Monsoons

National River linking project (NRLP) is designed to transfer river water from water surplus portion to water deficit portion on the national level in terms of enhancing production in almost every aspect of economy i.e. To enhance agriculture production, production of electricity and to increase inland navigation facilities of transport. In India agriculture and farmers totally depends on the south-east and north-west monsoon causes by western disturbance and local cyclonic formation over regions. The un-parallel distribution of monsoon in India causes water deficiency in the southern land (Eastern Ghats) and at the same time abundance of water remains available in northern land causes several natural catastrophes i.e. flood. The design of national river linking project is created in the manner of degrading these several natural catastrophes and to transfer water which is scarce in nature and valuable commodity to human life in a parallel way. This paper presents the significance and challenges of national river linking project in the country.

This paper reports a study of the Tista megafan in the foothills of Darjeeling Himalaya. Spread over parts of India and Bangladesh, the megafan is bounded by the Mahananda River to its west and the Tista River to the east. The Atrai and Karatoya Rivers flow through its axial part. The megafan covers an area of ~ 18,000 km2. Near its apex the surface slope is ~ 0.19°, that declines to 0.01° near the toe. The east–west transverse profile of the megafan is broadly upward convex, with gently sloping (~ 0.01°) flanks. Maximum width and the length of the megafan are about 145 km and 166 km respectively. The highest point near the megafan apex is ~ 150 m above the Brahmaputra alluvial plain. The Tista River flanking the megafan has an average annual discharge of 609 m3/s with highest average monthly discharge exceeding 2000 m3/s during monsoon. Most of the other channels currently traversing the megafan are plains-fed, and compared to Tista and Mahananda Rivers these channels have lesser discharge, higher sinuosity, and decreased widths. A radiating network of abandoned channel belts can be identified in satellite images of the megafan. Each of these major paleochannels is associated with numerous crevasse channels in the distal part of the megafan, forming an intricate network of radial drainage on the megafan surface.Three distinct depositional lobes can be recognised on the Tista megafan. Each of the lobes is identified by a set of ancient and modern radial drainage systems. The lobe boundaries are marked by discordance in drainage network of adjacent lobes. The relative ages of the lobes, as tentatively determined from the drainage discordances, indicate that the megafan first built up the eastern lobe (lobe 1), then shifted to the west to form lobe 2, and finally switched again eastward giving rise to the smallest lobe located close to the mountain front (lobe 3). Although broadly upward convex in cross profiles, subtle reflections of multiple lobes are apparent in some of the cross profiles. Study of the old maps published between 1794 and 1945 reveals that some of the present-day plains-fed rivers, like the Tangon, the Atrai and the Karatoya, were directly connected to the Himalayan catchment basins prior to the late eighteenth century. Archaeological excavations along the banks of these rivers appear to support this paleodrainage configuration. Eight facies and five facies associations were recognised in the uppermost megafan sediments. Facies associations suggest deposition from high-energy sandy streams in the proximal area and deposition from mixed load, sinuous streams and flanking marsh or lake in the distal part of the lobes. Paleocurrent data are consistent with a southwestward spreading paleochannel pattern recognised within the studied part of the megafan.Multiple lobes typify megafans ocurring in different parts of the globe. The existence of the mutiple accretionary lobes in Tista megafan, its radial drainage pattern, its concave-upward longitudinal and convex-upward transverse profile shape make it morphologically comparable with other high-gradient alluvial fans observed in nature and those produced in the laboratory. These morphological features denote the similarities between the small, high-gradient alluvial fans and large, low-gradient megafans, and that in turn may be indicative of the commoness in certain controlling factors between these two depositional systems.

Recent studies using coupled atmosphere–ocean models have shown that the tropical Atlantic has a significant impact on the Indian monsoon. In this article, the observational basis for this teleconnection is examined and the physical mechanism responsible for bridging sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) in the Atlantic and precipitation over India is investigated with idealized atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) experiments in which constant SST anomalies are prescribed and ‘switched on’ in the tropical Atlantic region. A simple Gill–Matsuno-type quadrupole response is proposed to explain the teleconnection between the tropical Atlantic and the Indian basin, with an enforcement of the eastward response likely due to nonlinear interactions with the mean monsoon circulation. The simplicity of this mechanism suggests the reproducibility of this result with a broad range of AGCMs. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society

Musa ka Musalla glacier is situated in the Allai, Manshera District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan (34.713678, 73.360806). There were 20 different water samples sites moving downstream from the glacier, which is the source of river Siran, during winter, summer and monsoon seasons taken for the analysis of water quality destruction in sense of total viable count, total coliform count, fecal coliform count, fecal E.coli count, which are indicator organisms of fecal contamination, as well as the prevalence and distribution of MBL blaNDM-1 producing Gram negative bacteria. Total viable counts were found in the range of 3×10² to 40×10² CFU/mL in winter, 5×10² to 45×10² CFU/mL in summer and 2×10² to 40×10² CFU/mL in monsoon. The range of MPN 100 mL-1 for total coliform was found 11–2400, 150–2400 and 80–2400, for fecal coliform, it was 3–700, 2–900, 2–800 and for fecal E.coli, it was 1–300, 2–450 and 1–400 in winter, summer and monsoon, respectively. While, out of total 20 samples from dif...

