Landfill

Compacted sandy soils with addition of bentonite have been used in a variety of geotechnical structures as engineered barriers, such as in landfill liners and hydraulic containment structures. In this study, Igbokoda sand was mixed with bentonite at varying percentages of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% by weight of sand. Strength tests, which include compaction test, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test and direct shear test, were performed on various sand-bentonite mixtures using standard methods. Hydraulic conductivity tests were also performed on various sand-bentonite mixtures in order to determine their suitability as landfill liner. Results from the tests showed that 8% of bentonite with sand mixture had a hydraulic conductivity below 1×10-7 cm/s, a cohesion value of 250 kN/m3 and a reasonable strength (CBR) value of 54.07% using the West Africa standard compactive method, hence being the safest of the selected varying percentages for the design of a landfill liner.

Among prevalent methods of disposal for municipal solid waste, landfilling is the most common one. A landfill requires a piece of land and receive a huge amount of wastes for a certain period of time. Many landfills all around the world are located into or nearby urban areas where the land is scarce and highly demanded. Therefore, an important question arises on how to re-use this piece of threatening land. The aim of this study is to highlight the benefits of landscape work with the roles of landscape architects or equivalent disciplines to succeed a sustainable development of a landfill site not only after the landfill being closed but also from the beginning of it. To achieve this, a comprehensive investigation has been done among related literature to address these issues and prove that landscape work is one of the key factors that can lead a landfill project to a more successful and beneficial one which eventually makes the project sustainable. The findings of the study are use...

Owing to its contribution of largest portion of landfill wastes and consumption of about half of mineral resources excavated from nature, construction industry has been pressed to improve its sustainability. Despite an adoption of several waste management strategies, and introduction of various legislative measures, reducing waste generated by the industry remains challenging. In order to understand cultural factors contributing to waste intensiveness of the industry, as well as those preventing effectiveness of existing waste management strategies, this study examines cultural profile of construction industry. Drawing on four focus group discussions with industry experts, the study employs phenomenological approach to explore waste inducing cultural factors. Combining findings from phenomenological research with extant literatures, the study suggests that in order to reduce waste intensiveness of the construction industry, five waste inducing cultural factors need to be changed. These include (i) " make-do " understanding that usually result in " make-do waste " (ii) non-collaborative culture, which results in reworks and other forms of wasteful activities (iii) blame culture, which encourages shifting of waste preventive responsibilities between designers and contractors , (iv) culture of waste behaviour, which encourages belief in waste inevitability, and (v) conservatism, which hinders diffusion of innovation across the industry. Changing these sets of cultural and behavioural activities is not only important for engendering waste management practices; they are requisite for effectiveness of existing strategies. Improvement in the identified areas is also required for overall improvement and general resource efficiency of the construction industry. Thus, this paper advocates cultural shift as a means of reducing waste landfilled by the construction industry, thereby enhancing sustainability and profitability of the industry.

Municipal solid waste management is an important component of urban services that is often handled by local governments. Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia faces rapid urbanization leading to overcrowding and the development of shantytowns and poor neighborhoods. The general aim of this study was to appraise the present dry waste service provision of Addis Ababa. This study used an integrative literature review method with critical analysis to investigate the current solid waste management status in Addis Ababa. The results of this study show that the delivery of the service does not keep pace with the city's solid waste generation and the city's municipal disposal of solid waste is found in actual, low status and spatial coverage. This humble status of city garbage management is also heightened by three critical factors, i.e. poor institutional structure, inadequate disposal site and transfer station, and poor households' solid waste handling practices. Besides, the city households dominantly created decomposable solid wastes (60%) through generation amount of 0.45 kg/person/day and the main source are residential wastes, which account for 76% of the total waste. The sudy concluded that, the main problem with the incompetence of this sector in the city was the lack of trained labor and inadequate service delivery. In order to improve the status, there should be awareness creation, improvement of the city government, and implementation of an incorporated method to the management of metropolitan solid waste that respects and involves all stakeholders in the metropolis.

