Microporosity of Carbonate reservoirs

Actualmente, la Caracterización Estática de Yacimientos atraviesa un reto muy importante, el cual está relacionado con mejorar la precisión y reducir la incertidumbre en la interpretación petrofísica de los YNF, debido a que los resultados de la evaluación, impactan directamente en la productividad y el desarrollo de los yacimientos.

Por tal motivo, el presente trabajo versa sobre la importancia de conocer y clasificar correctamente los sistemas porosos que existen en el yacimiento, así como la trascendencia que tiene el precisar los valores del exponente de cementación (variable); dado que, obtener valores adecuados de los parámetros petrofísicos antes mencionados (en adición al volumen de arcilla, porosidad efectiva, permeabilidad, etc.), permiten maximizar el potencial económico de los yacimientos, ya que la selección de intervalos de interés para la producción de hidrocarburos es más confiable al detectar con mayor precisión las zonas saturadas con agua.

Para lograr los objetivos planteados en este trabajo, se aplicaron técnicas especializadas de doble y triple porosidad. La primera, es el Método de Interpretación de Registros con Exponentes mA Variables en Rocas Carbonatadas (MIREMVROC), desarrollado en el Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo (IMP), el cual permite identificar los diferentes tipos de sistemas porosos tomando como base el exponente de porosidad “mH” (variable), derivado de los trabajos realizados por Gómez Rivero. A su vez, esta técnica permite precisar el cálculo de la Sw, mediante la aplicación de un exponente de porosidad variable tipo Archie "mA". La segunda técnica, corresponde al Modelo de Triple Porosidad que permite clasificar a la porosidad en tres categorías, y asimismo provee una estimación del cálculo de Sw a través de un exponente de porosidad “m” variable, que para este estudio, el modelo utiliza como insumos la partición de la porosidad derivada de la herramienta de RMN y el Índice de Porosidad Secundaria (SPI). Finalmente, se empleó la tecnología de RMN con la cual se realizó una discretización de la porosidad en: micro, meso y macroporosidad, centrando los esfuerzos principalmente en la obtención de un valor de corte asociado a la macroporosidad, debido a que, de acuerdo con varios autores la macroporosidad puede relacionarse con la presencia de vúgulos en la formación.

A través de estudio, se corrobora que la técnica MIREMVROC y la tecnología de RMN, proporcionan información petrofísica de calidad, misma que reduce costos en las actividades de exploración y producción de hidrocarburos.

A drilling rig is an integrated system that drills wells, such as oil or water wells, in the earth's subsurface. Drilling rigs can be massive structures housing equipment used to drill water wells, oil wells, or natural gas extraction wells, or they can be small enough to be moved manually by one person and such are called augers. Drilling rigs can sample subsurface mineral deposits, test rock, soil and groundwater physical properties, and also can be used to install sub-surface fabrications, such as underground utilities, instrumentation, tunnels or wells. Drilling rigs can be mobile equipment mounted on trucks, tracks or trailers, or more permanent land or marine-based structures (such as oil platforms, commonly called 'offshore oil rigs' even if they don't contain a drilling rig). The term "rig" therefore generally refers to the complex equipment that is used to penetrate the surface of the Earth's crust.

Small to medium-sized drilling rigs are mobile, such as those used in mineral exploration drilling, blast-hole, water wells and environmental investigations. Larger rigs are capable of drilling through thousands of metres of the Earth's crust, using large "mud pumps" to circulate drilling mud (slurry) through the drill bit and up the casing annulus, for cooling and removing the "cuttings" while a well is drilled. Hoists in the rig can lift hundreds of tons of pipe. Other equipment can force acid or sand into reservoirs to facilitate extraction of the oil or natural gas; and in remote locations there can be permanent living accommodation and catering for crews (which may be more than a hundred). Marine rigs may operate thousands of miles distant from the supply base with infrequent crew rotation or cycle.

