North Atlantic Ocean

At the turn of the sixteenth century, John Cabot and his successors discovered abundant fish stocks in the northwest Atlantic waters near
Newfoundland. This article accounts for how sixteenth- and seventeenth-century mapping provide another strand of evidence that supplement our
knowledge of the subsequent Iberian, French, and British fisheries. Such
cartography exhibited significant mutations and innovations in rendering
fishing locations, and illustrating fishing practices and fish species.
Fishermen’s knowledge must have informed such mapping. The innovation of hydrographical indicators in aesthetically appealing maps recognized from an early stage the status of the Grand Banks as a globally important feature of submarine topography. More refined and accurate delineations of its submarine plateaus and other adjacent continental shelves closely followed the development of fishing activities, encompassing both Newfoundland’s nearshore and the Grand Banks themselves. Furthermore, such cartography reflected transformative and reciprocal relationships with commerce and
inter-state politics across the North Atlantic.

En el S. XVI mares y océanos se habían convertido en ajetreadas zonas de paso, confrontación, exploración, etc. por las que pululaban armadas, corsarios, piratas, comerciantes y aventureros tanto de coronas europeas como de reinos norteafricanos y orientales. La corona española centraba su interés en controlar las rutas comerciales, puertos, etc. tanto en las Américas como en el Mediterráneo y Norte de España, para proteger esos mercados tanto de la flota Otomana y los berberiscos en el Mediterráneo como de corsarios y demás enemigos en el Atlántico y pacifico, lo cual determino el sistema naval y defensivo que iba a emplear el imperio.

"In the northern North Atlantic, the 4.2 ka BP event is evident in lake, bog, marine, glacial, speleothem and tree ring cores with extensive, coherent, and high resolution proxy data for abrupt century-scale alterations of temperature and precipitation. These records extend across the northern North Atlantic, 1900 kms northeast to southwest, from Spitzbergen, Svalbard to Agassiz Ice Cap, Ellesmere Island, including Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Iceland and adjacent seas, and Greenland. Adjacent region, high resolution proxy data in Europe and North America provide synchronous and similar records. The proposed article by Bradley and Bakke (cp-2018-162, in review), however, ignores the relevant data from Svalbard, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Iceland, Nordic Seas, Greenland and Ellesmere Island. 

In Figure 1,  a) - b) are Greenland Ice Sheet Total mass balance and ice volume experiments 5 and 6 from Nielsen et al., 2017 that present an abrupt ca 200 year warming event beginning at ca 4.3 ka BP. This melt spike is synchronous with c), the modeled 4 degree SST cooling spike in the Northwest Atlantic, ca. 4.3-4.1 ka BP (Klus et al., 2017) and with the abrupt NGRIP ca. 5 degree K warm spike ca. 4.5-3.9 ka BP (Gkinis et al, 2014).  In d), the Agassiz, Ellesmere Island and Renland, Greenland ice core temperature spike is 3-stage, beginning at 4290 BP, reaching its apogee at 4150 BP, returning to  baseline at 3990 BP, and descending to pre-event levels at 3790 BP (Vinther et al., 2009).  The sudden GISP2, Greenland temperature spike (Kobashi et al, 2017), although less well-defined, conforms to this event. These six key North Atlantic high resolution and modeled data are summarized in e), which presents the remarkable congruence of the Lake Hajeren, Svalbard, sediment core and the Agassiz, Ellesmere Island ice core. The Lake Hajeren neo-glaciation spike, recognized in minerogenic / glacigenic indicators TDBD (dry bulk density) and Ti/Loss on Ignition z-scores from core HAP0212, extends from ca. 4250 BP to ca. 4100/4050 BP, a calibrated radiocarbon interpolation across two hundred years (van der Bilt et al., 2015). The synchronous Agassiz ice core melt spike extends from ca. 4250 – 3950 BP, with an error of ca. 20 years (Fisher et al., 2012; Lecavalier et al., 2017).   