ÖZET
Düzensiz depolama alanlarının ıslahı (rehabilitasyonu) ile ilgili çalışmalar bir katı atık yönetim sisteminin kurulmasında öncelikli işlemlerden
biridir. Çünkü çevreye zararı nispeten daha az olan (örn. evsel veya tarımsal) atıklarla, daha zararlı olan (örn. endüstriyel, tehlikeli) atıkların aynı
depolama alanında biriktirilmesi çevresel zararları daha da arttırmaktadır. Ayrıca değerli atıkların geri kazanılmasından elde edilecek ekonomik
faydadan mahrum kalınmakta veya geri kazanım maliyetleri artmaktadır. Düzenli bir depolama alanı inşa edilirken, atık azaltma ve geri
dönüşüm süreçleri gibi, entegre ve sürdürülebilir bir katı atık yönetim sisteminin bütün aşamaları da planlanmalıdır. Depolamanın katı atık
hiyerarşisinde an az tercih edilen seçenek olduğu unutulmamalıdır.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Konya Aslım Çöplüğü özelinde, vahşi depolama alanlarının ıslahı için yapılan kentsel çalışmaları incelemektir. Düzensiz
depolama alanlarının ıslah edilmesinin kentsel, çevresel ve ekonomik getirilerini ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmada, öncelikle katı atık depolama
alanlarının önemine değinilecek ve düzensiz depolama alanlarının ıslahı hakkında teorik bir çerçeve sunulacaktır. Konya’da bertaraf edilen katı
atık miktarları ve katı atık yönetimindeki mevcut durum değerlendirilecektir. Konya Büyükşehir Belediyesi’nin, bir düzensiz depolama alanı
olarak sorun oluşturan Aslım Çöplüğü’nün ıslahı için yaptığı çalışmalar incelenecektir.
***
ABSTRACT
Work related to the rehabilitation of irregular landfills is one of the priorities in the establishment of a solid waste management system. This is
because the accumulation of relatively harmless waste (e.g. domestic or agricultural) and more harmful (e.g. industrial, hazardous) wastes in the
same storage area further increases the environmental damage. In addition, it is deprived of the economic benefit of recovering of valuable
wastes or the recovery costs are increasing. When a regular landfill site is being built, all phases of an integrated and sustainable solid waste
management system, such as waste reduction and recycling processes, must be planned. It should be kept in mind that storage is the least
preferred option in the solid waste hierarchy.
The purpose of this study is to examine the urban studies carried out for the rehabilitation of the open dump areas and to carry out an analysis
specific to Aslım Dump Site in Konya. It is to present the urban, environmental and economic implications or returns of the rehabilitation of
irregular landfills. In this study, firstly the importance of solid waste storage areas will be mentioned and a theoretical framework about the
improvement of irregular storage areas will be presented. The amount of solid waste disposed in Konya and the current situation in solid waste
management will be evaluated. The work done by the Konya Metropolitan Municipality for the rehabilitation of Aslım Dump Site, which constitutes a problem as an irregular storage area, will be examined.

The collection and treatment of municipal solid waste have become an intense problem due to speed up economic development, fast urbanization, cumulatively increased population and industrialization. Increased attention has been given by the government in recent years to handle this problem in a safe and hygienic manner. The purpose of this paper is to review the collection o f municipal solid waste (MSW) and landfill deposition. Unscientific landfills leads to deterioration in air quality, public health, etc. Every landfill is an environment hazard and the dump yards have become breeding grounds for dengue, malaria and water-borne diseases. There are concerns over medical consequences from landfill sites and older incinerators, including cancer, mortality, birth defects and low birth weight. Ozone-depleting substances released from discarded electronic appliances and building materials (e.g. foams), as well as industrial waste practices, contribute to ozone-layer depletion.

Compacted sandy soils with addition of bentonite have been used in a variety of geotechnical structures as engineered barriers, such as in landfill liners and hydraulic containment structures. In this study, Igbokoda sand was mixed with bentonite at varying percentages of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% by weight of sand. Strength tests, which include compaction test, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test and direct shear test, were performed on various sand-bentonite mixtures using standard methods. Hydraulic conductivity tests were also performed on various sand-bentonite mixtures in order to determine their suitability as landfill liner. Results from the tests showed that 8% of bentonite with sand mixture had a hydraulic conductivity below 1×10-7 cm/s, a cohesion value of 250 kN/m 3 and a reasonable strength (CBR) value of 54.07% using the West Africa standard compactive method, hence being the safest of the selected varying percentages for the design of a landfill liner.

