Larch

Currently, there is an increasing demand for more rigorous and systematic approaches to develop security critical software systems across the globe. The complexity of the software system is rapidly raising due to the inclusion of properties like security and reliability. The process of software development complicates with the raising complexity of the software system. As a result, formal methods are currently used to model complex security critical systems. Literature reveals that formal methods can be applied at various points through the development process. Their tools can provide automated support, needed for checking completeness, traceability, verifiability, reusability and inconsistency management of requirement specification, which is the backbone of entire SDLC. Accordingly, there appears a need for a critical review of these formal methods. The paper presents a brief discussion on various formal methods particularly Z-method, B-method, VDM, OBJ, Larch and Communicating Se...

The effects of using 100% larch bark (Larix decidua Mill) as a raw material for composite boards on the thermophysical properties of this innovative material were investigated in this study. Panels made of larch bark with 4–11 mm and 10–30 mm particle size, with ground bark oriented parallel and perpendicular to the panel’s plane at densities varying from 350 to 700 kg/m3 and bonded with urea-formaldehyde adhesive were analyzed for thermal conductivity, thermal resistivity and specific heat capacity. It was determined that there was a highly significant influence of bulk density on the thermal conductivity of all the panels. With an increase in the particle size, both parallel and perpendicular to the panel´s plane direction, the thermal conductivity also increased. The decrease of thermal diffusivity was a consequence of the increasing particle size, mostly in the parallel orientation of the bark particles due to the different pore structures. The specific heat capacity is not stat...

Numerous dendroarchaeological studies have been carried out in buildings in the southeastern quarter of France, which has enabled us to lay the foundations for a first regional restitution of forest stands in the medieval and modern periods, based on the species, diameters, ages and growth rhythms of the trees used by humans. The 2369 pieces of dated softwood timber are mainly larch and fir from the Massif Central and the Alps mountains. Larch seems to have been used mostly locally in the Alps, whereas fir was certainly exported from the two regions to the lowland towns. Very little felling has been identified in the historically troubled 13th–14th century. For the moment we have not identified any fir trees used before the 15th century in the Alps, whereas they are present in the Massif Central from the 12th century. Growth of fir timbers show little variation over time while larch timbers present an increase in growth between those felled until the 12th century and those felled from the 15th century onwards. Finally, since firs from the Massif Central show a higher age trend than those from the Alps, this can serve as a model for identifying the source forests of the timber used in the Rhône valley.

Findings of structures remains discovered during excavations on Medieval Mongolian Sites in Eastern Trans-Baikal Region were summarized in the article. They were excavated during exploration of Alestui Mansion, at Khirkhira fortress, as well as at Konduy town site. The similar findings at Sutai Mansion in Buryatia, at Den-Terek fortress in Tuva, Karakorum, Shangdu, at Avraga fortress in Mongolia can be drawn on for comparison. In addition to traditional archaeological methods of the material investigation, an anatomical study of wood has been accomplished at Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity FEBRAS (Vladivostok). The study results evidence that some of samples collected belongs to Pinaceae, and one of them is the wood of Larix gmelinii or Dahurian Larch, vegetated in this region. Despite of rarity and fragmentariness of this kind of sources on Medieval sites of Central Asia and Far East, it was found out that the wood of local origin was utilized by the Mongols for monumental objects construction. This research is only a part of work on construction materials investigation of Medieval Mongolian Archaeological Culture.

Numerous dendroarchaeological studies have been carried out in buildings in the south-eastern quarter of France, which has enabled us to lay the foundations for a first regional restitution of forest stands in the medieval and modern periods, based on the species, diameters, ages and growth rhythms of the trees used by humans. The 2369 pieces of dated softwood timber are mainly larch and fir from the Massif Central and the Alps mountains. Larch seems to have been used mostly locally in the Alps, whereas fir was certainly exported from the two regions to the lowland towns. Very little felling has been identified in the historically troubled 13th–14th century. For the moment we have not identified any fir trees used before the 15th century in the Alps, whereas they are present in the Massif Central from the 12th century. Growth of fir timbers show little variation over time while larch timbers present an increase in growth between those felled until the 12th century and those felled f...