The thick Eocene carbonate deposits that are newly ascribed as Radwany Formation (previously Thebes Formation) in the October basin within the Gulf of Suez region, are of particular interest for hydrocarbon exploitation. However, no efforts have been directed to investigate their petrophysical characteristics and pore system. This study aims to investigate the petrophysical characteristic, pore system and formation potentiality as a reservoir rock. Thirteen sidewall core samples and sixty thin sections from OCT-X well were studied in order to investigate the lithological characteristics, porosity network. In addition, well logging data and petrophysical and geochemical laboratories measurements including Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) porosity technique were used to define the petrophysical characteristics. The investigated work revealed that: 1) the pore system is a combination of depositional and diagenetic processes. 2) the dominant porosity types include fracture, interparticle, intra-particle and moldic porosity; NMR indicates mesopores to macropores, 3) petrophysical evaluation and geochemical analysis indicates a self-sourced unconventional reservoir based on its organic richness characteristics unconventional resource opportunity as tight carbonate reservoir, 4) the basal part of the Radwany Formation has a high potential to store hydrocarbon, and it is a potential conventional resource. 6) The linking trends between the petrophysical parameters with sediment microfacies were defined in the studied section, where a significant increasing trend line has been inferred in the direction from wackestone microfacies to packstone microfacies. Finally, the diagenetic process through time has greatly controlled the petrophysical parameters of the Radwany Formation. The gap between Source and Reservoir rocks has been defined based on integrated geochemical and petrophysical characteristics. The studied section has unique multiscale characterization as unconventional and conventional resource.

Jayakwadi dam, a lifeline of Marathwada; is one of the largest irrigation projects in the Indian state of Maharashtra. To provide water for irrigation and drinking purpose was a major aim while constructing such a largest earthen dam in the drought-prone Marathwada Region. Water level in Jayakwadi has hit dead stock in summer 2019, with just 1.5% live storage left. Its dead stock is about 26 TMC. However, a major chunk of it has been filled with silt, reducing actual availability of water. The study was carried out from June 2018 to May 2019. The water samples were collected monthly for a period of one year from the three sampling stations from upstream area. Parameters like BOD, COD and DO are also known as demand parameters which showed variations throughout the study period along with other physicochemical parameters. These three parameters have an intact relationship to indicate the pollution status. Demand parameters is an important water quality parameter because it provides an index to assess the effect of discharged wastewater on the receiving aquatic environment. The values of BOD and COD were quite high whereas DO found remarkably at lower range i.e. above permissible limits. In brief, the water quality were found to be very poor in the monsoon and winter as compared to the summer season. It may be due to less rainfall, siltation and anthropogenic interruption consequently disobeys the norms of potability.

This research was funded by, and implemented within, a UK national research organisation, while the author was the KE and Impact Evaluation Manager responsible for assessing impact on a £15m UK government-funded research programme.

This work was also submitted as the authors MBA dissertation which was accepted and awarded in 2009.

ABSTRACT: A methodology and methods ‘toolbox’ is proposed for conducting impact research and assessment from within research programmes. The emphasis is upon how to clarify and assess the wider impacts from the early stages onwards.

The approach explicitly acknowledges, and attempts to address, the known issues and challenges of impact assessment while drawing upon the resources and opportunities available to research managers and researchers within such programmes.

The study has two triangulating foundations. Firstly, it examines the academic literature to help identify and design the pilot methodology and methods. Secondly it trials these in a real programme to both test and improve them.

The study was conducted over one year within one leading UK research organisation, where two research programmes (and around 60 research projects of £15m total value) were being assessed for their impacts. The study draws upon actual impact management experience and reflection, prospective (ex ante) and retrospective (ex post) assessments, participatory contributions from leading researchers undergoing assessment, and consultation with external users. The findings of this study outline the pilot and its first iteration. Recommendations are made for improvement to the methodology and methods.

A subsequent follow-on bid to UK government incorporating the impacts identified from implementing this methodology, successfully led to a further £15m of government funding.

It is expected the pilot methodology and methods will be applicable to other organisations, conducting and funding such research programmes, required to research and assess the wider research impacts.

Although primary focus of implemetation trials was upon research in physical sciences, technology, high-tech engineering, computing/IT, and environment, the wider literature study, the methodology design and justification, the methods proposed and used, and the resulting general recommendations and lessons are expected to apply more broadly to many other research areas, where the impact is to be found more widely in the society, economy, government or public sector or within organizations, policies, professions or the public.

Interest in this work is expected from research programme managers, impact managers and assessors, management consultants advising in this area, and government funding managers, all seeking to embed a developing approach to understand, capture, and enhance wider impact.

