Nylon

Novel lignin modified carbon nanotube (L-CNT) were prepared as reinforcement of nylon 6 composites. The carbon nanotube was coated with lignin using dioxane solvent. The filler was loaded in polyamide-6 composites through in-situ polymerization. Two parameters were varied i.e. (i) sonication time during in-situ reaction and (ii) L-CNT content. The effect of L-CNT on molecular weight (Mn and Mw), glass transition temperature (Tg) and tensile modulus of the composites was studied. The molecular weight of in-situ polymerized PA6 was decreased with the addition of L-CNT content. The same effect was observed with the increase in sonication time due to hindrance in chain growth by L-CNT. Significant increase in the mechanical properties was observed up to the sonication time of 0.5 h. The tensile modulus of the composites was increased to 5.9 GPa in PA 6/L-CNT 10 nanocomposite. However there was 61% increase in the tensile modulus with 10 wt. % nanofiller addition compared with 1 wt. % L-CNT. The glass transition temperature for PA 6/L-CNT 1, PA 6/L-CNT 3, PA 6/L-CNT 5, and PA 6/L-CNT 10 was found as 80, 82, 84, and 101°C at 0.5 h sonication time. Hence there was 21% increase in the Tg upon the addition of 10 wt. % filler compared with 1 wt. % L-CNT addition.

In this research the variation of mechanical and rheological properties of the composite as a function of different processing parameters and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber content was studied. The optimum amount of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) to achieve the highest percentage of grafting of maleic anhydride to EPDM was obtained by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. In general, immiscibility between nylon 66 and EPDM, and their high interfacial tension makes their blending difficult. Maleic anhydride was grafted to EPDM to reduce interfacial tension between two phases. Also the blends were prepared at highest possible speed of mixing (screw speed in extrusion) and lowest temperature to reach a well mixed sample which can be seen in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and impact strength results. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) tests were conducted to evaluate the miscibility of the components and to measure the glass transition temperature of...

Nylon is widely used in many applications. At the 2012 ANTEC in Mumbai two years ago, our paper covered the results obtained with compounding primarily recycled nylon with the addition of small quantities of alternating ethylene and maleic anhydride ZeMac® copolymers and specific property improvements for applications in injection molded compounds. The resulting compounds have performance that can match or exceed prime virgin nylon at 30-50% cost savings. At the 2014 ANTEC in Las Vegas, our paper covered the performance enhancements to provide several advantages for upgrading virgin nylon such as increasing relative viscosity for improved melt strength and the unique improvements obtained in impact-modified nylon-6 and nylon-6,6 by reducing the negative impact of traditional impact modifiers by offering synergistic set of properties. This current paper will cover how using the unique chemistry of these copolymer products can reduce costs in nylon compounds and still meet performance specifications.

In order to understand the fundamental forces which have affected the marketing of natural fibres, especially wool, it is necessary to study the fibre market as a whole and in particular to take account of the development of man-made fibres. In considering some of the more important marketing problems encountered by natural fibres, mainly wool and cotton, we shall explore ways in which these are interconnected with the nature and structure of the man-made fibre industry. The principal problem discussed in this book, the presence of large and possibly growing fluctuations in the price of natural fibres, can only be adequately comprehended if the nature of man-made fibre production and marketing is specifically considered. This and the next Chapter provide a general world-wide background on the development, structure and nature of competition in the textile fibre industry.

The impeller is a rotating component of a Centrifugal Pump. In the Pump application, excessive vibrations encountered would pose a damaging effect on the impeller. Most of the dynamic machinery problems result from the interaction between the exciting forces and associated structural frequencies. When frequency generated by exciting force becomes equal to natural frequency, the amplitude of vibration becomes maximum causing resonance Hence the main objective is to carry out static vibration analysis and conduct experimentation performance on the Impeller of two material-MS and Nylon and record the running pump parameters-Pressure head (H) and flow rate (Q) and deserve when the pump is running smoothly without any noise. The smooth run, without noise, indicates that the vibration level is normal. To find out the natural frequency of an impeller modal analysis was carried out. Cad model generation was done in CATIA V5, meshing in HYPER MESH and ANSYS is for post-processing. The experimentation carried out using different material (MS and Nylon) should not only smooth run of the Pump but also improves the Pump efficiency resulting in sufficient power saving of the pump.

