Kappa

Background: Two models of artificial intraocular lenses with a "pure" EDOF structure, i.e. Soleco Evolve and Lucidis, were used in 36 patients in 43 eyes. Results of postoperative visual function were analysed, like also a correlation between preoperatively measured parameters of pupil size, kappa and alpha angles.

Contemporary Japan has become the stage for displaying an endless assortment of traditional, modern, and postmodern monsters. But why have old and new monsters gained such prominence with regard to folkloric customs, premodern urban culture, content industry, and transnational flows? How is this popularity connected to national identity formation and institutional legitimacy, as exemplified by the modern rise of yōkaigaku, the nativist science of monsters? And finally, what is the critical potential of monstrosity in terms of displacing naturalised identification and Othering, within the globalising entanglement of self-representations in Japan and hetero-representations of Japan?
These questions aim to complicate our understanding of ‘Japan’ and ‘monsters’ in order to contribute to a transcultural theory of monsters, in contrast to prevalent investigations that focus instead on the cultural-intrinsic or the historical-specific Japaneseness of its monstrous repertoire. The book explores the “ontological liminality” addressed in monster theory (Cohen, 1996) by means of a multi-disciplinary approach, cross-cutting literary studies, visual studies, cultural anthropology, history, and sociology. More specifically, it examines the discursive emergence of monstrous Japan, as configured by the modern intertwining of hegemonic Occidentalism, Orientalism, and self-Orientalism.
The volume brings together different case studies on some of the most popular monsters in Japan, from the classical past to the contemporary present. Particular attention is given to the interlinking of narratives, figures, and hegemonies involved in the establishment of the tengu (the mountain monster), the kappa (the water goblin), the hybrid monsters in Miyazaki Hayao’s animation, and the wider trans/national monstering process shaping present Japan.

Gravity, electromagnetic energy, electric charge, magnetism have one commonality… they are conveyed by, or occur within, the same medium… space. Space can be deformed by a gravitational field such that it slows the progress of time and shortens distances between object and bends the paths of light. Space can be polarized by an electric field. Space can conduct a magnetic field between two poles. Space can carry waves of electromagnetic radiation. Space exerts a pressure and resists pressure like a fluid. But what precisely is space? What does it consist of? The author believes that space has a ‘substance' consisting of a ‘weave’ of magnetically susceptible filament fields… a fabric, so to speak, unlike any ‘substance’ within our everyday experience. As a starting point, this paper demonstrates a link between two of the forces… magnetism and gravitation via a dissection of Einstein’s Kappa constant in terms of known constants and without the need for tensor mathematics.

As a starting point towards understanding the nature of space, this paper demonstrates a link among three of the forces… magnetism, gravitation and the Strong Force via a dissection of Einstein’s Kappa constant in terms of known constants, physical relationships of length, mass, energy, and cosmological observations. In this article, we follow a path from the cosmological aspects of kappa down through the creation of matter into the nucleonic level, providing a gravitational description for the apparently infinite stability of the proton.

Through this project, we aim to build a linear regression model for automated essay grading. Essays form a huge part of certain college applications and are a part of major competitive exams such as GRE, GMAT etcetera. Manually grading the essays can be extremely time consuming and pressurizing for the instructor. To make these tasks simple, we can train an essay grading program to do the grading automatically. The aim of the grader would be to predict the score of the essay with as much accuracy as possible. The machine assigns scores and should be near the human grader's score. A dataset of around 2000 essays was used. The essays were graded on the basis of parameters like word count, coherence, number of long words, correct grammar, etc. Feature selection is used to arrive at the most accurate score prediction.

Les Yokai sont les créatures mythiques qui tapissent le folklore japonais. Bien qu’on traduise souvent le mot Yokai par « monstre », ils ne sont pas toujours méchants. En fait, un même Yokai peut être à la fois bon ou mauvais – leur personnalité est changeante selon les histoires. Je me demande alors si le contexte historique peut expliquer ces changements caractériels. J’observe donc lors de mon étude trois différents Yokai (Kappa, Tanuki et Tengu) dans les contes de trois ères historiques japonaises différentes afin de voir s’il y a vraiment un lien – et à l’inverse, voir s’il est possible de dater un conte de par le comportement du Yokai qui y figure.Yokais are mythical creatures found in Japanese folklore. This word is often translated with “monster”, however this does not mean that they are always evil. In fact, one same creature can be both good and bad – their personalities vary depending on the tale. I am thus wondering if historical context can explain these characteristic ...

In this paper we demonstrate a link among three of the forces… magnetism, gravitation and the Strong Force via a dissection of Einstein's Kappa constant in terms of known constants, physical relationships of length, mass, energy, and cosmological observations. Herein, we follow a path from the cosmological aspects of kappa down through the creation of matter into the nucleonic level, providing a gravitational description for the apparently infinite stability of the proton. We further demonstrate the dependence of kappa and Newtonian G upon the radius of the universe, establishing a cause for the early rapid expansion and showing the present universe to be statically balanced between the currently reduced expansive pressure of its energy and the cohesive forces of self-gravitation and surface tension, dispelling the concepts of dark matter and dark energy.