The late-Permian succession of the Upper-Indus Basin is represented by carbonate dominated Zaluch Group, which consists of Amb, Wargal and Chhidru Formations. These formations accumulated on the southwestern shelf of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, north of hydrocarbon-producing Permian strata of the Arabian Peninsula. The reservoir properties of mixed clasticcarbonate Chhidru Formation are evaluated based on Petrography, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Xrays-Spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques. The diagenetic features, ranging from marine (isopachous fibrous calcite, micrite), through meteoric (blocky calcite-I, neomorphism and dissolution) to burial (poikilotopic cement, blocky calcite-II-III, fractures, fracture-filling and stylolites) are recognized. Major porosity types included fracture and moldic, while inter-and intra-particle porosities also existed. The visual porosity from 1.5-7.14% with an average of 5.15% was recognized. The sandstone facies (CMF-4) had the highest average porosity of 10.7%, while siliciclastic grainstone microfacies (CMF-3) showed average porosity of 5.3%. The siliciclastic mudstone microfacies (CMF-1) and siliciclastic wacke-packestone microfacies (CMF-2) showed the lowest porosity of 4.8% and 5.0%, respectively. Diagenetic processes like cementation, neomorphism, stylolitization and compaction have reduced the primary porosities. However, processes of dissolution and fracturing have produced secondary porosity. On average, the Chhidru Formation in Nammal Gorge (Salt Range) showed promising and at Gula Khel Gorge (Trans-Indus) lowest porosity.

Water is recognized as the most important element for economic and social development in developed and less developed countries around the world. Given that there is an inconsistency between the rainfall seasons and high water demand in arid and semi-arid regions, groundwater resources are the primary water source to satisfy various water demands. Surface water reservoirs are constructed to collect and store water during seasons of high rainfall and river flow when there is relatively lower water uses. Due to water-related problems around the world and the potential for severe drought conditions in the future, proper design of new water reservoirs as well as the utilization and conservation of current reservoirs are very crucial. A...

Jean-Baptiste-Julien d’ Omalius d’Halloy, (born Feb. 16, 1783, Liège, Austrian Netherlands [now in Belgium]—died Jan. 15, 1875, Brussels), Belgian geologist who was an early proponent of evolution.

D’Omalius was educated first in Liège and afterward in Paris. While a youth he became interested in geology (over the protests of his parents) and, having an independent income, was able to devote his energies to geologic researches. As early as 1808 he communicated to the Journal des mines a paper entitled Essai sur la géologie du Nord de la France (“Essay on the Geology of the North of France”).

At his father’s urging, d’Omalius took on political responsibilities and became mayor of Skeuvre in 1807, governor of the province of Namur from 1815 to 1830, and a member of the Belgian senate from 1848. He was an active member of the Belgian Academy of Sciences from 1816 and served three times as president. He was likewise president of the Geological Society of France in 1852.

In Belgium and the Rhine provinces d’Omalius was one of the geologic pioneers in determining the stratigraphy of the Carboniferous and other rocks. He studied also in detail the Paleogene and Neogene deposits of the Paris Basin and ascertained the extent of the Cretaceous and some of the older strata, which he for the first time clearly depicted on a map (1817). He was distinguished as an ethnologist, and at nearly 90 years of age he was chosen president of the Congress of Prehistoric Archaeology (Brussels, 1872).

Granular activated carbons for methane adsorption have been prepared by impregnation of oil palm shell with various solutions of ZnCl2 followed by heat treatment at 500 °C under a flow of nitrogen. For this precursor, large micropore volume of micropores (with a very small volume of mesopores and macropores) was obtained with intermediate ZnCl2 mass ratio. Methane capacity at 800 mmHg was in the range of 10-12 cm3/g. All the samples were further activated by reaction under a flow of carbon dioxide. Although such activation resulted in a decrease in the BET surface area, average pore width, micropore and pore volume (except very low impregnation ratio, XZn = 0.15 g/g), however, there was a 100% net increase in the methane capacity. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0165237010001178/1-s2.0-S0165237010001178-main.pdf?_tid=b63eb344-2364-11e4-aa91-00000aacb35d&acdnat=1407987798_4ec08a5d74cfdb3851cdf69f84a92b32 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165237010001178

