Metre

Dans une video, le chercheur alternatif Quentin Leplat, adepte de l'archéo-géométrie développé par Howard Crowhurst, tente de nous montrer le lien entre la coudée royale égyptienne et le mètre.
Nous montrons ici que cette idée ne repose sur aucune preuve sérieuse et constitue un pivot dans des théories alternatives peu sérieuse.

Dans un documentaire publié sur internet, M. Patrice Pouillard veut créer un lien entre la coudée égyptienne, le mètre et les mesures médiévales. En réalité, il s'agit là d'une invention qui ne repose sur rien de concret, comme nous le montrons ici.

An analysis of the Egyptian Royal cubit, presenting some research and opinions flowing from that research, into what I believe was the original cubit, and how it was corrupted. I show various close arithmetic approximations and multiple ways of getting the divisions of the cubit, as well as some related measures. The cubit also encapsulates the basic components for the metric system.

Metrisch gebundene Texte sind aus dem altsprachlichen Unterricht nicht wegzudenken: Vergil, Ovid, Horaz, Catull und Martial sind nur einige typische Autoren für die Dichtungslektüre im Lateinunterricht; Homer, Sophokles und Euripides sind typische Beispiele für den Griechischunterricht. Die Curricula schlagen eine Vielzahl poetischer Texte als mögliche Lektüren vor.
Allein diese unvollständige Autorenauswahl zeigt schon, dass man allein mit der Behandlung von daktylischem Hexameter und elegischem Distichon nicht besonders weit kommt, will man nicht die Textauswahl nach solchen rein formalen Kriterien unnötig und unzulässig einschränken oder bei allen anderen Metra so tun, als läse man Prosa. Denn ein solches Vorgehen ermöglicht zwar eine Übersetzung, ein wirkliches Verständnis der Texte bleibt den Schülern aber verwehrt, da ihnen die Wirkung des Metrums, der Einschnitte, der Betonung bestimmter Positionen im Vers und nicht zuletzt ästhetische Aspekte verborgen bleiben oder allenfalls indirekt durch den metrischen Vortrag des Lehrers oder eine stilistische Analyse erschlossen werden.

Der vorliegende Band widmet sich daher grundlegenden Fragen zum Thema lateinischer und griechischer Prosodie und Metrik im Unterricht unter Einbeziehung der Lehrpläne und einer Befragung von Lehrkräften. Daneben finden sich Praxisbeispiele zu Catull, Ovid, Terenz und Homer, Überlegungen zur Beziehung von Musik und Metrik sowie eine Anregung zum Dichten in lateinischer Sprache.

Mit Beiträgen von: Gregor Bitto, John Bulwer, Fabiola Dengler, Boris Dunsch, Magnus Frisch, Hans-Joachim Glücklich, Christoph Kugelmeier, Immanuel Musäus, Jens Pickenhan, Anna Elissa Radke, Wolfgang Schoedel, Katharina Waack-Erdmann und Heike Wolf.

There's no lack of critical works about musical aspects of The Waste Land; still, few of these engage directly the signifier of the poem, as they discuss the content and meaning of references rather than typesetting, metrics and pronunciation. In specular fashion, those works that do tackle signifiers don't investigate them in musical terms 1. This research focuses on musical analysis of The Waste Land, as it graphically looks on the page and as it sounds recorded on phonograph, claiming it can assist interpretation. First, I examine how Eliot systematically uses typographic space as a rigorous musical tool (a 3/4 time direction), resulting in a shift in reading performance from qualitative to quantitative metre (this not being a " natural " consequence, but the result of a very conscious work). The extent to which Pound influenced Eliot in some of these realizations leads us to look for complex musical values, so-called metric modulations, in free verse, empirically testing limit speed ratios of reading performance, in the attempt of establishing accurate subdivisions of the text. Then, Eliot's essay The Three Voices of Poetry is put in connection with the changes in pulse in the recordings that I associated with properties of free verse theorized by Pound, asserting these are instrumental in representing and diversifying inner thought, rhetorical argument and dramatic speech (by means of their respectively different relationships with their addressees and contexts). It is argued how metric modulation, alongside a more general semantic modulation–a change in context flagged by the shifting of grammar operators, like personal pronouns and correlatives–works as a means employed to create variety inside a continuum. I therefore derive some logical conclusions about the nature of the transformations of the speaker in The Waste Land, highlighting the dichotomy between the mimeses that drive the swift turnovers of the poem (often leading the reader to infer multiple voices) and the slower metamorphosis that keeps it together, ensuring its horizontal development from such abrupt vertical leaps.