Among prevalent methods of disposal for municipal solid waste, landfilling is the most common one. A landfill requires a piece of land and receive a huge amount of wastes for a certain period of time. Many landfills all around the world are located into or nearby urban areas where the land is scarce and highly demanded. Therefore, an important question arises on how to re-use this piece of threatening land. The aim of this study is to highlight the benefits of landscape work with the roles of landscape architects or equivalent disciplines to succeed a sustainable development of a landfill site not only after the landfill being closed but also from the beginning of it. To achieve this, a comprehensive investigation has been done among related literature to address these issues and prove that landscape work is one of the key factors that can lead a landfill project to a more successful and beneficial one which eventually makes the project sustainable. The findings of the study are useful for those who are engaging in landfill industries both practitioners and academicians and will contribute knowledge about sustainable development of landfill from a different perspective.

Organic waste can be considered a food subsidy which represents an important source of energy for different species that exploit it. However, it could produce contrasting impacts, both positive and negative. We reviewed which species of terrestrial vertebrates (birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians) exploit rubbish dumps, and the impacts that waste produces on them. We analysed 159 articles including 98 species that are present in rubbish dumps. Studies come from all over the world (including Antarctica), but mainly from Europe, North America and Africa. Impacts reported on vertebrates were manly considered positive (72.6%) but around a quarter showed negative impacts. Rubbish dumps provide food resources that may improve body condition, enhance reproductive performance and abundance, improve survival rate, alter movements, and they can be an important sustenance for some endangered species. However, these places increase the risk of pathogen infections and poisoning, can be responsible for the spread of introduced-invasive species and favour conflicts between humans and animals that use them. Moreover , species that take advantage of these sites can produce negative impacts on others that do not use them. Worldwide increase in waste production makes this novel ecosystem important on shaping ecological communities. Therefore, the spatial and temporal effects of rubbish dumps on wildlife should be evaluated more deeply at a worldwide scale considering current differences in waste production from developing to developed countries.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachate is highly concentrated organic wastewater of complex composition. It is a major source of pollution potentially threatening the quality of groundwater and surface water. Leachate needs to undergo a suite of rigorous treatment processes before being discharged into the environment. The available technologies, which were developed for the treatment of landfill leachate, can be classified as physical, chemical, or biological. The current major leachate treatment method is by aerobic treatment combined with chemical and physical treatment. The biological treatment of landfill leachate using aerobic ponds has some drawbacks such as low removal of organic matter and some toxic pollutants. On the other hand, the anaerobic treatment of wastewater has gained wide attention among researchers and sanitary engineers, mainly due to its economical merits over conventional aerobic methods. In this chapter, the anaerobic treatment of landfill leachate is discussed. The topics discussed in this chapter include MSW generation, the management of landfills, an overview of landfill processing, leachate characterization, general treatment methods of landfill leachate, and the anaerobic treatment of leachate using bioreactors. The chapter is concluded with final thoughts on the anaerobic treatment of landfill leachate.

In dit archeologisch onderzoek is een afvallaag aangetroffen waar een grote hoeveelheid 18de eeuws aardewerkmateriaal is verzameld.
Het onderzochte perceel is gesitueeerd aan de over van de Zaan, een natuurlijke rivier die van groot belang is geweest voor de ontwikkeling van de industrie in het gebied. De Westzijde is een dijk die in ieder geval bewoond is geweest vanaf de 16e eeuw. Het was een van de rijkere delen van het gebied met scheepswerven, woningen en fraaie tuinen. Het gevonden aarde-werk uit de tweede helft van de 18de eeuw heeft een lage fragmentatiegraad, hetgeen in de richting wijst van een of meerdere stortlagen van huishoudelijk (stads)afval. De houten palen en bekisting die haaks op de oever zijn aangetroffen, zijn eveneens structuren die wijzen op overversteviging en landaanwinnng.

In recent years, severe collapse incidents have frequently occurred at solid waste final disposal sites in urban areas of developing countries. Many of these incidents have occurred at open dumpsites or insufficiently controlled dumpsites, where solid waste increasingly accumulates on limited available land, and sudden collapse is triggered by rainfall. These incidents give rise to casualties, particularly in developing countries. The following factors have been associated with urban dumpsite collapses: rapid urbanization and urban sprawl, rapid increase of solid waste volume, increasing gap between rich and poor among the urban population, formation of informal groups of waste pickers, inadequate technology for disposal site management, and difficulty of building consensus for siting landfills. These factors form a complex chain of problems and are interrelated. In this presentation, the technical and social factors that lead to dumpsite collapse, as well as the consequences of these collapses, are discussed using case studies of dumpsite collapse incidents that occurred at Maputo City, Mozambique in March 2018, and at Colombo City, Sri Lanka in April 2017.

