Nature based Solutions NbS

This paper presents hybrid and nature-based
solutions (NBS) for wastewater treatment that may
be applied to diverse urban and peri-urban contexts.
They offer multiple environmental and economic
benefits, with the enhancement of human health,
and lower energy consumption. Decentralized
and circular sewage treatment enables to recycle
water, transform sludge in compost, and use gas
to generate energy. NBS promotes habitats for
biodiversity and contributes to mitigate GHG
emissions. Hybrid or NBS systems may integrate
urban parks. In large areas constructed wetlands
are viable, in more restricted spaces compact low
impact systems are smart options. Some innovative
examples are also presented. (in Portuguese, Pages 133-158)

As Soluções baseadas na Natureza (SbN) são um novo
paradigma que já está vigorando em inúmeras cidades do
mundo. São estratégias tecnológicas projetuais que se baseiam
na introdução de biodiversidade para regenerar funções
ecológicas nas paisagens urbanas. Para isso, é essencial
ter compreensão sistêmica, holística e integrada das inúmeras
questões urbanas, visando interação de saberes e competências
na busca de tecnologias que sejam de fato sustentáveis,
adaptativas e que tornem as cidades mais resilientes aos impactos
climáticos.
As novas tecnologias baseadas na natureza mimetizam
os processos e fluxos naturais em diversas escalas. Elas têm
sido desenvolvidas para o manejo de águas pluviais em áreas
urbanas consolidadas, como também em áreas que estão em
fase de planejamento e projeto de implantação. Essas técnicas
são as SbN que englobam infraestrutura verde urbana (IV),
adaptação baseada em ecossistemas (AbE), floresta urbana e
inúmeras tipologias das SbN que visam evitar o escoamento
superficial, possibilitando a infiltração no local ou em áreas
próximas, detenção e retenção das águas.
Desse modo evitam ou retardam a entrada da água das
chuvas no sistema de drenagem das cidades. As SbN ao mesmo
tempo em que acomodam as águas oferecem inúmeros
serviços ecossistêmicos (cobenefícios), como por exemplo:
filtram a poluição difusa do escoamento superficial; recarregam
aquíferos; aumentam a segurança hídrica e alimentar;
moderam as Ilhas de Calor Urbano (ICU); aumentam a umidade
relativa do ar; melhoram a qualidade do ar, das águas, do solo; tornam os ambientes urbanos mais saudáveis; e contribuem
significativamente para a saúde das pessoas, dentre
inúmeros outros tantos benefícios.
Tecnologias inovadoras baseadas na natureza têm sido
desenvolvidas, implementadas, testadas, monitoradas em diversas
cidades do mundo, contribuindo para a adaptação às
mudanças climáticas ao aumentar a resiliência do sistema urbano.

Manuscrito completo em dezembro de 2020 Declaração de exoneração de responsabilidade: o conteúdo do presente documento não reflete a opinião oficial do Governo brasileiro nem da União Europeia. As informações e opiniões expressas neste documento são da exclusiva responsabilidade do(s) autor(es). Estão disponíveis mais informações sobre a União Europeia na Internet (http://europa.eu).

Fluvial reclamation to facilitate urban development leads to culverting, hence, a loss of urban streams. Using the palimpsest analogy, we examine how the Amman Stream in Amman (Jordan) historically provided regulatory and socio-cultural ecosystem services through its socio-spatial (longitudinal, lateral, and vertical) connections. We then explore the impact of the stream's culverting, partially in 1967 then completely in 1997, on these connections and, consequently, on ecosystem services. To overcome data paucity, our methodology relied on constructing spatial data by georeferencing and digitizing aerial photos and satellite images (from 1953, 1975, 1992, and 2000) using ArcGIS. We augmented our data with archival research (historic and contemporary documents and maps), an online survey among Amman's residents, and in situ observations and photography. The results reveal striking contrasts between the historic and contemporary configuration of urban form vis-à-vis the Amman Stream. Throughout its early urban history during the Classical and early Islamic periods, the urban form elements reflected reverence and prudence toward the Amman Stream as manifested in the investment in water infrastructure and the alignment of thoroughfares, civic monuments, and bridges that collectively capitalized on the land relief (the strath) and established strong connections with the Amman Stream, maximizing, in the process, its regulatory and socio-cultural services. In contrast, the contemporary urban form replaced the stream with car-oriented roads, hence, eradicated its regulatory services and replaced its socio-spatial connections with urban socioeconomic and cultural fissures. Accordingly, we propose to daylight (de-culvert) the Amman Stream to restore its regulatory and socio-cultural services and its socio-spatial connections. We substantiate the feasibility of daylighting through: (1) morphological analysis that reveals that roads cover most of the stream; (2) the survey's findings that indicate public support; and (3) the cascading benefits for the larger watershed in a water insecure region.

