was facilitated in the first phase by the existence of several plans dated from the seventeenth century. The archaeological research in Caransebeș was performed on a private property, located on Potocului street. In the Middle Ages, this garden was part of the territory of the fortified city. The research had to be performed according to the partly sloping layout of the land. On the plan of the medieval city, the property is located in the central-western area.
A partly dismantled wall, with a base thickness of 2.20 m, was identified in S.1/2017 and in the Surface 1/2017. Beyond this area, a street with the width of 4.80 m, made of river stones, was identified. To the west of it there is an inclined pavement made of river stones of varying sizes, over a length of 1.70 m, which form to the end a ditch along with another inclined pavement whose length is 2.00 m. In the Surface 2/2017, immediately below the arable land, to the east, a cluster of chaotically disposed river stones was identified. Below them there was a pavement made of river stone. In same cassette and in the Surface 3/2017
have been discovered few overlapped dwellings with large quantity of iron.

The subject of this study are two imitation caps for Theriac of the Alla Testa dʼOro Venetian pharmacy. A photogrammetric comparative analysis was carried out. The obtained results indicate that they were made in same mould and most probably at one workshop.