Muscle Tone

Modeling the passive behavior of the knee in subjects with spasticity involves the applied external torques (e.g. gravitational torque), the intrinsic moments due to tissue properties, as well as active, neurally defined moments resulting from the hypersensitivity of reflexes introduced by disability. In order to provide estimates of the necessary intrinsic terms in the equation of motion, the push-pull and Wartenberg Pendulum Knee Drop (PKD) tests were administered. Four subjects without disability and two subjects with Cerebral Palsy (CP) were evaluated for their active and intrinsic knee stiffness parameters. Separation of these two terms requires an additional stiffness term be added to the traditional equation of motion. This holds true for subjects with and without neurological disability. Very interestingly, the optimized non-disabled PKD produced lumped stiffness (K) that is similar to the push-pull passive stiffness (KI) for both populations. On the other hand the optimized...

Modeling the passive behavior of the knee in subjects with spasticity involves the applied external torques (e.g. gravitational torque), the intrinsic moments due to tissue properties, as well as active, neurally defined moments resulting from the hypersensitivity of reflexes introduced by disability. In order to provide estimates of the necessary intrinsic terms in the equation of motion, the push-pull and Wartenberg Pendulum Knee Drop (PKD) tests were administered. Four subjects without disability and two subjects with Cerebral Palsy (CP) were evaluated for their active and intrinsic knee stiffness parameters. Separation of these two terms requires an additional stiffness term be added to the traditional equation of motion. This holds true for subjects with and without neurological disability. Very interestingly, the optimized non-disabled PKD produced lumped stiffness (K) that is similar to the push-pull passive stiffness (KI) for both populations. On the other hand the optimized K value in the PKD test for subjects with disability was approximately 19 times larger than the KI value found graphically from the push-pull test. This leads us to the conclusion that we can partition our lumped K as the sum of a neurally generated stiffness (Ka) and KI to complete the trajectory model. Therefore, this study shows that spasticity is a velocity dependent, that would not appear in disabled individuals unless the examined limb has a non-zero velocity.

Özet Vücut postural davranışımız bütün vücut reflekslerinin birleşiminden meydana gelir ve bu birleşme merkezi sinir sisteminde oluşur. Yeni doğan bebekler bu birleşmeye sahip değillerdir ve bütün hareketleri otomatik ve ilkel seviyededir. Normal beyin normal gelişimi sağlar. Anormal beyindeki lezyon ise anormal gelişime yol açar. Olgunlaşmamış beyindeki lezyon anormal tonal ve postural gelişime sebep olur. Beyin felcinde, anormal duyu-motor gelişime yol açan olgunlaşmamış beyin lezyonu vardır fakat neonatal refleks birleşmesi ve motor gelişimde gecikme yoktur. Anormal refleks hareketleri anormal sinerji ve postür oluşturur. İlkel reflekslerin çocuk gelişiminde çok önemli bir rolü vardır. Ayrıca, bu refleksler değerlendirme ve belirlemede birincil öneme sahiptir. Bu çocuklarda beyin lezyonu olduğu için üst merkezin alt merkez üzerinde engelleyici etkisi yoktur ve bu yüzden aşırı refleks hareketleri mevcuttur. Bobath, Brunnstrom'un hareket terapisi, Rood'un yaklaşım ve proprioseptif nöromüsküler kolaylaştırması gibi farklı duyumotor tedavi yaklaşımları vardır. Bu tedavilerin teorik temeli nöregelişimsel model, reflex teorisi, hiyerarşik teori ve sistem yaklaşımıdır. Refleks birleşimi beyin felci olan çocukların tedavisinde ana unsur olmalıdır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Beyin felci, tonsal gelişim, ilkel refleksler, neonatal refleksler Abstract Our total body postural behavior results from an integration of all our body reflexes, and this integration occurred in central nervous system. New born baby do not have this integration and his/her all movements are automatic and crud level. Normal brain leads to normal development. And lesion in abnormal brain leads to abnormal development. Lesion in immature brain leads to abnormal tone development and abnormal postures. In cerebral palsy there is lesion in immature brain that leads to abnormal sensory-motor development. In cerebral palsy there is no integration of neonatal reflexes and delayed in motor development. Abnormal reflex movements produce abnormal synergies and abnormal posture. Primitive reflexes have very important role in development of child. These reflexes also have prime importance in assessment and evaluation. As there is brain lesion in these children, upper center do not have inhibitory effect on lower center, so there is an exaggerated reflex movements. There are different senserimotor approaches of treatment like Bobath, Brunnstrom's movement therapy, Rood's approach and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation. Theoretical basis of these treatments are neurodevelopmental modal, reflex theory, hierarchical theory and system approach. Reflex integration should be major component of treatment in children with cerebral palsy.