The objective of this study is to relate textural and surface characteristics of microporous activated carbon to their methane adsorption capacity. Oil palm shell was used as a raw material for the preparation of pore size controlled activated carbon adsorbents. The chemical treatment was followed by further physical activation with CO2. Samples were treated with CO2 flow at 850°C by varying activation time to achieve different burn-off activated carbon. H3PO4 chemically activated samples under CO2 blanket showed higher activation rates, surface area and micropore volume compared to other activation methods, though this sample did not present high methane adsorption. Moreover, it was shown that using small proportion of ZnCl2 and H3PO4 creates an initial narrow microporosity. Further physical activation grantees better development of pore structure. In terms of pore size distribution the combined preparation method resulted in a better and more homogenous pore size distribution than the conventional physical activation method. Controlling the pore size of activated carbon by this combined activation technique can be utilized for tuning the pore size distribution. It was concluded that the high surface area and micropore volume of activated carbons do not unequivocally determine methane capacities. © 2010 The Institution of Chemical Engineers.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0263876210002923/1-s2.0-S0263876210002923-main.pdf?_tid=b6abba62-2363-11e4-bd5b-00000aab0f01&acdnat=1407987370_c210879ffccd8df39d1c9e3e826dc4ed 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263876210002923

This paper presents findings on polyethyleneimine (PEI) impregnation on palm shell activated carbon (AC) with regards to effects of impregnation amount and types of PEI used on surface characteristics as well as metal ions adsorption capacities of the AC. Fundamental interactions between PEI molecules and metal ions on textural surface (micro- and mesopores) of the AC are elucidated. Three types of low molecular weight PEI distinguished by their molecular numbers, Mn (423, 600 and 1200) are used for the impregnation process. Impregnation at 8.41 wt% 423-PEI/AC provides optimum increases for nickel and copper adsorption capacities by factors of 2.6 and 1.5 respectively at 49% reduction of Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area as compared to virgin AC. Only 423-PEI molecules are shown to have considerably filled the micropores of AC whereas the 600- and 1200-PEI molecules are too large (in terms of molecular sizes) to infiltrate the micropores. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0254058408003568/1-s2.0-S0254058408003568-main.pdf?_tid=4d696ff8-2364-11e4-8991-00000aacb360&acdnat=1407987623_51535b36aa62f965d6c4135bf192ce7d 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254058408003568

Activated carbon (AC) surface may be modified by grafting amine-containing compounds to improve the CO2 adsorption capacity. Two solid sorbents were prepared by anchoring a halogenated amine, i.e., 2-chloroethylamine hydrochloric acid (CEA) on the surface of a microporous AC using a two-stage modification. At the first stage, the samples of AC were oxidized by nitric acid to increase the amount of oxygen surface groups and at the second stage, the oxidized samples were modified by anchoring CEA on the surface to produce a superior CO2 adsorbent. The oxidized samples were compared with the aid of proximate and ultimate analysis, nitrogen adsorption-desorption at -196°C (77K) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) to decide on the best oxidation conditions. The amine-modified samples were analyzed in terms of texture, surface chemistry and CO2 adsorption. The latter was studied using isothermal CO2 capture, temperature-programmed (TP) CO2 adsorption and cyclic operation. The modified samples had a lower surface area than the parent sample. The best modified sample presented an increase of 45% in CO2 capture capacity at 100°C. Based on unit surface area, the modified samples showed great CO2 capture capacities, compared to the virgin sample. Moreover, the modified samples presented a less dependency of CO2 capacity on temperature. This indicates that the adsorption mechanism shifts from physisorption to chemisorption by increasing temperature. © 2013 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1876107013000205/1-s2.0-S1876107013000205-main.pdf?_tid=9dd3b850-2363-11e4-be00-00000aacb362&acdnat=1407987328_3e70b8797b046c01251e732a09364490 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876107013000205

The 14C dates of carbonate precipitates have occasionally been used to estimate the age of rock art. To investigate the prospects of this direct dating method, speleothems physically related to various petroglyph traditions in two South Australian caves were analyzed. It is proposed that one of the principal factors in the isotopic geochemistry of the types of speleothems sometimes occurring together with rock art is their porosity, which can facilitate rejuvenation through the filling of voids by much younger precipitate.