The F-measure or F-score is one of the most commonly used “single number” measures in Information Retrieval, Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning, but it is based on a mistake, and the flawed assumptions render it unsuitable for use in most contexts! Fortunately, there are better alternatives...

The author has developed a general theory for measuring the statistical interconnections between events, called ``mathematical eventology'' \cite[2007]{Vorobyev2007}, \cite[2011]{Vorobyev2011em}. The paper represents fresh ``eventological'' ideas that radically rethinking the basis of previous approaches to measuring statistical interconnections of events beyond the traditional measurements in the probability theory and mathematical statistics, adding to the already well-known  methods of measuring association, or statistical dependency, another new group of methods of measuring agreement of a set of events.
It shows by useful ``total'' quantities (called agreement, association, covariance, set-distance, set-nearness, and set-closeness of a set of events) formulas in this context can be simplified and elegantly summarized for many applications, including for the correct generalization of the traditional indicators of statistical interconnections of events as Pearson correlation, Yule association, as well as a popular index of agreement --- Cohen kappa \cite[1960]{Cohen1960}.
Proposed new methods demonstrate the growing potential of ``eventological'' technologies in the study of structures of interconnections (agreement, association, or statistical dependency) of events, which applies to the measurement in the nominal (categorical), and the ordered and numeric (difference, ratio) scales.
The development and use in a variety of applications of the new concept of the set-distance for a set of events must have necessarily come into contact with the area of modern multivariate statistics that deals with measuring the commonality (agreement) of experts in estimates within categorical (nominal) scales. The results of this dramatic contact are set forth below. As the ``whipping boy'', the most popular group of such statistics is chosen: the kappa-indicators of the commonality (agreement) of experts in estimates within categorical scales.

This study aims to develop problem-solving based teaching materials (LKPD) with to business and energy materials. This type of research is development research / research and development. The development model used in this research is the 4D model, namely define, design, develop, and disseminate. Testing of problem solving-based student worksheet development products with a scientific approach is carried out through validation from material experts, media experts, subject matter teachers, and student questionnaire responses. The data technique used non-test (questionnaire and expert validation sheet). The technique of analyzing data from the distribution of questionnaires was carried out by tabulating the data from each validator, calculating the average score, and comparing the total score with a scale of five. Based on the results of 3 material experts, it shows that the quality of the LKPD is in the feasible category with a percentage value of 80%. Meanwhile, the results of 3 med...

This study aims to determine; (1) The difference between the physics learning outcomes of high school students who were taught using inquiry strategies and those taught with group investigation, (2) The effect of the interaction between learning strategies and achievement motivation on learning outcomes of high school students, (3) Differences in learning outcomes of high school students who have motivation High achievers were taught with inquiry strategy with students who were taught by group investigation., (4) Differences in physics learning outcomes of high school students with low achievement motivation were taught using inquiry strategy with students who were taught with group investigation (1) There were differences in physics learning outcomes for high school students those who were taught with inquiry strategies with students who were taught with group investigation., (2) There was an interaction effect between learning strategies and achievement motivation on the learning ...

Gravity, electromagnetic energy, electric charge, magnetism have one commonality… they are conveyed by, or occur within, the same medium… space. Space can be deformed by a gravitational field such that it slows the progress of time, shortens distances between objects and bends the paths of light. Space can be polarized by an electric field. Space can conduct a magnetic field between two poles. Space can carry waves of electromagnetic radiation. Space exerts a pressure and resists pressure like a fluid. But what precisely is space? What does it consist of? The author hypothesizes that space has a ‘substance' consisting of a ‘matrix’ of magnetically susceptible filament fields… a ‘fabric’, so to speak, unlike any ‘substance’ within our everyday experience. Space can also behave like a perfect fluid or an ideal perfect gas. In his later years, after his work on General Relativity, Einstein became convinced that there was indeed a substance to space, the substance once referred to as aether, which he had earlier rejected in his Special Relativity. The famous Michelson-Morley experiment did not disprove the existence of aether. The experiment only proved that if there is aether, it does not behave as one would expect of any physical substance of our everyday experiences.
As a starting point towards understanding the nature of space, this paper demonstrates a link among three of the forces… magnetism, gravitation and the Strong Force via a dissection of Einstein’s Kappa constant in terms of known constants, physical relationships of length, mass and energy, combined with cosmological observations.

Both empirical and mathematical demonstrations of the importance of chance-corrected measures are discussed, and a new model of learning is proposed based on empirical psychological results on association learning. Two forms of this model are developed, the Informatron as a chance-corrected Perceptron, and AdaBook as a chance-corrected AdaBoost procedure. Computational results presented show chance correction facilitates learning.

