Lexical and Grammatical Borrowing

The object of analysis here are the deverbal abstract nouns with roots of Greek origin and Bulgarian suffix. Most of them are motivated by fully adapted verbs borrowed from Greek and of particular interest from the perspective of word formation are the secondary derivatives formed from denominative verbs motivated by Greek nous and adjectives. The transformation of borrowed words into productive bases, which are combined with local word-forming suffixes, is the final stage of the complex process of lexical borrowing, which follows the stage of morphological adaptation of borrowed words, i. e. their grouping into a certain lexical-grammatical type. Many of them have formed large groups of derivatives. Being composed of elements of different languages, the new lexemes are hybrid in nature regarding their word-formation and their separation into a special category reflects the new status of the Greek bases of the borrowings. The hybrid formations of this type are the final result of the assimilation of the Greek loan words into the Bulgarian language, which is why they occupy a specific position in the Bulgarian lexical fund. The use of some of them is dialect or archaic, but they all contribute to the enrichment of the vocabulary and the ways of expression in Bulgarian.

In this paper, a total of eighty-three prospective Diaguitan words are presented, discussed and etymologized. Six of these are lexical borrowings from Aymara, Quechua, Atacameña and Eastern Bolivian Guaraní. Eight of these are believed Quechuan borrowings and pertain to the semantic field of chicha brewing, preparation and drinking. Three of these are etymologized merely on phonological grounds, and a full sixty-six words are etymologized and clarified as flora, fauna, etc. words which were borrowed into northern Argentinian Spanish (which contains some nine thousand non-standard Spanish words). These findings, if correct, would more than triple the number of known Diaguitan words and etymologies. The results also show that the Diaguitan languages used to be extensively spoken in the studied are, interacted strongly with other languages, and left traces in the local Spanish (and Quechua) language.

[Early Draft paper version]

The paper aimed to determine the social factors responsible for the variable use of [g], [k] and the prestigious [ʔ] in the Colloquial Arabic of the Gaza Strip women. These variables are of interest because they each have one variant that coincides with al-Fussha Arabic; which is the standard /q/. Towards this end, a quantitative study was carried out to examine the frequency of each sound in the naturally occurring speech of a sample of eight female participants belonging to families, six of whom have migrated from the occupied Palestine in year of 1948 and the other two are citizens of the Gaza Strip, where [g] is socially dominant, to the Gaza city. The findings suggest that younger generation shift from [g] or [kshift to the prestigious form [ʔ] to show prestige in the society. Thus the variable use of the original sound [g] in Gaza city could be a language shift.

Like biological species, languages change over time. As noted by Darwin, there are many parallels between language evolution and biological evolution. Insights into these parallels have also undergone change in the past 150 years. Just like genes, words change over time, and language evolution can be likened to genome evolution accordingly, but what kind of evolution? There are fundamental differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic evolution. In the former, natural variation entails the gradual accumulation of minor mutations in alleles. In the latter, lateral gene transfer is an integral mechanism of natural variation. The study of language evolution using biological methods has attracted much interest of late, most approaches focusing on language tree construction. These approaches may underestimate the important role that borrowing plays in language evolution. Network approaches that were originally designed to study lateral gene transfer may provide more realistic insights into the complexities of language evolution.Editor's suggested further reading in BioEssays Linguistic evidence supports date for Homeric epics AbstractLike biological species, languages change over time. As noted by Darwin, there are many parallels between language evolution and biological evolution. Insights into these parallels have also undergone change in the past 150 years. Just like genes, words change over time, and language evolution can be likened to genome evolution accordingly, but what kind of evolution? There are fundamental differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic evolution. In the former, natural variation entails the gradual accumulation of minor mutations in alleles. In the latter, lateral gene transfer is an integral mechanism of natural variation. The study of language evolution using biological methods has attracted much interest of late, most approaches focusing on language tree construction. These approaches may underestimate the important role that borrowing plays in language evolution. Network approaches that were originally designed to study lateral gene transfer may provide more realistic insights into the complexities of language evolution.Editor's suggested further reading in BioEssays Linguistic evidence supports date for Homeric epics Abstract

In this paper we would like to report on a study of gender assignment of English loanwords borrowed into Danish, Swedish and Norwegian. 1 Gender in the Scandinavian languages has proved to be a lively area of research, which is demonstrated by a range of recent publications. 2 Several important questions remain to be answered: most importantly, to what degree gender assignment can in these languages be regarded as regular. If it is regular, then we would like to know what formal and semantic features of the nouns are relevant in gender assignment, and how important they are with regard to one another. We want to suggest that given proper analytical tools gender assignment, while not completely regular, can to a large degree be attributed to individual criteria. Therefore we would like to validate statistically the contribution of these criteria, and measure their relative importance in the three languages. We begin with a brief description of the gender systems in the analysed languages and of the postulated gender assignment criteria. This is followed by an overview of the corpus of English loanwords and the types of analysis used in the study. The paper concludes with a discussion of the results for the three languages.