Although editors are often tempted to edit away such metrical anomalies as occur in an early medieval poem like 'Beowulf', there is strong evidence  that metrical irregularity is a normal and accepted feature of poems that either derive from oral tradition or have a close relation to it. Examples are cited from British-American ballad tradition. A wise editor will refrain from emending the text except where a breakdown in sense and/or syntax coincides with an apparent breakdown in meter.

Poetry-writing in Sanskrit is riddled with problems for even those who know the language well. This is so because the rules that govern Sanskrit prosody are numerous and stringent. We propose a computational algorithm that converts prose given as E-text into poetry in accordance with the metrical rules of Sanskrit prosody, simultaneously taking care to ensure that sandhi or euphonic conjunction, which is compulsory in verse, is handled. The algorithm is considerably speeded up by a novel method of reducing the target search database. The algorithm further gives suggestions to the poet in case what he/she has given as the input prose is impossible to fit into any allowed metrical format. There is also an interactive component of the algorithm by which the algorithm interacts with the poet to resolve ambiguities. In addition, this unique work, which provides a solution to a problem that has never been addressed before, provides a simple yet effective speech recognition interface that would help the visually impaired dictate words in E-text, which is in turn versified by our Poetry Composer Engine.

Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are one of the most commonly used datasets for representing variations in terrainelevation. Technological advancements in satellite remote sensing have led to the proliferation of digital elevationdatasets with near-global coverage such as the SPOT (Satellites Pour L’Observation de la Terre) DEM. SPOT DEM,which has a spatial resolution of 20m, has a stated absolute vertical accuracy of 10-20m. In 2012, the Office of theSurveyor General of the Federation (OSGOF) in Nigeria acquired SPOT DEM version 1.0 for use in topographicmapping. As such, it is necessary to conduct localised assessments of the DEM to validate the stated accuracies. Inline with this, the aim of this study is to conduct an accuracy assessment of the 20m SPOT DEM in Nigeria usingGround Control Points (GCPs) acquired from sites in Lagos State and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). In addition,the DEM’s suitability for topographic mapping is assessed in line with international standard...

The precise calibration of relative gravity meters is essential for the accuracy of gravimetric surveys. We show that in the new Zugspitze cali- bration system established in 2004 - 2005 excellent accuracies of the linear calibration factor of relative gravity meters in the range of 1-2 * 10 -5 can be obtained. The calibration system is particularly useful for the precise calibration of Scintrex linear quartz gravity meters. The key advantages of the new calibration system are (a) the large gravity range of up to 528 mGal and (b) the short transport time of instruments by cable cars between the ab- solute gravity reference stations. This allows im- proving the accuracy of the Scintrex relative gra- vimetric observations by carrying out numerous ties over large gravity differences in a day or less. We study the accuracy and repeatability of Scintrex CG3 and CG5 calibration observations and the influence of seasonal effects due to environmental mass changes based on a time series of 5...

This article presents an overview of the different ideas presented in the literature on the geeraar metre in Somali poetry. Following this a proposal is made which, it is suggested, provides a more accurate view of the behaviour of this metre and the way it displays the notion of ‘extrametricality’. This latter issue was, albeit in different words, first introduced in Maxamed Xaashi Dhamac ‘Gaarriye’ (1976a). An analysis of a famous geeraar poem will show how the ideas work in practice.

The representative of electricity board monthly come and visits every residential and corporate zone and manually collects the readings from electricity meter. The data is recorded on a piece of paper along with a snap shot of the meter. There after the officials reads the snap shot and readings of the meter and then feed it to the local software for bill calculations. Finally the bills are sent. We as a consumer then make the payment for the received bill. Such a tedious process is this. Man made mistakes can be in huge numbers. Human resources are wasted and many other problems do occur. We finally thought of building a system that will do the above process automatically. The advancing mobile communication technology and the decrease in costs make it possible to combine mobile technology into electricity board automation systems. We propose a system that collects the consuming energy from residential and corporate zones and send it directly to the central-Server. The traditional a...