The intraseasonal time scale is critical in West Africa where resources are highly rainfall dependent. Three main modes of variability have been identified, two with a mean periodicity of 15 days and one with a mean periodicity around 40 days. These modes have a regional scale and can strongly influence precipitation and convective activity. They are mainly controlled by atmospheric dynamics and land–surface interactions. They can also modulate the very specific phase of the African summer monsoon onset. A better knowledge of the mechanisms controlling this scale is necessary to improve its predictability. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society

The effect of climate change on snow water equivalent, snowmelt runoff, glacier melt runoff and total streamflow and their distribution is examined for the Spiti river. This is a high altitude Himalayan river located in the western Himalayan region. The total streamflow of this river has a ...

The territorialization of the Western Ghats, India, is an act of colonial power either by settled or marginalized particular peoples, practices, and ecologies, privileging a wet-dry binary and spa-tializing a monsoon landscape. The environment of the Western Ghats, in particular, has been politicized and polarized. Today, indigenous peoples and other 'forest dwellers' have been compromised through the inherited colonial framework; they are excluded by conservation action as is their knowledge that is based on dynamic everyday relationships with place. Efforts to be inclusive are fraught with inadequacies of colonial imaging and use the language that continue to objectify and spatialize nature and culture, which, in turn, propagates the wet-dry divide. The disciplining of the Western Ghats is perpetuated through environmental laws: from the Indian Forest Act, 1865, guarding the land for production, to the Forest Rights Act, 2006, which gives rights to forest dwellers to protect it. Despite these laws, conflicts over access to land and resources continue as the lives of these inhabitants and their relationship with the ground, or world, were never considered on their own terms. How can design unravel how these inhabitants lived prior to colonialism? There is the possibility that they understand place by moving, occupying, and temporally appropriating dynamic conditions of 'wetness' in their ordinary everyday lives. What can be assembled from existing clues, and from a new imagination, to design futures that correspond (Ingold 2011) to a changing environment? This paper will reveal the possibility of a local/ indigenous 'wet ontology' (Steinberg and Peters 2015) which privileges everyday practices across time and continually 'makes home' in this monsoon terrain. Resumen La territorialización de los Ghats occidentales, en India, es un acto de poder colonial bien sea por asentamiento o por marginación de pueblos, prácticas y ecologías particulares, privilegiando una bipartición de lo húmedo y lo seco y espacializando un paisaje monzónico. El entorno de los Ghats occidentales, particularmente, ha sido politizado y polarizado. Actualmente, los pueblos indíge-nas y otros "habitantes del bosque" se han visto comprometidos por el marco colonial heredado; son excluidos, por acciones de conservación, al igual que su conocimiento el cual está basado en relaciones dinámicas y cotidianas con el lugar. Los esfuerzos por ser inclusivos están cargados con deficiencias del imaginario colonial, que usan el lenguaje para continuar la cosificación y es-pacialización de la naturaleza y la cultura, lo que a su vez, disemina la división entre lo húmedo y lo seco. La disciplina de los Ghats occidentales se perpetúa a través de leyes ambientales: desde la Ley de Bosques Indios de 1865, que protege la tierra para la producción, hasta la Ley de Derechos Forestales de 2006, que otorga derechos a los habitantes de los bosques para protegerla. A pesar de estas leyes, los conflictos por el acceso a la tierra y a los recursos continúan, ya que la vida de estos habitantes y su relación con la tierra, o el mundo, nunca fueron considerados en sus propios términos. ¿Cómo puede el diseño descifrar la forma en la que vivían estos habitantes antes del colonialismo? Existe la posibilidad de que comprendan el lugar moviéndose, ocupando y apro-piándose temporalmente de las condiciones dinámicas de "humedad" en su vida cotidiana ordi-naria. ¿Qué se puede ensamblar a partir de pistas existentes, y de una nueva imaginación, para diseñar futuros que correspondan a un entorno cambiante (Ingold, 2011)? Este trabajo revelará la posibilidad de una "ontología húmeda" local/indígena (Steinberg y Peters, 2015) que privilegia las prácticas cotidianas a lo largo del tiempo y que continuamente "encuentran su hogar" en este terreno monzónico. Palabras clave: Colonialismo, Ghats occidentales, ambientalismo, investigación en diseño, ima-ginación. * This paper presents ongoing doctoral research work that is part of an unpublished thesis.