This paper presents the findings of a Miao dialect survey conducted in Honghe prefecture from May to July 2009. This survey was carried out as a cooperative project by SIL East Asia Group and the Honghe Hani-Yi Autonomous Prefecture Ethnic Research Institute. Honghe prefecture is home to around 274,000 Miao speakers, belonging to at least eleven different sub-branches. Each sub-branch speaks its own distinctive dialect. Although the Miao dialects display high functional intelligibility among each other, there are significant differences both in pronunciation and lexicon which have not been previously researched. This paper describes and categorises these differences, concluding that the eleven dialects which are considered can be grouped into four broad dialect clusters, each sharing common phonological and lexical characteristics.

This paper provides a descriptive account of the main patterns found in the adaptation of English loanwords in Burmese. First, English segments missing from the Burmese inventory are replaced by native Burmese segments. Second, coda obstruents are represented by laryngealized tones. Third, consonant clusters are resolved through vowel epenthesis or consonant deletion. Finally, various phonotactic gaps native to Burmese, some with rather idiosyncratic distributional properties, are consistently maintained in loanwords via a number of different strategies. The data suggest overall that Burmese phonology heavily constrains the adaptation of English loanwords, and a brief sketch of an Optimality-Theoretic analysis is presented.

У монографії подано, обґрунтовано та розвинено комплексний пiдxiд до вживання і творення українських тeрмiнiв, заснований на використанні методів природничих наук і мовознавчих аспектів дослідження. Такий підхід створює передумови для того, щоб розглядати термінологію не лише як розділ лексики, сукупність термінів і вчення про них, а насамперед як науку про утворення, розвиток і функціонування термінів. За допомогою послідовного застосування статистичного та аналітичного методів досліджено теоретичні й практичні термінографічні проблеми, розкрито правописні аспекти відтворення запозичених та іншомовних слів. На основі методу акустичних інваріантів досліджено акустичні характеристики звуків української (а також англійської) мови та знайдено їх інваріантні акустичні параметри. У монографії відображено результати автора, одержані в процесі його наукової та викладацької роботи в Державній академії керівних кадрів освіти, Міжрегіональному інституті вдосконалення вчителів, Київському національному лінгвістичному університеті, Київському національному університеті імені Тараса Шевченка, Техаському університеті в Арлінгтоні (США), Єнському університеті імені Фрідріха Шіллера (Німеччина), Гіссенському університеті імені Юстуса Лібіга (Німеччина), Лейпцізькому університеті (Німеччина), Дрезденському технічному університеті (Німеччина), Університеті Країни басків (Іспанія), Українському мовно-інформаційному фонді Національної академії наук України.

Для науковців, викладачів, аспірантів і студентів філологічних факультетів вищих навчальних закладів, а також для лексикографів, фонетистів, перекладачів і фахівців у галузі прикладної лінгвістики, української термінології і термінографії.

