Multicriteria

Tendo em vista que um dos maiores riscos enfrentados por organizações que desenvolvem software está associado ao não atendimento das necessidades e expectativas dos usuários, este artigo tem como objetivo propor uma abordagem multicritério fundamentada no método AHP para priorização de requisitos do desenvolvimento de software. Desta forma, acredita-se que os requisitos priorizados podem servir como referência para as etapas que constituem o processo de desenvolvimento de software. Por meio de um estudo de caso, a abordagem proposta foi aplicada a um projeto de desenvolvimento de um software para gestão de recursos humanos. A partir dessa aplicação foi possível captar os julgamentos, determinar as prioridades dos requisitos segundo a percepção dos usuários e também verificar a consistência dos julgamentos.
Since one of the most risks faced by software development companies concerns to the no adequacy of users needs and expectative, this article proposes a multicriteria approach supported on the AHP method for prioritizing requirements of software development. In this context, we believe the prioritized requirements could be a reference to the subsequent steps of software development process. By conducting a case study, the proposed approach was applied to a software development project for human resource management. By doing so, users’ evaluations were collected, the software requirements were prioritized according to their perspectives and the consistency analysis was performed. Key-words: Software Requirements Prioritization, Software Development, AHP

La concepción de tiempo implica en la actuación pública oportunidad de realización, gestión de las decisiones, es transformar los significados procedentes y generar un nuevo punto de vista respecto a la dinámica de la ejecución. Es como nos plantea Ralph Stacey operar lejos del equilibrio basado en los hallazgos de las nuevas ciencias como la lógica difusa, la neutrosofía y las matemáticas sociales.

According to the European Railway Agency in the European Union every year on railway level crossings (RLC) occurs over 1200 traffic accident in which life loses more than 400 people. In addition to the tunnel and specific locations that are identified as black spots on the roads, RLC have been identified as potential weak points in road infrastructure that significantly jeopardize traffic safety. In Serbia exists about 2350 RLC, one of which is part the secured by systems of active and passive safety (traffic signs, light signals, sound signals, barriers, etc..). Insurance RLC is a material expenditure. The RLC selection process for installation of security equipment accompanied by a greater or lesser degree of criteria vagueness that are necessary for making the relevant decisions. For exploitation these uncertainties and vagueness in this paper was used fuzzy logic. This paper presents the application of a new method of multi-criteria decision-making (Multi-Atributive Real-Ideal Comparative Analysis - MARICA), which represents support in the selection process for RLC to invest in safety equipment. Identified are eight criteria that influence the investment decision. MARICA method was tested on the example of choice of eight RLC for investing in safety equipment.
Keywords: mathematical decision making model, Multicriteria decision making, MARICA, DEMATEL

The complex nature of construction projects and the involvement of a large number of unpredictable correlated factors make them susceptible to disputes. Although a wide range of dispute resolution mechanisms exists, experts in the construction industry favor arbitration over litigation when legally binding dispute resolution mechanisms are concerned. Because initiating a litigation or arbitration case against a business partner often severs the business relationship between them, predicting the arbitrator’s decision becomes valuable to the arbitrating parties. Because arbitration has been extensively treated as a game, and because the proposed approach relies on the wealth maximization concept, which is in turn dependent on the sum of utility sources of a firm, modeling arbitration is best achieved as a game with disputing parties’ utility profiles that would have an agreement zone. A construction-specific utility framework for the disputing parties arbitrating before a single arbitrator is proposed based on the additive expected utility theory. The proposed additive utility framework preserves the industry practicality and, most importantly, considers direct short-term factors and indirect long-term factors that would address factual disputes related to claim entitlement and quantification. It is expected that such a framework could then be used to identify utility equilibrium points between the disputing parties, which would serve the purpose of predicting the arbitration outcome.

Purpose
The purpose of this study is modelling of a problem of policing strategy order using a multicriteria method.

Design/methodology/approach
For the construction of the impact matrix strategies under the reduction of crime rates, considering a portfolio of crimes, a questionnaire applied to specialists was used. In a second moment, defined the criteria and strategies to be ordered, the multicriteria PROMETHEE II method was used, which with the help of the Visual PROMETHEE software, emulated the systematised data in the impact matrix and produced the final ordering of the most efficient strategies, in the fight against crime, in the perception of decision makers.