Objective:
Self-reported information from questionnaires is frequently used in epidemiological studies, but few of these studies provide information on the reproducibility of individual items contained in the questionnaire. We studied the test–retest reliability of self-reported diabetes among 33,919 participants in Norwegian Women and Cancer Study.

Methods:
The test–retest reliability of self-reported type 1 and type 2 diabetes diagnoses was evaluated between three self-administered questionnaires (completed in 1991, 1998, and 2005 by Norwegian Women and Cancer participants) by kappa agreement. The time interval between the test–retest studies was ~7 and ~14 years. Sensitivity of the kappa agreement for type 1 and type 2 diabetes diagnoses was assessed. Subgroup analysis was performed to assess whether test–retest reliability varies with age, body mass index, physical activity, education, and smoking status.

Results:
The kappa agreement for both types of self-reported diabetes diagnoses combined was good (⩾0.65) for all three test–retest studies (1991–1998, 1991–2005, and 1998–2005). The kappa agreement for type 1 diabetes was good (⩾0.73) in the 1991–2005 and the 1998–2005 test–retest studies, and very good (0.83) in the 1991–1998 test–retest study. The kappa agreement for type 2 diabetes was moderate (0.57) in the 1991–2005 test–retest study and good (⩾0.66) in the 1991–1998 and 1998–2005 test–retest studies. The overall kappa agreement in the 1991–1998 test–retest study was stronger than in the 1991–2005 test–retest study and the 1998–2005 test–retest study. There was no clear pattern of inconsistency in the kappa agreements within different strata of age, BMI, physical activity, and smoking. The kappa agreement was strongest among the respondents with 17 or more years of education, while generally it was weaker among the least educated group.

Conclusion:
The test–retest reliability of the diabetes was acceptable and there was no clear pattern of inconsistency in the kappa agreement stratified by age, body mass index, physical activity, and smoking. The study suggests that self-reported diabetes diagnosis from middle-aged women enrolled in the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study is reliable.

Evaluation often aims to reduce the correctness or error characteristics of a system down to a single number, but that always involves trade-offs. Another way of dealing with this is to quote two numbers, such as Recall and Precision, or Sensitivity and Specificity. But it can also be useful to see more than this, and a graphical approach can explore sensitivity to cost, prevalence, bias, noise, parameters and hyper-parameters.

Moreover, most techniques are implicitly based on two balanced classes, and our ability to visualize graphically is intrinsically two dimensional, but we often want to visualize in a multiclass context. We review the dichotomous approaches relating to Precision, Recall, and ROC as well as the related LIFT chart, exploring how they handle unbalanced and multiclass data, and deriving new probabilistic and information theoretic variants of LIFT that help deal with the issues associated with the handling of multiple and unbalanced classes.

Commonly used evaluation measures including Recall, Precision, F-Factor and Rand Accuracy are biased and should not be used without clear understanding of the biases, and corresponding identification of chance or base case levels of the statistic. Using these measures a system that performs worse in the objective sense of Informedness, can appear to perform better under any of these commonly used measures. We discuss several concepts and measures that reflect the probability that prediction is informed versus chance. Informedness and introduce Markedness as a dual measure for the probability that prediction is marked versus chance. Finally we demonstrate elegant connections between the concepts of Informedness, Markedness, Correlation and Significance as well as their intuitive relationships with Recall and Precision, and outline the extension from the dichotomous case to the general multi-class case. .

The purpose of this study is to describe the results of the Define stage in the development of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) -based learning devices to improve students' higher order thinking skills. The learning device development model used is the four D model (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate). The Define stage is carried out to define and define learning requirements. The steps that have been taken at the Define stage are front end analysis, student analysis, task analysis, concept analysis, and formulation of learning objectives. The results of the research for needs analysis are a description of the competencies that students must have after taking physics lectures, the learning approach used is based on STEM, the profile of graduates to answer future challenges and demands. The results of research for student analysis are descriptions of student characteristics which include reasoning abilities, background knowledge, and levels of student cog...

In this paper we demonstrate a link among three of the forces… magnetism, gravitation and the Strong Force via a dissection of Einstein's Kappa constant in terms of known constants, physical relationships of length, mass, energy, and cosmological observations. Herein, we follow a path from the cosmological aspects of kappa down through the creation of matter into the nucleonic level, providing a gravitational description for the apparently infinite stability of the proton. We further demonstrate the dependence of kappa and Newtonian G upon the radius of the universe, establishing a cause for the early rapid expansion and showing the present universe to be statically balanced between the currently reduced expansive pressure of its energy and the cohesive forces of self-gravitation and surface tension, dispelling the concepts of dark matter and dark energy.

We are concerned that the quality of results produced by an NLP parser bears little, if any, relation to the percentage-results claimed by the various NLP parser-systems presently available for use. To illustrate this problem we examine one readily available NLP tagging and parsing system, the ENGCG parser, and one tagger, the Brill tagger.