CONTENTS
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 8
INTRODUCTION 9
PART 1
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF TERMINOLOGY 18
1.1. Term and terminology: underlying statements 18
1.2. Successful term criteria 30
1.3. General tendencies of development of terminological systems 30
1.4. Main lexical semantic relations in term vocabulary (polysemy, homonymy, paronymy, synonymy) 40
1.5. National and international trends of term fund updating 62
PART 2
SEMANTIC, GRAMMATICAL, AND PHONETIC PROBLEMS OF
UKRAINIAN TERMS CODIFICATION 75
Section 2.1. Semantic and morphological qualities of Ukrainian
term vocabulary 75
2.1.1. Alien borrowings as a linguistic and terminological problem 75
2.1.2. Semantic and stylistic features of use of paronyms and pseudosynonyms in the professional language 83
2.1.3. Scientific approach to  terminological use of verbal nouns 112
2.1.4. Principles of representation of active participial forms in the Ukrainian scientific language 125
2.1.5. Possibilities and prospects of national word coinage
in terminology 127
Section  2.2. Acoustic characteristics of Ukrainian speech sounds as a ground
for scientific approach to render the borrowings 135
2.2.1. Phonetics, acoustic analysis, speech recognition 135
2.2.2. Phonetical and phonological language elements 138
2.2.2.1. Basic concepts of phonetics and phonology 138
2.2.2.2. Nonlinearity and non-invariance of speech elements 147
2.2.3. Speech acoustics 152
2.2.3.1. Acoustic theory of speech production 152
2.2.3.2. Speech sounds formants 157
2.2.3.3. Resonators in a human speech tract 159
2.2.3.4. Invariant acoustic speech analysis 162
2.2.3.5. Acoustic characteristics and invariants of
speech sounds 165
2.2.3.6. Interaction between sounds 179
PART 3
PECULIARITIES OF ORTHOGRAPHIC NORM APPLICATION IN SCIENTIFIC LEXICOGRAPHY AND WAYS TO PERFECT
MODERN SPELLING 189
3.1. Modern spelling strategy problems 189
3.2. Problems of modern spelling of terminological
and common vocabulary 191
3.2.1. Genitive case of masculine nouns of second reversal 181
3.2.2. Use of genitive and accusative cases 195
3.2.3. Spelling of compiled adjectives 196
3.2.4. The features of use of Ukrainian prepositions “в” (“у”) and
“до” for denotation of motion aim and direction 198
3.2.5. Stress problem in three-syllable nouns with the prefix “за ” 202
3.3. Denotation of time moments in Ukrainian 206
3.4. Problem of adaptation of alien terms to Ukrainian spelling 211
3.4.1. Study of phonemes /ґ/, /г/, and /х/ 211
3.4.2. “The nine” (“dev’jatka”) rule in the context of Slavic and non Slavic parallels of the Ukrainian language 214
3.4.3. Doubling simplification problems 220
3.4.4. Some “trifles” of spelling perfection 221
3.4.5. Discussion suggests to spelling 222
3.5. Scholar principles to render borrowed and foreign words:
invariant transcription and transliteration 229
3.5.1. Pronunciation and transcription 229
3.5.2. Writing and transliteration 234
CONCLUDING STATEMENTS 255
LIST OF LITERATURE 260
APPENDIX A: Visual representation of speech sounds
(spectrograms, oscillograms) 397
APPENDIX B: Inculcation of the research results
(main documentation) 337
APPENDIX V: Use of the term Χυμεία in Greek 361

The object of analysis here are the deverbal abstract nouns with roots of Greek origin and Bulgarian suffix. Most of them are motivated by fully adapted verbs borrowed from Greek and of particular interest from the perspective of word formation are the secondary derivatives formed from denominative verbs motivated by Greek nous and adjectives. The transformation of borrowed words into productive bases, which are combined with local word-forming suffixes, is the final stage of the complex process of lexical borrowing, which follows the stage of morphological adaptation of borrowed words, i. e. their grouping into a certain lexical-grammatical type. Many of them have formed large groups of derivatives. Being composed of elements of different languages, the new lexemes are hybrid in nature regarding their word-formation and their separation into a special category reflects the new status of the Greek bases of the borrowings. The hybrid formations of this type are the final result of th...

This exploration of medieval language contacts focuses on the impact of the Viking and Norman invasions on the English language of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The book provides background information on post-Conquest society, culture and language, and presents a contact linguistic framework and a description of research methods. The attestations, uses and statuses of Norse-derived and French-derived words in a broad set of early Middle English texts are discussed at length. TOC: 1 Introduction, 2 England in the 'long twelfth century', 3 English in transition: from Old to Middle English, 4 Lexical borrowing and the contact situation, 5 Studying loanwords: methods and approaches, 6 Loanwords in the Early ME corpus, 7 Loanwords in use in an Early ME prose text, 8 Conclusion, Bibliography, Appendices. 316 pp.