Findings
As a result, this research revealed that radio patrol, when used in a non-randomised manner, is the most effective policing strategy in reducing the 18 criminal demands studied in the perception of decision makers after data emulation with the PROMETHEE II method.

Research limitations/implications
As research implications, it can be inferred that the use of multicriteria methods in the modelling of problems in public security area can contribute to the rationalisation of use of the available means in the fight against crime in large cities. This research showed that it is possible to use customised policing strategies to absolute reality.

Practical implications
The practical impact of this research lies in optimising the resources available to law enforcement agencies in the fight against crime in general.

Social implications
It can be inferred that by choosing appropriate strategies to combat local crime, there is a direct implication in optimising the resources that the government makes available to police agencies. This optimisation allows pressure reduction under the public budget for more features. The model for choosing more effective strategies contributes to local crimes decrease, increasing the sense of the population security.

Originality/value
The originality lies in filling a gap in the literature with the elaboration of the impact matrix of policing strategies in reducing criminal indices and in their associated use in ordering strategies through a multicriteria method. This study contributed to applied police intelligence.

Process windows in injection molding are habitually built with only one performance measure in mind. A more realistic picture can be obtained when considering multiple performance measures at a time, especially in the presence of conflict. In this work, the construction of process windows for injection molding is undertaken considering two and three performance measures in conflict simultaneously. The best compro- mises between the criteria involved are identified through the direct application of the concept of Pareto-dominance in multiple criteria optimization. The aim is to pro- vide a formal and realistic strategy to set processing conditions in IM operations. The resulting optimization approach is easily implementable in MS Excel. The solu- tions are presented graphically to facilitate their use in manufacturing plants.

This paper introduces a new solution concept for games with incomplete preferences. The concept is based on rationalizability and it is more general than the existing ones based on Nash equilibrium. In rationalizable strategies, we assume that the players choose nondominated strategies given their beliefs of what strategies the other players may choose. Our solution concept can also be used, e.g., in ordinal games where the standard notion of rationalizability cannot be applied. We show that the sets of rationalizable strategies are the maximal mutually nondominated sets. We also show that no new rationalizable strategies appear when the preferences are refined, i.e., when the information gets more precise. Moreover, noncooperative multicriteria games are suitable applications of incomplete preferences. We apply our framework to such games, where the outcomes are evaluated according to several criteria and the payoffs are vector-valued. We use the sets of feasible weights to represent the relative importance of the criteria. We demonstrate the applicability of the new solution concept with an ordinal game and a bicriteria Cournot game.

Tendo em vista que um dos maiores riscos enfrentados por organizações que desenvolvem software está associado ao não atendimento das necessidades e expectativas dos usuários, este artigo tem como objetivo propor uma abordagem multicritério fundamentada no método AHP para priorização de requisitos do desenvolvimento de software. Desta forma, acredita-se que os requisitos priorizados podem servir como referência para as etapas que constituem o processo de desenvolvimento de software. Por meio de um estudo de caso, a abordagem proposta foi aplicada a um projeto de desenvolvimento de um software para gestão de recursos humanos. A partir dessa aplicação foi possível captar os julgamentos, determinar as prioridades dos requisitos segundo a percepção dos usuários e também verificar a consistência dos julgamentos. Since one of the most risks faced by software development companies concerns to the no adequacy of users needs and expectative, this article proposes a multicriteria approach supp...

... investment manager decides which shares to buy. A socially responsible fund is a fund where the choice of investments is influenced by one or more social, environmental or other ethical criteria (EIRIS). There is an increasing body of ...

Purpose-
The purpose of this paper is to develop a method for the discovery of knowledge in emergency response databases based on police incident reports, generating information that identifies local criminal demands that allow the selection of the appropriate policing strategies portfolio to solve the problem.