Heat resistant conveyor belts are critical assets for a pelletizing plant because of the losses that their failures cause. Accordingly, the life cycle of these conveyor belts should be evaluated during work, in order to assist their maintenance, and, in this context, this study proposes the use of material characterization and thermal degradation of the conveyor belts components. The characterizations were performed in a comparative way between three different kinds of heat resistant conveyor belts supplied to a global mining company. The belts carcasses were characterized by FT-IR aiming at the polymers qualitative analysis. Similarly, the rubbers were characterized by the analysis of their pyrolyzed products by FT-IR and their crosslinks densities were evaluated by the use of the Flory-Rehner equation after the swelling of the rubbers, which helped to justify the belts behavior under thermal degradation, studied in a previous work. Using these results and data of mechanical properties variation according to time and process temperature, it was possible to establish the rate of damage done to each conveyor belt and, applying real process data, the belts performance during work could be evaluated.

Keywords: Conveyor belts. Synthetic fibers. EPDM. FT-IR. Flory-Rehner equation.

The purpose of this paper was to investigate a comparative study between nylon-reinforced cement sheeting and conventional asbestos sheeting. Because it possesses such a diverse range of unusual properties, nylon is an excellent additive for cement mortar. A material made of nylon has a high melting point, is not reactive to chemicals, and is stable in the alkaline environment of mortar. It also has a low price. In this process, nylon-reinforced cement sheets are cast, then subjected to a variety of tests, the results of which are compared to those obtained using conventional asbestos sheets.

Plain unreinforced Concrete has good compressive strength but it tends to be brittle and is weak in tensile strength. Fiber  reinforcement is useful in controlling cracks, enhancing toughness, providing post crack ductility, improving impact resistance and reducing flexural fatigue. Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete (HFRC) is formed from a combination of fibers differing in material properties. The effect of hybridized fibers on flexural strength of M30 grade concrete is investigated in this paper. Control and hybrid fiber composites of three different combinations were cast using varying fiber proportions of steel and Polypropylene Fiber, steel and Glass Fiber and Steel and Nylon Fiber. Flexural strength tests were performed and results were analyzed to associate with above fiber combinations.

The gas mixture N2:SF6 has been used in gas insulated switchgears, gas insulated transmission lines and gas insulated cables for years in order to reduce the use of SF6 gas in electrical system. By taking into account the insulation performance and environmental effect, it is advised that the use of N2:SF6 gas mixture in practical to lower the SF6 gas content as far as possible. The present study is undertaken using different N2:SF6 gas mixture ratio to determine the flashover characteristics under AC voltages. In this paper the effect of floating particles, use of different insulating spacers namely PMMA, PP and NYLON and their combination forms hybrid spacers has been studied in non-uniform electric field (needle – plane) electrode configuration. The surface flashover performances of individual and hybrid spacers have been compared in N2:SF6 gas mixture. The experimental results shows that conventional spacer PMMA show better performance than the other spacers (PP and NYLON) at the gas pressure of 0.18MPa. As the gas pressure increases further the flashover voltage values slightly decreases. The hybrid spacer PMMA – PP are more effective at lower pressure than other spacer combinations. With floating particle, PP shows better flashover at lower pressure and the performance of PMMA – NYLON is much better at lower pressure.

Addition of metal halides to nylons has been shown to be advantageous in a number of ways. The decrease in melting temperature, increase in glass transition temperature and melt viscosity by such additions have allowed more convenient processing of low molecular weight polymers and thermally unstable polymers. Rheological data depicting the variation of melt viscosity with shear rate at temperatures relevant to processing are necessary in optimizing and trouble-shooting plastics processing operations. In the present paper, a method has been proposed to estimate, complete flow curves or rheograms of nylon—metal halide systems with the use of a master curve knowing the melt flow index and glass transition temperature of the system. The validity of the approach has been verified for the nylon 6—lithium chloride system and shown to hold good for any nylon—metal halide combination.