Modern Tagalog, or Filipino as the National Language, is widely famous for its high ability to adopt lexical units from various languages in contact. Through the ages it has assimilated a vast amount of borrowings, primarily from Malay, Sanskrit, Chinese, Arab and later, Spanish and English. Many linguists have contributed so far to the investigation of the borrowings in Tagalog, such as Philippine scholars so on. However, there have been lacunas in the overall research: the focus of many works has been set on the phonetic assimilation of the Spanish and English loans, with scarce data on the morphology and semantics, especially of the Asian lexemes. The phenomenon of the borrowings interfering with the recipient system is understudied. A uniform classification of the various borrowed elements is also needed. (I attempted to fill some of the gaps in Baklanova 2004; 2006; 2009). This paper presents a typological classification of borrowings in Tagalog, while the phenomenon of the borrowings interfering with the recipient system will also be considered. Some remarks will be made on the Filipino State Orthography (Ortograpiyang Pambansa 2013) regarding the introduction of foreign letters to the alphabet, and the problem of false cognates in modern Tagalog/Filipino.

This book is an innovative contribution to contact linguistics as it presents a rarely studied but sizeable diaspora language community in contact with five
languages – English, German, Italian, Norwegian and Spanish – across four continents. Foregrounded by diachronic descriptions of heritage Croatian in long-standing minority communities, the book presents synchronically based studies of the speech of different generations of diaspora speakers. Croatian offers excellent scope as a base language to examine how lexical and morpho-structural innovations occur in a highly inflective Slavic language where external influence from Germanic and Romance languages appears evident. The possibility of internal factors is also addressed and interpretive models of language change are drawn on.

This  article  presents  the  new  concepts,  methods  and  perspectives  for  development  of  empruntology (considered as a science about loanwords and word borrowing). The name of this science provides from French term "emprunt" (launched in 1956 by Louis Deroy) with the suffix –(o)logy: Fr. emprunt + Gr. (o)logy (Fr. empruntologie; Rus. емпрунтология; It. empruntolgia)

The present article focuses on linguistic and cultural dimensions of lexical borrowings from English into Romanian language. It is increasingly clear that English has a great influence upon  Romanian,  but  when  it  comes  to  the  necessity  of  English  borrowings  (especially English words that preserve their spelling and/ or their pronounciation) in Romanian, there are Romanian speakers (including Romanian linguists) who are very reluctant to accept the
borrowings.  However,  nobody  can  deny  at  least  two  of  the  merits  of  lexical  borrowings from English: internationality and re-Latinization of Romanian

(summary of my PhD thesis - in Polish)
The dissertation analyses the usage of linguistic borrowings from English in Polish and Russian medical texts on immunology.
A collection of immunology-related terms in the three languages was analysed. Polish and Russian terms were excerpted from original texts (no translations) written by specialists for specialists. Borrowings that were not terms were also identified in the texts. The English-language elements were then analysed in comparison with all terms in thematic groups.
The theoretical chapters are concerned with theory of language interference and the scope of contemporary influence of English on Russian and Polish as well as the theory of terminology and LSP texts, with particular regard to the role of borrowings., including the concept of term naturalness.
The practical part examines the occurrence of borrowings in some basic thematic groups of immunology-related terminology. An analysis of anatomical terms revealed a predominance of calques and indigenous terms in the Polish terminology and a dominance of Latinate terms in Russian. It is against this background that the proportions of calques, indigenous terms and borrowings in medical terminology are to be analysed.
A structural analysis of the borrowings is also undertaken together with an analysis of non-terminological lexis and adaptation of the borrowings. Attention is also given to the influence of English on word formation and syntax. The presence of borrowings among non-terminological lexis and similarities in the collocability of terms with non-terminological collocates (e.g. verbs) between the three languages indicate that the interlingual transfer of terminology is a process of lesser importance. The mechanism of language transfer postulated in the dissertation can be described as syntagmatic transfer.

This study aims to identify grammatical and lexical cohesion in the short story The Gift of The Magi written by O. Henry. The researcher reads and understands every word used to find grammatical and lexical cohesion written in the story by using qualitative descriptive analysis because this research is descriptive. The method of data analysis was done by collecting grammatical cohesion found and included in the category of lexical cohesion. The grammatical cohesion studied is the type of reference, substitution, and conjunction. And lexical cohesion is achieved through the arrangement of words in various types of taxonomic relationships according to their meanings. The most important words to be studied are repetition, synonym, antonym, and equivalence. The theory used in this research is the cohesion theory of Halliday and Hasan in the book Cohesion in English (1976) which states that cohesion is a language tool to express cohesion in a discourse, and discourse is an order above a sentence.