Design/methodology/approach-
The developed model uses a methodology for the discovery of knowledge involving text mining techniques using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) integrated with the ELECTRE I multicriteria method.
Findings
The developed method allowed the identification of the most common criminal demands that occurred from January 1 to December 31, 2016, in the policing areas studied. One of the crimes does not occur homogeneously in a particular locality. In this study, it was initially observed that 40 per cent of the crimes identified in the Integrated Public Safety Area 5, or AISP-5, (historical city center of RJ) had no correlation with AISP-19 (Copacabana - RJ), and 33 per cent of crimes crimes in AISP-19 were not identified in AISP-5. This finding guided the second part of the method that sought to identify which portfolio of policing strategies would be most appropriate for the identified demands. In this sense, using the ELECTRE I method, eight different scenarios were constructed where it can be identified that for each specific criminal demand set there is a set of policing strategies to be applied.
Research limitations/implications
The collected data represent the social dynamics of neighbourhoods in the central and southern zones of the city of Rio de Janeiro during the specific period from January 2013 to December 2016. This limitation implies that the results cannot be generalised to areas with different characteristics. Practical implications
The developed methodology contributes in a complementary way to the identification of criminal practices and their characteristics based on reports of police occurrences stored in emergency response databases. The knowledge generated through the identification of criminal demands allows law enforcement decision makers to evaluate and choose among the available policing strategies, which best suit the reality they study, and produce the reduction of criminal indices.

Social implications
It is possible to infer that by choosing appropriate strategies to combat local crime, the proposed model will increase the population’s sense of safety through an effective reduction in crime.

Originality/value
The originality of the study lies in the integration of text mining techniques, LDA and the ELECTRE I method for detecting crime in a given location based on crime reports stored in emergency response databases, enabling identification and choice, from customized policing strategies to particular criminal demands.

This paper introduces a strategy to enrich swarm intelligence algorithms with the preferences of the Decision Maker (DM) represented in an ordinal classifier based on interval outranking. Ordinal classification is used to bias the search toward the Region of Interest (RoI), the privileged zone of the Pareto frontier containing the most satisfactory solutions according to the DM’s preferences. We applied this hybridising strategy to two swarm intelligence algorithms, i.e., Multi-objective Grey Wolf Optimisation and Indicator-based Multi-objective Ant Colony Optimisation for continuous domains. The resulting hybrid algorithms were called GWO-InClass and ACO-InClass. To validate our strategy, we conducted experiments on the DTLZ problems, the most widely studied test suit in the framework of multi-objective optimisation. According to the results, our approach is suitable when many objective functions are treated. GWO-InClass and ACO-InClass demonstrated the capacity of reaching the RoI better than the original metaheuristics that approximate the complete Pareto frontier.

Purpose-This study aims to focus on the application of a multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) method to compare results presented by the Integrated Goals System based on the 12th edition of the Integrated Public Safety Areas (IPSAs) Award, which achieved goals established for Strategic Crime Indicators for the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The main objective of this research was to limit the compensatory effects of classification criteria on IPSAs that have achieved goals established for crime indicators by applying the MCDA method. Design/methodology/approach-The methodology was based on the application of MCDA. The MCDA method selected and used was ELECTRE III, being implemented by J-Electre software. Findings-Compared to results of the current method, the results of the ELECTRE III method showed a 94.87 per cent change in ranking positions revealed via the SIM method. This finding denotes the elimination of compensatory effects of the criteria. As a consequence, it can be affirmed that the application of resources by IPSA managers to reduce the prevalence of a single strategic crime indicator is no longer a success factor for awarding in the established goal system. Research limitations/implications-As limitations, it is possible to indicate the time cut used to carry out the research. The research may be extended to other issues of the productivity award. Practical implications-The methodology applied with the use of ELECTRE III revealed that the government could reduce the cost with the incentive program to reduce criminal indices. Social implications-As the MCDA method is based on a binary pairwise comparison system, the methodology imposes a change of attitude on local managers fighting crime to reduce crime indicators and to consequently build a local sense of safety in IPSAs. Originality/value-This research fills a gap in the literature because there are few studies using the MCDA method in the field of public security. The value of the work lies in the creation of a method that gives the decision-maker, of the law enforcement agency, an alternative to improve the process of rewarding by productividad of the integrated areas of public security.