Accretion mass is a term used in astrophysics to signify accumulation of particles that are gravitationally more attractive than non-accumulated mass, such as gases or fluids. Accretion is the gradual increase in size by the build up of matter due to gravity. Most astronomical objects, such as galaxies, stars, and planets, are formed through accretion processes from gaseous state. The term accretion mass has not yet incorporated in the life science to describe many biological situations like difference between old and new born, differential anatomical features or sporting standard for men and women etc. Muscle tone, on the other hand, is regarded as an inherent elasticity in the muscles. The intrinsic muscle tone is constantly maintained when living but said to lose after death. The reason for the phenomena is not yet explained in health science. Lastly, the spontaneous origins and mechanisms of ultraweak photon (light) emission from living systems are not yet well understood. These are analysed from a unified view that biological phenomena mimic astrophysical principles. Inward gravitational force is counterbalanced by outward pressure or metabolic energy to be considered as living. In all these three discrete events in life science, such phenomena do exist. Astrophysical principle states that under hydrostatic equilibrium, gravitational compressive energy is compensated by outward radiant energy. Gravitation and metabolic energy work in tandem in diagonally opposite manner under equilibrium state from zygote-foetus stages till death with shining in respective waves during life time. Shining or tuning dies down with death under non-equilibrium state.

Modeling the passive behavior of the knee in subjects with spasticity involves the applied external torques (e.g. gravitational torque), the intrinsic moments due to tissue properties, as well as active, neurally defined moments resulting from the hypersensitivity of reflexes introduced by disability. In order to provide estimates of the necessary intrinsic terms in the equation of motion, the push-pull and Wartenberg Pendulum Knee Drop (PKD) tests were administered. Four subjects without disability and two subjects with Cerebral Palsy (CP) were evaluated for their active and intrinsic knee stiffness parameters. Separation of these two terms requires an additional stiffness term be added to the traditional equation of motion. This holds true for subjects with and without neurological disability. Very interestingly, the optimized non-disabled PKD produced lumped stiffness (K) that is similar to the push-pull passive stiffness (KI) for both populations. On the other hand the optimized...

Interesting cases of human quadrupedalism described by Tan and Colleagues (2005–2012) have attracted the attention of geneticists, neurologists, and anthropologists. Since his first publications in 2005, the main attention has focused on the genetic aspects of disorders that lead to quadrupedalism within an evolutionary framework. In recent years this area has undergone a convincing critique (Downey, 2010) and ended with a call ". .. to move in a different direction. .. away from thinking solely in terms of genetic abnormality and evolutionary atavism. " We consider quadrupedalism as a " natural experiment " that may contribute to our knowledge of the physiological mechanisms underlying our balance system and our tendency toward normal (upright) posture. Bipedalism necessitates a number of characteristics that distinguish us from our ancestors and present-day mammals, including: size and shape of the bones of the foot, structure of the axial and proximal musculature, and the orientation of the human body and head. In this review we address the results of experimental studies on the mechanisms that stabilize the body in healthy people, as well as how these mechanisms may be disturbed in various forms of clinical pathology. These disturbances are related primarily to automatic rather than voluntary control of posture and suggest that human quadrupedalism is a behavior that can result from adaptive processes triggered by disorders in postural tone and environmental cues. These results will serve as a starting point for comparing and contrasting bi-and quadrupedalism.

Purpose: To use a novel, non-invasive hand held device (MyotonPRO) to quantify ratios of relative non-neural tone and mechanical properties of the rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles, and to assess reliability of a novice user. Relevance: The device offers rapid, objective testing of mechanical parameters of muscle in clinical or sports settings. Participants: 21 healthy males (20-35 years) Methods: Relaxed muscle parameters of RF and BFwere obtained using the MyotonPRO. The device applies a brief mechanical impact, producing muscle oscillations from which tone (state of intrinsic tension, indicated by frequency [Hz]) and mechanical properties of elasticity (logarithmic decrement) and stiffness (N/m) are measured. Data were collected on two days, one week apart. Two series of 10 single measurements on each muscle were used to test within-day reliability. The mean of the two sets was used for between-day reliability. Analysis: The relative parameters between RF and BF...