The paper analyze the crucial moment of rupture in the history of the definitions, descriptions and classifications of melancholy within the ambit of medicine that occurred between the end of the Eighteenth- and beginning of the...
moreThe paper analyze the crucial moment of rupture in the history of the definitions, descriptions and classifications of melancholy within the ambit of medicine that occurred between the end of the Eighteenth- and beginning of the Nineteenth-century, in particular in France. That is the point at which Philippe Pinel, absorbing the
contributions of Seventeenth-century British psychiatry, proceeded to abandon both the humoral doctrine and the old Renaissance conception of the dual character – melancholy as a psycho-physiological illness and as a literary and philosophical mood. Pinel now locates melancholy only among forms of mental alienation. I will proceed with the subsequent contributions made by Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol, who explicitly refused to attribute to melancholy that particular form of duality that was attributed to it in the Renaissance. More generally, I will seek to locate the new conceptualisations of melancholy within the wider scientific and cultural context of nascent modern psychiatry, and of the clinical forms to which it leads. It was in this context that a strict theoretical and therapeutic programme was launched, which aimed at the systematic medicalization of all the human passions and emotions, and proposed, at the same time, their treatment in a vast body of public and private institutions, specifically set up for the purpose. Thus, a variety of figures gradually came to be transformed: suffice it to think of the melancholic poet, the impassioned lover, the fanatic rebel, and their transfigurations and transpositions in literature and theatre. In other words, this is the end of the old renaissance fashionable melancholy.