As mobile phones become more and more commonplace in communities across Papua New Guinea, Tok Pisin is developing linguistic resources to talk about how they work and how they are used. This paper uses recorded interviews with Tok Pisin  speakers from across the country to analyse the emerging discourse about mobile phones, investigating lexical, grammatical and semantic innovations and the degree to which they are entrenched in spoken language. These innovations are frequently based on English, and include both loanwords and loan-based creations; both material and structural borrowing; and both code-switching and true borrowing. The analysis is used to evaluate the state of Tok Pisin in response to new technology, and suggest recommendations for future Tok Pisin dictionary projects.

A prevailing issue of debate in language contact studies involves the borrowability of various lexical and free grammatical categories. In this MA Thesis (a) I examine the borrowing of different lexical and free functional words, (b) I investigate the reliability of well-known borrowability scales, like those that have been formulated by Haugen (1950), Muysken (1981), Matras (2007), etc, and (c) I examine the factors that determine the borrowing process.

For this purpose, I examine data from the Modern Greek Dialects. More specifically, I examine the borrowing of (a) Romance words in Griko, (b) Turkish words in Cappadocian, and (c) both Romance and Turkish words in Cretan.

I investigate how easy the borrowing of a particular lexical and free functional word category can be as well as the language-contact factors affecting the process. I propose a common borrowability scale for the lexical categories (nouns > verbs > adjectives > adverbs) for all of the dialectal varieties that I have studied, and I show that certain words are relatively easy to be borrowed.

My main findings show that no absolute generalization can be drawn within the language contact domain. The intensity of contact factor (Thomason & Kaufman, 1988; Thomason, 2001) seems to be the key factor in explaining the split between lexical and structural borrowing. It explains why, for example, both in Griko and Cappadocian, where bilingualism and borrowing is vastly extensive, free-functional-words are borrowed with ease, whereas in Cretan, where the level of bilingualism is obviously less extensive, the borrowing of free-functional-words is extremely restricted.

Moreover, the differentiation between the borrowing of free-functional words in Griko versus that in Cappadocian shows that borrowing depends not only on external factors (e.g. the intensity of contact) but also on intralinguistic factors such as the typological distance and the structural (in)compatibility of the systems in contact. A concrete example is the absence of borrowed prepositions in Cappadocian due to Turkish containing only postpositions.

Identifying loanwords in any language is important to unveil its own lexicon as well as
to observe with what communities speakers of that language were in cultural and political relationship. Mamluk-Kipchak period is one of the most productive terms in Turkic lexicography. Loanwords in Mamluk-Kipchak glossaries were meticulously defined and explained about their origin by some authors but by others  they were considered Turkic. In this paper, loanwords in Kitabü’l-İdrak li Lisâni’l-Etrâk, which is the work of Abu Hajjan, have been discussed and clarified about their origins.

Lexical borrowing is a common process across languages. Even so, words borrowed into a language are rarely borrowed perfectly, but instead undergo modification vis-à-vis their realization in the source language from which they were borrowed. This process of modification may result from the influence of the phonology native to the borrowing language, from general principles of Universal Grammar (UG), or from a combination of the two. In recent years, loanword adaptation has been modeled in various ways (e.g., Silverman 1992, Paradis 1996, Kenstowicz 2001, Steriade 2002) that say different things about the stages of adaptation and the relative importance of factors such as the borrower’s proficiency in the source language and the veridicality of cross-language speech perception.

The present study concerns the adaptation of loanwords borrowed from English into Burmese, a language that is phonologically very different from English. English loanwords undergo systematic modifications in Burmese, some reflecting aspects of native Burmese phonology and others having no correlate in Burmese phonology. This case of loanword adaptation has implications for models of loanword phonology, suggesting that Burmese loanword adaptation occurs in a two-stage process, beginning with an initial English-to-Burmese mapping that occurs on a phoneme-to-phone basis. Segmental and syllabic structure is accounted for in this way, but tone assignment appears to be governed by a combination of Burmese tone laws and principles of UG that remains to be characterized. This issue of tone assignment is left as a question for future research.

Монография является первым обобщающим типологическим исследованием префиксальной перфективации — феномена, до сих пор получившего подробное освещение лишь в славянских языках. В книге на синхронном уровне рассматривается материал славянских и балтийских языков, идиша, немецкого, венгерского, осетинского, а также картвельских языков — грузинского, сванского, мегрельского и лазского. Подробно изучаются морфологические свойства глагольных префиксов (превербов), их семантика, особенности семантики и функционирования превербных глаголов, устройство аспектуальных систем. Полученные эмпирические данные подвергаются количественному анализу, позволяющему выделить две области кластеризации систем префиксального перфектива — славянскую и кавказскую, — различающиеся набором харак-теризующих их признаков. Отдельно исследуются диахрония систем превербов и перфективации в рассматриваемых языковых семьях, возможные типологические параллели в других ареалах и типы наблюдаемых в этой области контактных явлений, для чего привлекается материал ряда миноритарных идиомов (цыганских, славянских, балтийских, балканороманских, финно-угорских). Делаются эмпирически обоснованные выводы о соотношении генетически унаследованного, универсально-типологического и контактного в наблюдаемом ареальном распределении систем префиксального перфектива в языках Центральной и Восточной Европы и Кавказа.