The everincreasing voltage levels in electrical power systems need to enhance the power distribution and transmission system. The insulation failure is mainly due to the high voltage stress. The dielectric strength of air is greatly influenced by the presence of insulating surfaces. In the present research work the new hybrid cylindrical insulating spacers such as PMMA-PP, PP-NYLON and NYLON-PMMA and the orientation of hybrid cylindrical insulating spacers has been studied. The flashover performances are carried out experimentally in air as insulating media for different electrode configuration such as uniform electric field (Plane-Plane), non-uniform electric field (Needle-Plane) and moderately non-uniform electric field (Hemisphere rod-Plane) under AC and DC voltages. The effect of conducting floating particles is also carried out for different electrode configuration under AC and DC voltages. The experimental investigations shows that NYLON-PP and NYLON-PMMA hybrid spacers has highest flashover voltage (FOV) under AC voltages, in case of DC voltages PP-NYLON hybrid spacer gives highest FOV. The hybrid spacer PP-NYLON has more effective under AC voltage, whereas in case of DC voltage PMMA-NYLON has more effective with conducting floating particles.

Gears are very useful components which transmits motion and power in mechanical power transmission system and industrial rotating machinery. A spur gear generally is subjected to two types of stresses i.e bending stress and contact stress which causes tooth failure during meshing with another gears tooth.Surface wear is considered to be one of the four major failure modes in gear systems, the other three being tooth bending, fatigue, contact fatigue, and scoring. Gears are subjected to large amount of wear while in motion. It's difficult to control the amount of wear. Gears are generally made from metallic materials but recently advanced polymers were developed which have sufficient strength and properties similar to the metallic materials so they can easily replace the metallic gears .So the work that has been carried out in this project was to find a suitable polymer material which will replace metallic gear where wear is major concern.One such polymer is PEK (Polyeryl Ether Ketone).PEK polymer materials finding its application where component is subjected to high amount of wear due to its high wear resistance capacity. The three materials used in this work are PEK, Nylon and Cast iron. Keywords: Wear, Polyeryl ether ketone (PEK), Nylon, Cast iron, Finite element analysis. I. INTRODUCTION Over the past decade polymeric gears attracts high attention due to specific characteristics such as less weight to power consumption, low cost, durable, ease of processing and fabrication etc over metallic gears. Researchers have proposed and developed non metallic gear as an alternative to metallic gears because of their superior advantages on wear and fatigue. Gun-Hee Kim, Jeong-Won Lee and Tae-Il Seo [[15]] fabricated prototype plastic worm wheel by the injection moulding process and evaluated it by the experimental method. It was evaluated that durability of the plastic worm wheel, the strength and hardness are comparatively superior to those of metal materials, also they are advantageous in terms of light weight, vibration and noise reduction, and corrosion resistance. A.D. Dighe, A. K. Mishra, V. D. Wakchaure [[16]] examined the wear resistance and torque transmission capacity of spur gears made up of 30% glass filled PEEK and 30% glass filled PA66 on FZG machine. The result shows that tooth temperature increases with increase in torque which results in increase in wear rate. A comparative result of PA66 GF30 and PEEK GF30 shows that wear rate of PA66 GF30 are much higher than PEEK GF30 at all torques and speeds. Ajitabh Pateriya, Dipak Parasarm Kharat [[6]] and Vijay Bhaskar and TBS Rao [[7]] dealt with finite element analysis to find deformation on CI spur gear teeth by applying static load. The modelling of gear is carried out in Pro/E and analysis in Ansys. The bending stresses in the tooth root are examined using a 3-D FEM model. It is found that ANSYS result shows the deformation and the stresses coming on the gear train as well as on the individual gears. The result showed that deformation is maximum at tooth edge and minimum at fillet region. Ashish Taywade and Dr. Ajarpure [[8]], This paper deals with the idea of gear designing and development for automobile application. Basically, the driver and driven gear material plays vital role for the better performance in wear. Replacement of metal gears by plastic gear is continuing in automobiles, appliances and machinery due to its merits of low noise, less wear, self-lubrication, economic considerations, light weight, simple design and manufacturing. Due to thermal wear acetal gear failed, so to overcome the problem of acetal gear the nylon 66 is better option due to its superior properties and it also meet extreme performance challenges. Tooth load is calculated with help of Lewis equation & dynamic tooth load is calculated with help of Buckingham equation. Static analysis of the gear is done to find the Von-mises stress on the tooth of the gear in while meshing. The polymer materials not only reduce the weight but also possess excellent characteristics of corrosion and fatigue resistant. Further on selecting large series production of these gears, large cost saving seems feasible too. Thus, a development and wear analysis demonstration are carried out using various related literatures which provides a roadmap in carrying out the present work.

