Itaconic acid

2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid and itaconic acid are both important biobased platform chemicals and their terpolymer with 1,6-hexanediol (HDO) can be the starting point for a new class of reactive polyes-ters, with important applications. The green synthetic route developed in this study involves a biocatalytic condensation polymerization reaction of dimethyl furan-2,5-dicarboxylate (DMFDC) and dimethyl itaco-nate (DMI) with HDO in toluene at 80 °C, using commercial immobilized lipases from Candida antarctica B. In the best conditions, the formed polymer product was isolated with more than 80 % yield, containing about 85 % terpolymer with average molecular mass of about 1200 (M n , calculated from MALDI-TOF MS data) and 15 % DMFDC_HDO copolymer. Considering the higher reactivity of DMFDC, the composition of the synthesized polymer can be directed by adjusting the molar ratio of DMFDC and DMI, as well as by extending the reaction time. Structural analysis by NMR demonstrated the regioselective preference for the carbonyl group from DMI adjacent to the methylene group. The biocatalyst was successfully reused in multiple reaction cycles.

Abstract: Poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)–-carrageenan hy-drogels (PVP-KC) were prepared by irradiating the mixtures of aqueous solutions of PVP, KC, potassium chloride, and poly(ethylene glycol) by -rays at different doses. Their preliminary laboratory tests were evaluated to ...

The application of lipases as catalysts in chemical reactions has been deterred by the high cost of isolation and purification of enzymes, the instability of their structure when they are isolated from their natural environment, contamination of products with residual protein, their sensitivity to process conditions, etc. These problems could be overcome using immobilized lipases. Immobilization is achieved by fixing enzymes to or within solid supports and as a result a heterogeneous system is obtained. The present paper reports on the immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase in hydrogels based on N-isopropylacrylamide and itaconic acid. Immobilization of lipase is carried out by two different methods. In the first method, lipase is added to the reaction mixture before polymerization and crosslinking (in situ polymerization), while in the second method the synthetized hydrogels are immersed in lipase solution and left to rich the equilibrium swelling. The specific activities of the i...

In this paper, microwave assisted preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose-cl-poly(lactic acid-co-itaconic acid) (CMC-cl-P(LA-co-IA)) hydrogel was reported via facile graft copolymerization using N,N(1)-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA) and potassium persulphate as cross linker and initiator. Different reaction parameters were optimized to achieve good yield. The formation of hydrogel was confirmed by characterization techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermo gravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy etc. The antimicrobial activities of the hydrogel were studied against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. About 95% killing of bacteria was recorded after 24h. The controlled release of amoxicillin drug from hydrogel was evaluated as a function of pH and time. Maximum drug release of 98% was recorded at 2.2 pH after 7h. The kinetic studies showed non-Fickian diffusion of the drug.

Abstract As a promising value-added chemical from biomass, itaconic acid has great potential in the replacement of petrochemical-based materials and the production of versatile polymers. To integrate itaconic acid recovery in the fermentation process, the applicability of reactive extraction for in situ product removal was investigated. Initially, the biocompatibility of several solvents was assessed based on their influence on the respiratory activity of A. terreus. As a result, a mixture of the extractant trioctylamine and the diluent isopropyl myristate was chosen and reactive extraction was successfully integrated into the cultivation of A. terreus via solvent addition after 63 h. Thereby, the pH of the culture broth was increased and inhibition by undissociated itaconic acid was reduced. As a consequence, glucose consumption and product formation were considerably improved. In combination with an enhanced amount of glucose, either supplied initially or during the cultivation, this increased the total itaconic acid concentration from 70 to 105 g L-1 referred to the absolute amount of itaconic acid divided by the volume of the aqueous culture broth. Simultaneously, volumetric productivity increased from 0.72 to 0.91 g L-1 h-1. With reactive extraction, therefore, a highly promising method for in situ removal of itaconic acid could be established.

In this in vitro study, the biocompatibility of acrylamide-based hydrogels such as acrylamide/crotonic and acrylamide/itaconic acid, prepared by using gamma-rays, has been investigated against some biochemical parameters of human serum. The swelling kinetics of ...

The volatiles arising from the thermal degradation of poly(di-n-alkyl itaconates) with ester substituents ranging from methyl to n-octyl were analysed. The corresponding monomer was found to be the major degradation product. A significant amount of itaconic acid in the volatiles was also found in the case of poly(diethyl itaconate). A detailed mechanism of the thermal degradation of the studied polymers

Itaconic acid, IA (C5H6O4), was investigated as a potential flocculant for the aqueous processing of alumina powders. The adsorption of IA, as a function of its concentration and pH value of the solution, onto the alumina surface was studied by the solution depletion method. The stability of the suspensions in the presence of itaconic acid was evaluated in light of the surface charge of the alumina powder used, the degree of dissociation of IA, as well as the sedimentation behavior and rheology of the suspensions. It was found that the adsorption process is extremely pH dependent; the maximum adsorption of IA onto alumina surface occurring at a pH close to the value of the first IA dissociation constant, pKa1. Also, IA does not influence the value of the point of zero charge of alumina. It was shown that IA represents an efficient flocculant for concentrated acidic alumina suspensions.

Measurements of water activity in supersaturated aqueous organic solutions of glycine, alanine, succinic acid and itaconic acid were made far into the metastable zone by levitating micron-sized droplets electrodynamically in a spherical void electrodynamic levitator trap ( ...