This paper deals with Modern English loan words, i.e. the loan words that entered English in the period from approximately 1500 to the present-day. Among them the most numerous are definitely Latin and French. The Latin language has been an inexhaustible source of borrowings since the early beginnings of English, while French became the most frequent source in the Middle English period. Thus, in the last five centuries both languages simply preserved their importance as greatest donors of loan words. Nevertheless, in its recent history English has borrowed from many other languages as well, such as Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Greek, German, Dutch, Russian, Indian, Chinese, Australian, etc.

La presente investigación describe las actitudes referentes al uso del inglés y el español de profesores y alumnos de segundo y cuarto semestre de una escuela de nivel medio superior de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, a fin de conocer el lugar que tienen ambos idiomas, así como sus usos dentro del aula y la participación de los factores afectivos; asimismo, tiene como objetivo indicar la relación que puede haber entre dichas actitudes y los niveles de competencia , así como el sistema de creencias o metodología del profesor. Finalmente, busca comparar las actitudes de los profesores con las de los estudiantes. El estudio es de carácter descriptivo el cual hace uso de un método mixto de investigación con un diseño anidado concurrente de predominancia cuantitativa. Para su realización se elaboró, validó y aplicó una encuesta a los alumnos, otra encuesta similar a profesores y una entrevista semiestructurada a profesores con el fin de conocer más a fondo el porqué de sus actitudes y las razones pedagógicas, afectivas y contextuales de las mismas. Los datos cuantitativos fueron analizados a través del programa estadístico SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) mientras que los datos cualitativos fueron grabados y posteriormente transcritos para su análisis y categorización. En general, se encontró una actitud neutra con respecto al uso del inglés y al español independientemente del sistema de creencias del profesor y el nivel de competencia, donde tanto docentes como alumnos estuvieron de acuerdo con utilizar el español en el aula pero se mostraron también a favor de maximizar el inglés. Así pues, mientras el inglés se espera como lenguaje que se debe fomentar en el aula de manera paulatina, el español sirve de apoyo para bajar el filtro afectivo y dar más seguridad a los estudiantes en varias situaciones que ocurren en el aula y en aspectos pedagógicos.  Dichas actitudes resultaron estar marcadas por el contexto.

This volume accounts for the motives for contemporary lexical borrowing from English, using a comparative approach and a broad cross-cultural perspective. It investigates the processes involved in the penetration of English vocabulary into new environments and the extent of their integration into twelve languages representing several language families, including Icelandic, Dutch, French, Russian, Hungarian, Hebrew, Arabic, Amharic, Persian, Japanese, Taiwan Chinese, and several languages spoken in southern India. Some of these languages are studied here in the context of borrowing for the first time ever. All in all, this volume suggests that the English lexical 'invasion', as it is often referred to, is a natural and inevitable process. It is driven by psycholinguistic, sociolinguistic, and socio-historical factors, of which the primary determinants of variability are associated with ethnic and linguistic diversity.


REVIEWS
"[This] book is a welcome addition to the literature on the global impact of English and to the research on lexical borrowing. ... [T]he overall value of this excellent book as a solid contribution to the systematization of the ongoing global process of lexical borrowing from English in the contemporary world and as a basis for enquiries concerning other languages to test and develop the model further."
      Päivi Pahta, World Englishes 30 (2011), 160.

"This book compares the use and impact of English lexical items in a dozen other languages around the world. The goal is to determine which items are taken in and why, noting as appropriate secondary effects such as the introduction of new phonemes or syntactic patterns. The common term for such a phenomenon is borrowing... This volume is a good introduction to the diversity of linguistic situations concerning this phenomenon."
        Douglas A. Kibbee, The Modern Language Journal 95 (2011): 149.