Cables sheathed with medium density polyethylene or polyamide were exposed together with highly palatable bait wood to termite faunas in south-eastern and northern Australia, Thailand and southern USA using three methods: below-ground exposure, samples buried horizontally at a depth of 15e30 cm; graveyard method, samples inserted vertically 25 cm deep into the ground; ground contact method, samples placed horizontally on the ground surface, covered with soil and a plastic sheet. Samples were inspected for damage and bait wood replaced annually for six years. No polyamide sample was attacked. Damage to polyethylene was most severe at the Australian sites (across all methods) and in the graveyard method (across all sites), although in Australia in the below-ground method samples experienced greatest damage. Exposing samples together with bait wood within containers for one year, and replenishing bait wood up to three times, i.e. an ‘accelerated’ test method, compared to the standard procedure of providing new bait wood only once a year, resulted in only very limited damage to cables at Asian sites (Macrotermitinae, Coptotermes spp., Malaysia; Coptotermes formosanus, Japan), matching the earlier results for Thailand. But 73% of samples were destroyed by Coptotermes acinaciformis in northern Australia. The Australian termite fauna responds more aggressively to plastic samples than major pest species of termite elsewhere.

Immobilization of antibodies is a critical stage for design and manufacturing of sensitive biological sensors. In this study, in order to increase the capacity of antibody capturing by the supports, different materials and polymer layers such as Cyanogen bromide, Acetonitrile, PEI and MAMEC were used for processing the surface of Cellulose, Nitrocellulose and Nylon, respectively. Increasing the surface charges in nitrocellulose and creating new active groups on the surfaces of activated nylon and cellulose were the most important chemical modifications on the mentioned solid supports. Assessment of immobilized antibody showed that the chemical modifications applied on the surface of supports have had significant effects on increasing their capacity to accept antibody, compared to control samples. Efficient immobilization of antibody on the supports can increase the sensitivity of immunochromatographic-based diagnostic systems. Immobilization processes can alter the physiochemical fe...

In this research the variation of mechanical and rheological properties of
the composite as a function of different processing parameters and ethylene
propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber content was studied. The optimum
amount of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) to achieve the highest percentage of grafting of
maleic anhydride to EPDM was obtained by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
spectroscopy. In general, immiscibility between nylon 66 and EPDM, and their high
interfacial tension makes their blending difficult. Maleic anhydride was grafted to
EPDM to reduce interfacial tension between two phases. Also the blends were
prepared at highest possible speed of mixing (screw speed in extrusion) and lowest
temperature to reach a well mixed sample which can be seen in scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) images and impact strength results. Dynamic mechanical
thermal analysis (DMTA) tests were conducted to evaluate the miscibility of the
components and to measure the glass transition temperature of the blends.
Rheological measurement showed that the viscosities of the components of the
blend getting closer to each other when EPDM content, time of mixing and shear
rate increase.

Radiation cross-linking of polymers is a good modification method of modifying the properties of polymers, especially mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of non-irradiated and irradiated nylon 6 samples by beta rays were measured at the ambient and elevated temperature for comparison. The tested samples showed noticeable changes of mechanical behavior between ambient (23°C) and elevated (80°C) temperature and between non-irradiated and irradiated samples. It is possible to use these results in the practice because they clearly shows that radiation cross-linking influences the mechanical properties in most ways positively.

The gas mixture N2:SF6 has been used in gas insulated switchgears, gas insulated transmission lines and gas insulated cables for years in order to reduce the use of SF6 gas in electrical system. By taking into account the insulation performance and environmental effect, it is advised that the use of N2:SF6 gas mixture in practical to lower the SF6 gas content as far as possible. The present study is undertaken using different N2:SF6 gas mixture ratio to determine the flashover characteristics under AC voltages. In this paper the effect of floating particles, use of different insulating spacers namely PMMA, PP and NYLON and their combination forms hybrid spacers has been studied in non-uniform electric field (needle – plane) electrode configuration. The surface flashover performances of individual and hybrid spacers have been compared in N2:SF6 gas mixture. The experimental results shows that conventional spacer PMMA show better performance than the other spacers (PP and NYLON) at the gas pressure of 0.18MPa. As the gas pressure increases further the flashover voltage values slightly decreases. The hybrid spacer PMMA – PP are more effective at lower pressure than other spacer combinations. With floating particle, PP shows better flashover at lower pressure and the performance of PMMA – NYLON is much better at lower pressure.