In summary, the Lake Hajeren, Spitsbergen, Svalbard cold glaciation event was synchronous with the Ellesmere Island Agassiz ice core warm melt event 1900 kms distant across the span of Iceland and adjacent seas and Greenland. The same relationship obtains with the NGRIP warm event (Gkinis et al., 2014) and the modeled Northwest Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature event (Klus et al., 2018): in the northern North Atlantic, cold lake and sea events were synchronous with warm, elevation-corrected, glacier events that extend as far west as Mount Logan, Yukon (Fisher et al., 2012). This curious, highly resolved, 4.2 ka BP event situation has not been discussed previously and there exist neither proximate nor ultimate explanations for it."

Laminaria is a kelp that finds its place in the brown algae family. It has been an area of study for past many years, and its wonderful biological properties have always attracted medical professionals and researchers to explore more and more from this wonder kelp. The constituents of Laminaria include iodine, potassium, magnesium, calcium and iron. Iodine compounds, TEA-hydroiodide in particular, are great lipolytic agents as they stimulate lipase activity. Laminarins on the other hand are used as a tumor angiogenic blocker. This genus of the kelps is also rich in algin, a high molecular weight polysaccharide that forms viscous colloidal solutions or gels in water leading to the use of kelp derivatives as bulk laxatives. It has great applications in cosmeceutical science, as well as some antibacterial properties have also been assigned to Laminaria. A deeper insight into the physical, biological, and chemical properties of this wonder kelp would lead to further exploitation of Laminaria for medicinal and cosmeceutical purpose.

Marine localities on the west European shelf have been studied to reconstruct the nearshore palaeoceanography of the last two millennia. The sites form a transect from the Iberian margin northeastward via Scotland to western Norway and Iceland. Proxies used for palaeoclimatic reconstructions include stable isotopes, benthic and planktonic foraminfera, diatoms, dinoflagellates, as well as geochemical and sedimentological parameters. Major changes

Previous optimum multiparameter analyses have investigated spatial distribution of water masses and reported successful results. This study tests the method further with application to a time series to examine temporal variability in water mass distribution. Observations collected from the Sargasso Sea are utilised, mainly to detect well-documented property changes that have occurred in Labrador Sea Water, but also possible fluctuations in water mass contributions as a whole.

The results show much structure and variability in the contributions of Central Water and upper deep waters in the depth range 900–2000 m. It is proposed that the passage of warm and cold core eddies is indicated by these changes in relative contributions of water masses, although quantitative comparison of satellite altimetry data with the model results is not conclusive.

Significant irregularities in the distribution of Labrador Sea Water are also revealed by the model. Through-flow of modified (since the early 1990s) Labrador Sea Water is denoted in the results by an apparent absence from mid-1995 to early 1998. This suggests a transit time of 5–6 years between the Labrador Sea and Bermuda, which is consistent with observational findings described in the literature.

The Aptian/Albian oceanic anoxic event 1b contains the record of several perturbations in the global carbon cycle and multiple black shale levels, particularly in the Western Tethys. The local lithological expression of an oceanic anoxic event depends on palaeogeographical and depositional setting as well as on regional palaeoclimate. Marine sediments at a particular location may therefore be more or less organic-rich (or not at all) and they may consist of different lithologies. In most studies, however, much of the lithological variability associated with oceanic anoxic events is left unaccounted for and, thus, the exact processes leading to the enrichment of organic matter in these marine sediments and their subsequent preservation in the geological record are unknown. This study focuses on the local sedimentary processes behind the deposition of organic-rich sediments at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 545 and Ocean Drilling Program Sites 1049 and 1276 in the North Atlantic during oceanic anoxic event 1b. Although specifically dealing with the sediments deposited during this particular event at these localities, it is expected that the same processes were responsible for determining the exact sedimentary products at localities in similar settings, as well as during other similar events in the Mesozoic. Here, it is shown that the deposition of organic-rich sediments during oceanic anoxic event 1b was a consequence of the enhanced productivity favoured by upwelling and by riverine nutrient input, or aeolian fertilization of the euphotic zone depending on geographical location. Slope instability processes resulted in the transfer of part of these organic-rich sediments from the shelf to deep sea depocentres as mud-laden organic-rich turbidites, especially in the northern North Atlantic. The so-called ‘black shales’ are much more varied than their name implies. The end product of sedimentation during an oceanic anoxic event at a particular location is commonly the result of several equifinal processes acting on a local scale rather than the direct result of basinal or even global mechanisms.