“... [T]his volume provides a substantial and important contribution to the research of language borrowing side by side with many adjacent fields, such as the global status of the English language, language policy and planning and historical-linguistic research. A reader unfamiliar with linguistic-theoretical conceptualization may face difficulties with several parts of the book, but undoubtedly would highly benefit from the sociolinguistic aspects that are presented usually in an accessible and thought-provoking manner.”         
        Dafna Yitzhaki, Israel Studies in Language and Society 2 (2009), 135.

“As a whole, the general theoretical outline of this book is novel, particularly the discussion on mechanism of adoption which have not been dealt earlier, and here is its great uniqueness. … This edited volume offers its readers a great deal of material and insightful distinctions that one must rely on in order to develop a balanced opinion on the eco-linguistic state of affaires of world languages, our language included. Every linguist and those who deal with languages contact in particular, but also scholars in other disciplines interested in the cultural phenomenon of the English impact on global culture and languages, would benefit from perusing this great wealth that only little of it was reviewed here.”
Y. Newman, Helkat Lashon: A Journal for Theoretical and Applied Linguistics 41 (2009-10), 195.

Le présent document analyse le processus de l'emprunt du grec moderne au français en manière synchronique. L'objectif est d'examiner l’adaptation graphémique (translittération), phonologique, morphologique et sémantique de ces emprunts. L'analyse est fondée sur l'indexation des trois principaux dictionnaires monolingues et d'un dictionnaire spécial des emprunts grecs modernes.
Pour la translittération et l’adaptation phonologique des emprunts en grec moderne la règle générale réside dans la simplification phonétique. En ce qui concerne la morphologie, les emprunts adaptés constituent la majorité, toutefois, tous les emprunts servent de base pour la création de nouveaux mots dérivés d’origine française. Les champs sémantiques les plus fréquentes sont : la science, la médecine, l'homme, la mode, les arts et les médias, les outils/machines. Selon le classement des emprunts d’après leur type, l'intégration des emprunts simples est la importante, tandis que quelques emprunts moins encore utilisés ont aussi détectés. En conclusion, les emprunts au français montrent de régularité et que la langue grecque maintienne son équilibre. Nous insistons par contre sur le besoin de recherche supplémentaire au niveau sociolinguistique.

The goal of this article is twofold. First, it revises the historiographic partition proposed by John Deely in Four Ages of Understanding (2001) by arguing that the moment marking the beginning of philosophical Modernity has been vividly recorded in Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy with the experiment with the wax. Second, an upshot of this historical study is that it helps make sense of Deely’s somewhat iconoclastic use of the words “subject” and “subjectivity” to designate mind-independent worldly things. The hope is that successfully accomplishing these twin tasks will give semiotic inquiry a better appreciation of its own history, as well as resources genial to furthering its ongoing development.

The aim of this thesis is to examine lexemes of a substratum origin in Guus Kroonen's Etymological
Dictionary of Proto-Germanic and to define the phonetic characteristics of the Proto-Germanic
substratum language, here called Pre-Germanic. After an overview of the development of Proto-
Germanic I summarize the most important hypotheses about the Proto-Germanic substratum. Based
on five characteristics (a) limited geographical distribution; b) phonological and morphonological
irregularity; c) unusual phonological makeup; d) unusual word formation; e) specific semantics)
given by the Leiden school I make a selection of those lexemes, which are likely of substratum
origin, and describe them. Then, a quantitative analysis of the phonetic characteristics of lexemes of
substratum and Indo-European origin is performed and the results compared and examined. I
conclude that lexemes of substratum origin display a different structure than inherited Indo-
European ones and that while the consonant systems of Proto- and Pre-Germanic were comparable,
the vowel and structural system was not.

In the Berber dialect, cardinal numerals are fully considered as nominal, even though they present some specificity of form, meaning and use. The example of the Zenaga dialect of Mauritania is all the more interesting as it is one of the few languages that kept the use of ancient numerals’ names (not only for 1-10 but also for the tens, the hundreds and the thousands) whereas a lot of the others replaced them by borrowings from Arabic. The Zenaga dialect encompasses several syntactic constructions. From one to eleven, the name of the numbered thing N2 is always directly annexed to the numeral N1 (except if N2 is a borrowing). This construction (with gender agreement and N2 in the plural form for N1>1) has been a borrowing). This construction (with gender agreement and N2 in the plural form for N1>1) has been found in other Berber dialects and is probably the oldest. Direct annexation in Zenaga has a remarkable particularity which is to lead not to a modification of the initial syllable of N2 (this language ignores state opposition), but to the modification of the final consonant N1.