Rapid and unplanned urbanization in most cities of India has progressively increased the problem of managing municipal waste in the past few years. With insufficient infrastructure and funds, municipalities in most cities are struggling to cope with the pace of waste generated. Open dumping and burning of waste is widely in practice as a cheaper option leading to high pollution levels. Scientific disposal of waste in a large scale with the elements of segregation, composting, recycling, landfill and incineration are hardly practiced. In an effort to finding affordable and simple solutions to address this burning issue of waste disposal, a pilot scale study was conducted focusing on segregation methodology leading to zero waste community. A resident colony in the city of Guwahati has been chosen, which is seen as a typical representative of most cities in India in terms of size and key issues surrounding waste management. Scientific management and disposal of waste on site is carried out from segregation to compositing. Identifying bottlenecks in the success of the model, data on efficient composting of the waste collected were part of the study. Similar satellite waste management plants could potentially be a solution to supplement the waste management system of municipalities of similar sized cities in India or South East Asia with similar issues surrounding waste disposal.

Landfill siting is a complex, multicriteria decision-making problem that needs an extensive evaluation of environmental, social,land use, and operational criteria. Integration of a median ranked sample set (MRSS) and an analytic network process (ANP) has been implemented to rank the associated criteria and select a suitable landfill site. It minimizes the uncertainty and the subjectivity of human judgments. Four groups of experts with different backgrounds participated in this study, and each group contained four experts. The respondent preferences were ranked in a 4-by-4 matrix to obtain the judgment sets for the MRSS. These sets were
subsequently analyzed using ANP to obtain the priorities in the landfill siting criteria. The results show that land topology and
distance from surface water are the most influential factors, with priorities of 0.18 and 0.17, respectively.The proposed integrated model may become a promising tool for the environmental planners and decision makers.

Determination of proper landfill site involves multiple disciplines. The landfills contain a large quantity of solid waste. The management of solid waste (MSW) necessitates the involvement of different stakeholders. In this paper, we aim to determine the appropriate landfill site at the level of the municipality of Ajdir in the province of Al Hoceima Morocco. We take into consideration the opinions of the stakeholders. Based on environmental, socio-cultural and economic criteria. For this purpose, we used in this paper two multi-criteria analysis methods. The Geographic Information System (GIS) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). First, we created the database GIS related to the study area. Next, this data was processed to determine the landfill sites that respect the stakeholder's priorities and exclusion criteria. Then, a multi-criteria analysis by AHP method was carried out. This analysis took into consideration the stakeholders priorities and criteria. Next, using AHP method, a comparison was made between the landfill sites available. This comparison was based on the priority of the criteria. It simplified the classification of the landfill sites from the most favorable to unfavorable site in the study area.

Industrialisation is at its peak. In the present scenario solid and hazardous wastes generated from the industries have resulted in a
great threat and concern for the environment, because their improper disposal, without proper engineering methods can put a very
disastrous impact on the environment and ecology by polluting air, water and soil.

Landfill leachate contains variety of organic compounds, some are recalcitrant in nature. Those compounds are difficult to convert into inorganic compounds by conventional biological methods. For which, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) plays very crucial role for their treatment. Among AOPs, photocatalytic degradation process was employed in the present study. In this method, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation with photocatalyst titanium dioxide (TiO 2) is producing highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (HO°). The generated (HO°) are highly reactive and non-selective in nature, which converts complex organic compounds into simple harmless inorganic compounds. In the present study, experiments were designed by Central Composite Design (CCD) method in Response Surface Methodology (RSM) approach by using Design Expert-10 software and performed the experiments accordingly. In the (CCD) method, three factors were adopted, i.e. reaction time, TiO 2 dosage and dilution factor (D.F) with one response, percentage chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. Using the multivariate effect of the factors, the optimization conditions were achieved for UV-TiO 2 process for landfill leachate treatment. At optimized conditions more than 60% COD removal were achieved and the experimental results were in agreement with the predicted value with R 2 = 0.91. It is noticeable from the results, UV assisted TiO 2 photo catalysis could be useful for high strength wastewater treatment. From the results, it is analyzed that beyond a certain limit of the parameters, the organic contaminants removal decreased. The UV-TiO 2 photo catalysis system suggested may be an economical method for landfill leachate treatment. This process also helps in enhancing the biodegradability of landfill leachate.