Recent experiments have shown that supercritical water (SCW) has the ability to accelerate and make selective synthetic organic reactions, thus replacing the common but environmentally harmful acid and basic catalysts. In an attempt to understand the intimate mechanism behind this observation, we analyze, via first-principles molecular dynamics, the Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime into ε-caprolactam in supercritical water, for which accurate experimental evidence has been reported. Differences in the wetting of the hydrophilic parts of the solute, enhanced by SCW, and the disrupted hydrogen bond network are shown to be crucial in triggering the reaction and in making it selective. Furthermore, the enhanced concentrations of H+ in SCW play an important role in starting the reaction.

A facile one-step oxygen plasma irradiation in reactive ion etching (RIE) configuration is employed to Nylon fabrics with different mesh sizes to achieve surface nanostructures and improved wettability for textile and filtration applications. To observe the effects of power and irradiation time on the samples, the experiments were performed using constant irradiation time in varying power and using constant power in varying irradiation times. Results showed improved wettability after the plasma treatment. The FTIR spectra of all the treated samples exhibited decreased transmittance of the amide and carboxylic acid groups due to surface etching. The changes in the surface chemistry are supported by the SEM data wherein etching and surface nanostructures were observed for the plasma-treated samples. The etching of the surfaces is enhanced for higher power plasma treatments. The thermal analysis showed that the plasma treatment resulted in decreased crystallinity. Surface chemistry showed that the effects of the plasma treatment on the samples have no significant difference for all the mesh sizes. However, surface morphology showed that the sizes of the surface cracks are the same for all the mesh sizes but samples with larger mesh sizes exhibited enhanced etching as compared to the samples with smaller mesh sizes. Higher power induced higher negative DC self-bias voltage on the samples that favored anisotropic and aggressive etching.

During research on model molecular compounds for synthetic polyamides, the crystal structure
of N,N' di n-hexyladipamide (NNDHA) has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The
structure was solved by direct methods and refined to a final R value of 0.054. The molecule has an
all-trans planar conformation. The packing consists of layers of molecules linked by hydrogen bonds in c
direction. Molecular structure and packing resemble closely those reported for polyhexamethylenadipamide
(nylon 6,6).

Immobilization of antibodies is a critical stage for design and manufacturing of sensitive biological sensors. In this study, in order to increase the capacity of antibody capturing by the supports, different materials and polymer layers such as Cyanogen bromide, Acetonitrile, PEI and MAMEC were used for processing the surface of Cellulose, Nitrocellulose and Nylon, respectively. Increasing the surface charges in nitrocellulose and creating new active groups on the surfaces of activated nylon and cellulose were the most important chemical modifications on the mentioned solid supports. Assessment of immobilized antibody showed that the chemical modifications applied on the surface of supports have had significant effects on increasing their capacity to accept antibody, compared to control samples. Efficient immobilization of antibody on the supports can increase the sensitivity of immunochromatographic-based diagnostic systems. Immobilization processes can alter the physiochemical fe...

Nylon-6/poly(propylene imine) dendrimer hybrid nanofibers (N6-PPI) were prepared by electrospinning. Their ability to remove Acid Red 252 as a model anionic dye was studied. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and scanning electron microscope were used to investigate the chemical structure and morphology of the prepared nanofibers, respectively. The effect of different factors such as contact time, initial concentration of dye, temperature, pH, adsorbent dosage, and electrolyte concentration on the efficiency of dye removal were studied. The results showed that N6-PPI nanofiber has higher adsorption efficiency than pure N6 nanofiber. The maximum removal was achieved at pH 4. Meanwhile, the adsorption was also increased by increasing the initial concentration of the dye using an optimum amount of 0.1 g of adsorbent. Results showed that the dye adsorption fits with the Langmuir isotherm as well as the pseudo-second order kinetics. The results of this study showed that N6-PPI nanofiber can remove anionic dyes from aqueous media rapidly and efficiently.