In recent years, increased importance of Smart Grid, which includes monitoring and control the consumption of customers of electric power. In this paper, Wireless Smart Electrical Power Meter has been designed and implemented which ZigBee wireless sensor network (WSN) will be used for wireless electrical power meter communication supported by PIC microcontroller which used for power unit measurements. PIC microcontroller will be used for evaluating all electric power parameters at costumer side like V rms , I rms , KWh, and PF, and then all these parameters will be send to base station through wireless network in order to be calibrated and monitored.

This paper starts with a brief summary of the liquid measuring principle and continues with a description of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) methodology which is used to quantify gas phase fraction and velocity. This explanation is supported with illustrative measurement data. As such, this paper can be understood as an extension of the paper on the Magnetic Resonance (MR) based multiphase flowmeter presented last year[1]. Meanwhile, extensive tests have been carried out with the industrialized version of the MR meter in various test laboratories, covering a wide range of flow rates, GVF’s, WLR’s, salinities, viscosities and pressures. The results of these tests will be presented in this paper, illustrating the performance of the latest version of the MR-based multiphase flow meter.

Scholars classify Gūrānī as a member of the Northwestern Iranian group of languages. Gūrānī was used as a language of literature for many centuries, from about the 1300s until the 1800s. The present study focuses on the literary language and metrical system of classical Gūrānī poetry. Gūrānī poetry uses a metrical template in which each line has a certain number of syllables (ten syllables) and each line is composed of two equal hemistiches (that is, two half-lines) that are divided by a caesura. Another typical characteristic is the use of a particular type of rhyme, that is, the couplet rhyme. Besides that, we often find homophony and correspondence between vowels and consonants within the lines. Not only are similar vowels and consonants often repeated, but also the same or similar words. Thus, one of the main goals of this study has been to identify all of the metrical features that serve the metrical system and to count them as proper metrical constituents. We cannot claim to h...

Poetry-writing in Sanskrit is riddled with problems for even those who know the language well. This is so because the rules that govern Sanskrit prosody are numerous and stringent. We propose a computational algorithm that converts prose given as E-text into poetry in accordance with the metrical rules of Sanskrit prosody, simultaneously taking care to ensure that sandhi or euphonic

Alat ukur daya listrik berupa power meter digital berbasis mikrokontroler AVR ATmega 16 telah dibuat. Alat ini dapat mengukur dan menampilkan daya listrik suatu peralatan elektronik rumah tangga. Power meter digital ini dibuat dengan menggunakan perangkat keras berupa sensor arus, penyearah setengah-gelombang, perata tegangan DC, rangkaian sistem minimum mikrokontroler AVR ATmega 16 dengan ADC (analog to digital) di dalamnya, dan LCD 2 x 16 karakter. Sensor yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah transformator arus dan berfungsi untuk mendeteksi arus AC yang mengalir pada beban dan memberikan output berupa tegangan AC yang kemudian disearahkan dan diratakan. ADC di dalam mikrokontroler AVR ATmega 16 berfungsi untuk mengkonversi tegangan output sensor arus menjadi data digital agar dapat diolah dan ditampilkan pada LCD. Rangkaian sistem minimum mikrokontroler AVR ATmega 16 dan tampilan LCD dikendalikan oleh program yang dibuat melalui software CodeVision AVR dan di-download ke mikr...

Electricity demand is measured by the metered final consumption of end users.Therefore to supply power to consumers, electricity meter become a primary driver for measuring the amount of energy consumed by either industries, small and medium scale enterprises and homes.Due to the continuous demand for meters by client of the electricity company of Ghana and the company's inability to respond promptly with their demand there is therefore the need to model the supply of meters to estimate the monthly quantities needed to supply by the company to meet demand of their consumers. Little studies on meter supply and demand forecast have been carried out in order to develop the method to estimate the meter supply in Ghana. In this paper,Box Jenkins methodology is applied to total meter supply data from the Electricity Company of Ghana. On seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average ARIMA(1, 1,0) is tentatively used to model the data. Ljung-Box statistic is used in diagnostic check...