In addition to the rapid growth and expansion of cities, the pressure created by the increasing population on natural resources is now taking place at a rate above the carrying capacity of the environment.
Cities are highly dependent on ecosystem services, that is, the resources that nature provides to sustain our existence. Water has a privileged place within these sources. Water is a basic resource for life and for all human activities. It is also irreplaceable in terms of the ecosystem and the services it provides. Water is a resource where the negative effects of climate change are already beginning to be seen and could directly threaten the security of states. The vulnerability of water to changes in the climate system is paramount because climate change directly affects the water cycle. Extreme weather events due to climate change can cause sudden, unexpected events unlike conventional climate regimes. This also changes the rainfall regime. This situation causes urban floods in cities where rainfall becomes more frequent, resulting in loss of property and lives. In urban areas where the rainfall regime is decreasing, conversely, it causes water scarcity. In the cities, especially
the large number of impermeable surfaces affects the natural flow system of water. Changes in the water cycle prevent the feeding of underground and above-ground water sources. Rainwater, which cannot pass underground at the appropriate time, is contaminated during its stay on the surface then pollute the water reserves. It is observed that urban infrastructure systems are increasingly handled with an integrated approach to create sustainable cities that are resilient to the negative effects of climate change and green infrastructure solutions are developed in order to ensure the sustainability of water. One of the most important features of a city resilient to the climate change is providing effective water management and providing quality water to its
citizens. The aim of this study is to address the strategies and green infrastructure solutions that need to be implemented by taking into consideration the issue of sustainable management of water resources in cities, especially in the context of climate change. In the study, it was resulted that reaching to the cities resistant to climate change in today's conditions depends on the sustainable management of natural resources that are directly affected by global warming, the determination of green infrastructure strategies and the determination of appropriate adaptation actions by considering local characteristics. Another result obtained from the study is that in line with the evaluations made on the basis of geographical regions and urban areas in Turkey, water
management in Turkey will gain more importance in the coming years with the effect of climate change. In this context, the consideration and dissemination of green infrastructure solutions, especially on the basis of basins and in urban areas, will increasingly come to the fore with their recreational, cultural and biodiversity values, health benefits and supports to disaster risk management by increasing resilience of the settlements.

With the advent and rapid dissemination of the COVID 19 corona virus the world has found itself living in a new reality, one which has, to a great extent, revealed a different face of globalization, in which we are all connected by a network that goes far beyond that of the virtual world. Dealing with the current pandemic therefore requires a strategy that is universal and embraced by and for all, one that asserts the right to a more sustainable planet, containing territories that are more inclusive, co-creative and healthy. The city was, is, and always will be, for a variety of reasons, the place where these common purposes can be investigated and disentangled. Recent history shows, with rare exceptions, that urban territories have always found it difficult to conciliate the intransigent economic and financial needs imposed by the wider world with the policies of social and cultural cohesion desired by local populations, especially by those who live in conditions of greater vulnerability. The aspiration is towards a collective lifestyle which respects the management of natural resources. Our survival and that of the planet depends on this. Faced with this challenge it is up to us as inhabitants of this planet to participate in the change we know to be inevitable. URBiNAT-Urban Innovative and Inclusive Nature-is a European project promoting inclusive urban regeneration in seven European cities, aiming to prove that the practice of a process of co-creation, one that involves politicians, technicians and citizens, can create a pathway towards a space in which all are valued: a space that is both public and healthy. Healthy Cities Health has always been more associated with the countryside than with the city. In fact, it is to the countryside, the mountains, and the seaside that city dwellers look to find an environment that will have a positive impact on their well-being and which also brings health benefits. Up until the nineteenth century, cities were not seen as centres of healthy living because they did not have to be. Their purpose was to bring people together; to serve the needs of the ruling classes, to facilitate trade, and to allow people to simply work or live. From the streets where artisans clustered to the "downtown" shopping or industrial areas, cities were places where the built environment was valued over and above public spaces. In the nineteenth century, the influence of the hygiene movement began to be felt in the form of open streets and avenues, and parks created to deal with the effects of industrialisation. It was only in the twentieth century, however, that a modern discourse of the "Garden City" and the "Athens Charter" emerged to bring green spaces into the city, especially in residential areas and by means of urban parks. Unfortunately, these green areas were decorative rather than functional elements, and many were later abandoned. More recently, the renovation of city centres saw the implementation of urban strategies based on the public space as a place for social interaction. Barcelona was one of the first cities to develop this approach, with its focus on hosting big events related to sports and culture. These public spaces were used for the expansion of tourism in the cities, rather than improving the well-being of citizens. In fact, citizens had to leave to the periphery due to the high cost of life