Dictionary of Polish loanwords in Lithuanian belongs not only to a scholarly lexicon type, designated for academics interested in Baltic and Slavic linguistics and cultural studies, but it is intended for populace needs either.
Polonisms in Lithuanian are divided into three groups, based on the principles of (α) establishing the primary source of the variants of the Lithuanian word (through areal distribution), and (β) the words’ phonetic, morphological and semantic identity (correlated with the modulation of α). Also taken into account are peculiarities in the usage of the primary forms (not necessarily in the inherited layer) on the West Slavic ground, and their secondary variants in the East Slavic languages (based on the influence of factors α and β). The resulting three groups are:
I. monogenic (i.e. homogenous, not represented in the vocabulary of the East Slavic languages (based on factor α)),
II. indeterminate (due to the presence of variants of loanwords from Polish in East Slavic vocabulary (factor α) in different time periods),
III. alternative (III.1. forms belonging to the inherited layer, characteristic of Polish and one of the East Slavic languages (with regard to factor α); III.2. doublet variants of foreign origin, derived from a different primary source; III.3. Semipolonisms).

ON THE STUDY OF GERMAN LOANWORDS IN EAST SLAVIC DIALECTS IN TRANSCARPATHIA

German borrowings as a result of German-East Slavic language contacts can be observed primarily in the South Western Ukrainian dialects. There is a historical reason for this, as Western Ukraine was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire for a long time. In our paper, German loanwords are studied a) on the material of the East Slavic dialects of Transcarpathia, which so far have been only optionally involved in the study of contacts German in the Carpathian area, and b) on recordings of oral speech rather than dictionaries, as in most previous studies. Our paper offers a primary classification of the more frequent lexical borrowings in the Boyko-Dialect and examines transgenerational dynamics in their usage.

What counts as too close for comfort? How can an entire room suddenly
feel restless at the imminence of a yet unknown occurrence? And who
decides whether or not we are already in an age of unliveable extremes? The
anthropology of intensity studies how humans encounter and communicate the continuous and gradable features of social and environmental
phenomena in everyday interactions. Focusing on the last twenty years of
life in a Mayan village in the cloud forests of Guatemala, this book provides
a natural history of intensity in exceedingly tense times, through a careful
analysis of ethnographic and linguistic evidence. It uses intensity as a way
to reframe Anthropology in the age of the Anthropocene, and rethinks
classic work in the formal linguistic tradition from a culture-specific and
context-sensitive stance. It is essential reading for not only anthropologists
and linguists, but also ecologically oriented readers, critical theorists, and
environmental scientists.

The final, slightly revised version of the paper is published in Cuneiform Digital Library Journal 2014:004. I host the present draft because it contains an excursus on the Haspelmath-Tadmor’ “Leipzig-Jakarta wordlist” on p.9-10 (due to its self-dependent nature, the excursus has been excluded from the published paper). I suggest that despite the sound theoretical approach, the actual results of the WOLD project unfortunately do not appear very reliable and the traditional Swadesh wordlist cannot be replaced by the current version of the “Leipzig-Jakarta wordlist”.

The paper deals with lexical isoglosses between two ancient Near Eastern languages: Sumerian and Hurrian (Hurro-Urartian); namely several basic terms (like ‘hand’, ‘rain’ and so on) phonetically similar in both languages are discussed. Four possible scenarios are evaluated from the typological, etymological and statistical points of view: (1) chance coincidences; (2) lexical borrowings from Sumerian into Hurro-Urartian or vice versa; (3) genetic relationship between Sumerian and Hurro-Urartian; (4) prehistoric language shift: adoption by a Hurro-Urartian (or closely related) group of the Sumerian language or vice versa. Out of these four, two scenarios — lexical borrowings and genetic relationship — are typologically unlikely. The statistical probability of chance coincidences is low, although formally this explanation cannot be excluded. The fourth scenario — language shift — fits linguistic evidence and does not contradict archaeological data.

The study presents a build-up schedule for specification of the Dictionary of Polish loanwords in Lithuanian, which is prepared in the Institute of the Lithuanian Language (Vilnius). The analysis of the lexemes is based on internal reconstruction and typology, and results in the assignment of the word to the group of Polish loan words in Lithuanian.
Next, the study examines the methodology and criteria of identification of Polish loan words in Lithuanian. Also etymology, peculiar developments, and trends in the infiltration of these borrowings are discussed.