At the end of the last century, steam power came into use in British
trawlers. Steam trawlers were extraordinarily effective and much
admired abroad, also in Denmark, where they were seen as the fishing
vessels of the future. At the same time, however, the ships were
expensive to run, and called for massive financial backing. This article
is the story of how a number of Danish shipowners and naval officers
attempted to emulate the British model. Their aim was indeed to make
money, but at the same time they maintained that they were serving
the nation by training seamen for the navy, and by showing the Danish
flag at sea, especially off the then Danish territory of Iceland.
At their disposal they had large amounts of private and state
capital, and the fiasco which resulted left its mark not only on the
future of Danish fisheries, but also on the attitude adopted by the
financial world towards investments in fishing, and indeed laid the
basis for official Danish fishery policies of this century.
The 1890s was a decade of technological breakthrough in the
fisheries, marked by innovations such as otter trawling, adaptation of
steam and kerosene engine propulsion, mechanical winches, etc. The
major investments in Danish Icelandic fisheries initiated a period of
remarkable technological progress, which was to be of momentous
importance for the development of the fishing fleets of the twentieth
century. Paradoxically, the experiment in large-scale fishing was to
stimulate a growth in artisanal fishing methods.

The key objective of investigation of hemipelagic sediments from the Gresten Klippenbelt (Blassenstein Formation, Ultrahelvetic paleogeographic realm) was to shed light on environmental changes around the Jurassic-Cretaceous (J/K) boundary on the northern margin of the Penninic Ocean. This boundary is well exposed in a newly discovered site at Nutzhof. Around the critical interval including the boundary, this new outcrop bears a rich microplanktonic assemblage characterized by typical J/K (Tithonian/Berriasian) boundary faunas. The Nutzhof section is located in the Gresten Klippenbelt (Lower Austria) tectonically wedged into the deep-water sediments of the Rhenodanubian Flysch Zone. In Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous time the Penninic Ocean was a side tract of the proto-North Atlantic Oceanic System, intercalated between the European and the Austroalpine plates. Its opening started during the Early Jurassic, induced by sea floor spreading, followed by Jurassic-Early Cretaceous deepening of the depositional area of the Gresten Klippenbelt. These tectonically induced paleogeographic changes are mirrored in the lithology and microfauna that record a deepening of the depositional environment from Tithonian to Berriasian sediments of the Blassenstein Formation at Nutzhof. The main lithological change is observed in the Upper Tithonian <italic>Crassicollaria</italic> Zone, in Chron M20N, whereas the J/K boundary can be precisely fixed at the <italic>Crassicollaria-Calpionella</italic> boundary, within Chron M19n.2n. The lithological turnover of the deposition from more siliciclastic pelagic marl-limestone cycles into deep-water pelagic limestones is correlated with the deepening of the southern edge of the European continent at this time. Within the Gresten Klippenbelt Unit, this transition is reflected by the lithostratigraphic boundary between siliciclastic-bearing marl-limestone sedimentation in the uppermost Jurassic and lowermost Cretaceous limestone formation, both within the Blassenstein Formation. The cephalopod fauna (ammonites, belemnites, aptychi) and crinoids from the Blassenstein Formation, correlated with calcareous microfossil and nannofossil data combined with isotope and paleomagnetic data, indicate the Tithonian to middle Berriasian (<italic>Hybonoticeras hybonotum</italic> Zone up to the <italic>Subthurmannia occitanica</italic> Zone; M17r-M21r). The succession of the Nutzhof section thus represents deposition of a duration of approximately 7 Myr (ca. 150-143 Ma). The deposition of the limestone, marly limestone and marls in this interval occurred during tectonically unstable conditions reflected by common allodapic material. Along with the integrated biostratigraphic, geochemical and isotopic analysis, the susceptibility and gamma-ray measurements were powerful stratigraphic tools and important for the interpretation of the paleogeographic setting. Two reverse magneto-subzones, Kysuca and Brodno, were detected within magnetozones M20n and M19n, respectively.