Inguistics

The collective power of Japanese popular culture permeating the rest of the world through manga and anime is a recent issue of interest for scholars. Studying the scanlation and translation of the manga, which are multimodal texts that hybridize linguistic and visual arts, also entails several topics of discussion and interest for the translation scholar. There are facets of these multimodal texts as in manga the narrative is conveyed through composite, cinematographic narrative with integrated frames. In turn these can yield interesting translation solutions and strategies, especially when compared in terms of the two mediums of production (i.e., in print and on the Internet). The following study entails a comparative analysis of the scanlation and translation of the manga Naruto into Turkish especially concentrating on: the format (i.e., arrangement of pages, lettering, typography), what was translated what was not (i.e., dialogues, onomatopoeia, honorifics, names), and the use of diverse translation strategies (i.e., adding notes, dealing with discourses, registers and translators choices). In this sense, as is the aim behind the study, manga translations present translation studies with rich grounds of research into multimodal, multicultural dialogue and interaction. As the potential for intercultural dialogue through comics has never been stronger than the present, manga seem to be a medium through which this may be achieved across cultures. Comparative studies in different languages and cultures would not only be a benefit for the comics' translators and scholars, but also the field of translation, as discussing the abundance of decisions and possibilities would enrich the discipline.

Penelitian terhadap naskah Sunda Kuna (NSK) yang belum menyeluruh menimbulkan beberapa anggapan yang cenderung bersifat sementara. Seperti halnya anggapan Atja dan Danasasmita terhadap sebuah naskah berjudul Sanghyang Siksakandang Karesian (Kropak 630). Naskah
tersebut pada mulanya dianggap tunggal (codex unicus), namun pada penelitian mutakhir ternyata ditemukan naskah dengan isi teks yang sama pada Kropak 624. Naskah 'kedua' ini memiliki keunikan karena menggunakan alas tulis dan aksara yang berbeda dari naskah pertama. Naskah Kropak 630 ditulis dengan aksara Buda/Gunung menggunakan
tinta, pada bahan nipah. Sedangkan naskah Kropak 624 ditulis dengan aksara Sunda Kuna menggunakan péso pangot (pengutik), pada bahan lontar. Adapun bahasa yang digunakan pada kedua naskah tersebut sama, yaitu bahasa Sunda Kuna. Hal ini merupakan anomali dalam pernaskahan Sunda Kuna. Tulisan ini berupaya mengupas naskah Kropak 624 berdasarkan metode filologis, sehingga dapat terlihat
persamaan kandungan teksnya dengan Kropak 630.

Many techniques have been applied in the interpretation and translation in the field of tourism guiding. This research paper focuses on the interpreting techniques of tour guides in North Sumatra. It seeks the types and the capabilities of tour guides in interpretation of the meanings of heritage of tourist destinations in North Sumatra. Data of this research were collected through document analysis, interviews, and analyzed using interactive data analysis in ancient tombs of Kings Sidabutar and the traditional house of Karonese Siwaluh Jabu at Dokan village in Karo district. The findings of this study showed that there were eight interpreting techniques applied by the tour guides in consecutive and liaison interpreting modes. The summarizing was the dominant technique. It was applied in order to clarify the objects.

Reading comprehension instruction is considered one of the major challenges that most English language teachers and students encounter. Therefore, providing a systematic, explicit, and flexible model to teaching reading comprehension strategies could help resolve some of these challenges and increase the possibility of teaching reading comprehension, particularly in language learners' classrooms. Consequently, the purpose of this paper is to provide a model to teach reading comprehension strategies in language learning classrooms. The proposed instructional model is divided into three systematic phases through which strategies are taught before reading, during reading, and after reading. Each phase is explained and elaborated using recommended models for teachers. Finally, suggested considerations to consolidate this model are provided.

The study aimed at investigating the impact of online versus hardcopy dictionaries " application on translation quality of senior M.A. students of translation based on Bleu model introduced by Papineni et al. (2002). To this end, using Oxford Proficiency test 50 (out of 70) female senior M.A. students of translation were selected and they were assigned to two groups: Online and hardcopy, using systematic sampling. Next, an English text was selected as the reference text. This reference text was given to three translators: 1) A male English translation expert with a Ph.D. degree in Computational Linguistics (Ref. 1); 2) A female English translation expert with an M.A. degree working at an English Translation Center and with more than 5 years of experience (Ref. 2), and 3) A male Ph.D. candidate in English translation (Ref. 3). These three versions were used as reference Persian standard translations to be entered into Bleu. Later, the English text was given to the hardcopy and online groups. Then, the translations of the participants were compared with the three reference Persian translations using Bleu. The time taken by each student to translate the text into Persian was also recorded. The results indicated that there was no statistically significant difference between the translations of the hardcopy and online groups from fluency/precision points of view. Comparison of the speed of translation in the two groups indicated that the online group was meaningfully faster. The possible beneficiaries of the findings of this research can be university professors, policy makers, and students in the realm of translation.

In this article, we have presented an overview of the main methods of author attribution as well as those allowing the detection of certain aspects of his profile. These methods revolve around stylistic, statistical or language model traits which can be combined using machine learning techniques. The range of experienced traits is responsible for the large number of tasks underlying the attribution of an author and the determination of his profile. The comparison of author attribution methods demonstrate that machine learning techniques can ameliorate the process of classification.