Prepaid Energy Meter has been implemented in several countries. In fact, the disadvantage of the system is the behavior control of the users. Recharging should be carried out on the meter. The problem arises when the consumers leave and the electric pulses discharged. Therefore, a system is needed to control the electrical pulse wherever they are. Prepaid energy meter is proposed and simulated by using PROTEUS software. The system was designed by using ATmega128 as a microcontroller. This paper evaluates the accuracy of voltage and current measurement that produced by the model. The simulations show that our proposed prepaid energy meter produces minimum error compared to the actual volt and actual ampere meter.

In many process industries, mass flow rate is the desired parameter rather than the volume flow rate. There are two approaches to measure mass flow rate. In the first approach, volume flow rate is measured and then it is multiplied with density. The second approach utilizes the flow metering concepts which are sensitive to mass flow rate. The work presented here falls in the second category. Here, the fluid is made to pass through a vertical U-tube and at the same time it is vibrated by a shaker. The rotary motion produced as a result of vibration causes Coriolis force to act on the tube and causes it to twist. Because of the twisting action, the two limbs of the tube do not pass through the mean position simultaneously. The resulting time lag (Δt) is measured with the help of an 8085 microprocessor and two proximity pick-ups. Mass flow rate is directly proportional to time lag (Δt) and is calculated and displayed subsequently after multiplying time lag (Δt) with a constant of propo...

Clamp-meter Pengukur Arus AC Berbasis Mikrokontroller merupakan suatu alat yang berfungsi untuk mengukur arus yang mengalir pada suatu kabel tanpa memutus kabel tersebut. Clamp-meter Pengukur Arus AC Berbasis Mikrokontroller ini menggunakan sebuah hall effect sensor yang berfungsi mendeteksi medan magnet pada kabel berarus. Medan magnet ini akan diubah menjadi tegangan oleh sensor tersebut. Besaran tegangan ini akan dikuatkan oleh sebuah penguat sinyal atau op-amp. Tegangan keluaran dari op-amp yang berupa tegangan bolak-balik akan disearahkan oleh dioda bridge dan menjadi tegangan searah. Tegangan searah ini akan dibaca oleh mikrokontroller sebagai pengolah data. Hasil dari perhitungan data tersebut akan ditampilkan di LCD.

This paper presents a micro-controller based wireless digital energy meter to facilitate energy consumption measurement and its corresponding billing scheme. Details of design for the construction of energy meter using (Current transformer, Potential transformer, microcontroller, Atmega 16, LCD, Transmitter, Receiver, and a load). Electricity has become one of the basic requirements of human civilization, being widely used for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes. At present, the need and demand for electricity requires no special mention. In spite of very well developed sources for electricity, both traditional and alternate versions, there are a lot of problems with distribution, metering and billing of electrical energy and its consumption measurement. The problem worsens further in collecting the meter readings and generating the bill. In this paper, a method of using a wireless digital system for automated transmission of data was utilized to make easy energy consumpt...

Whether music was an evolutionary adaptation that conferred survival advantages or a cultural creation has generated much debate. Consistent with an evolutionary hypothesis, music is unique to humans, emerges early in development and is universal across societies. However, the adaptive benefit of music is far from obvious. Music is highly flexible, generative and changes rapidly over time, consistent with a cultural creation hypothesis. In this paper, it is proposed that much of musical pitch and timing structure adapted to preexisting features of auditory processing that evolved for auditory scene analysis (ASA). Thus, music may have emerged initially as a cultural creation made possible by preexisting adaptations for ASA. However, some aspects of music, such as its emotional and social power, may have subsequently proved beneficial for survival and led to adaptations that enhanced musical behaviour. Ontogenetic and phylogenetic evidence is considered in this regard. In particular,...

Abstract: As William Blake noted many years ago,'poetry admits not a letter that is insignificant.'In a poem, everything counts. For Emily Dickinson's poetry, almost all of it unpublished during her lifetime, reading the manuscripts becomes crucially important in a cognitive appraisal of the text and the poet's creative processes. In this paper, I show how a cognitive analysis of several of Dickinson's manuscripts show that editorial decisions on line structure have misled readers into misinterpreting the poems. The tools of cognitive ...