History of western law, history of judiciary and judicial law

Proceedings of a conference on the (Belgian) 'juge de paix/vrederechter' ('justice of the peace'), with the following contributions: - De vele geschiedenissen van het vredegerecht (G. Martyn) - Verbaliser le juge (G. Rommel) - Les antécédents anglais et la naissance de la justice de paix française (J.-P. Goffinon) - ‘Juges de paix avant la lettre’ in Midden- en noord-Limburg, voorafgaand aan de invoering van de vredegerechten in de Franse tijd (A.M.J.A. Berkvens) - Tweehonderd jaar ontwikkeling van de competentie van de vrederechter/kantonrechter in Nederland (1811-2011) (E. von Bóné) - La professionnalisation des justices de paix. De l’utopie à la rigueur (J.-P. Nandrin) - De vredegerechten in het arrondissement Kortrijk vanaf hun ontstaan tot en met de constitutie van het jaar VIII (A. Deceuninck) - Het vredegerecht van Hoogstraten in de late 19de eeuw (A. Van den Bossche) - Vive Lejeune! Het Tijdschrift van de vrederechters (1892-2011) (S. Vandenbogaerde) - Een ‘accident de parcours’? De bevoegdheid van de vrederechter voor arbeidsongevallen in de wet van 1903 (B. Debaenst) - De invloed van de Eerste Wereldoorlog op de rechtspraak van het vredegerecht te Ledeberg (W. Van Damme) - Le juge de paix et la question des loyers sous l’occupation allemande (1914-1918) (M. Bost) - De evolutie van de rechtspraak inzake dringende en voorlopige maatregelen in de periode 1976-2009 (E. Callebaut) - De invloed van het mens- en maatschappijbeeld van de vrederechter op de beslissingen inzake dringende en voorlopige maatregelen: een genderanalyse (E. Verdonck) - Enjeux contemporains de la justice de proximité en matière conjugale: le rôle de la justice de paix dans une société multiculturelle (B. Truffin) - De vrederechter in volle ontwikkeling. enkele bedreigingen en evenveel uitdagingen (E. Van den Eeden)

This draft is to become a chapter of the book project "Judicial Reform in Taiwan: Institutionalising Democracy and the Diffusion of Law" (Neil Chisholm ed., Routledge, forthcoming). The project bears on Taiwan's judicial reform of 1999. It is the first book-length study of Taiwan's judiciary and its transformation in the early stage of Taiwan's democratization.

Written after a second judicial reform that was launched in 2017, this chapter aims at historicizing not only Taiwan's judiciary but also the attempts to reform it. This chapter provides in its first part a historical account of Taiwan's justice system and the society's perception of it in the long century between 1895 to 1999. Rejecting the conventional narratives which enumerate origins of legal reception, this part explains how the justice system under Japanese rule (1895--1945) has earned respect despite the colonialism, and why this system fell into disarray under the Republican Chinese occupation (1945--92).

This chapter argues then in its second part that Taiwan's reformers have reduced the poor quality of the country's administration of justice to the malfunction of the judiciary alone. Taking into account the history of Western judiciary itself, this chapter argues that the key reform issues pertain rather to state-building than the making of organizational and procedural laws. This chapter argues that the centralization of government lawyering in a broad sense is Taiwan's priority and expects that this issue would soon lead to more reform attempts.

The Political System of the Eighteenth Century’s City of Białystok
Białystok received city rights in 1692, known privileges had been passed in the years 1749 and 1760. In spite of the fact that these acts granted basic principles of the urban system, the owners of Bialystok were able to freely decide changes that could have violated the existing order. An important change was the establishment of the landwójt office in 1769. The landwójt (mayor) was a position appointed for life by the Branicki
family. The landwojt was able to subdue the municipal authorities and the city ´ judiciary. Białystok was an extremely diverse city in terms of its organization. In this article I was able to isolate four loosely interconnected authority structures: city – suburbs – the Jewish community – military garrison. This, diverse in form, urban organization
was supervised by courtly suzerainty. Until the 1st half of XVIII century owners could have made necessary steps independently (to a great extent). With the development of Białystok they handed over their powers (including judicial power) to the General Commissioner of the Podlasie Estates. Izabela Branicka decided in 1772 to appoint
a special official – a governor. His sole task was to manage the city.
An important arrangement was the division of Białystok into two areas: the left-bank, where the city “proper” was located, and the right-bank, which, despite frequently naming it a “new city”, was not a distinct urban structure. Unification was made under the reign of War and Domain Chamber and the whole process ended with the lease of Białystok by Izabela Branicka to the King of Prussia in 1802.

Sommario: 1. Premessa. – 2. La magistratura e l’unità d’Italia. – 3. Il quadro normativo agli esordi del nuovo Stato nel 1861. – 4. La composizione della magistratura. – 5. Il rapporto con la politica: il problema dell’autonomia “esterna”. – 6. Le novità del nuovo secolo: il Novecento. – 7. Era possibile un modello alternativo a quello burocratico?

ABSTRACT: This lecture covers several topics, including (1) scribal training, literature and literary genres (with selected examples), (2) codes of conduct, and (3) diverse laws, crimes, law enforcement, courts, and punishment. It focuses particularly on the New Kingdom, but incorporates earlier and later examples. REVISED: February 2021 with some edits and formatting, and new text and images.

11-13.01.2013, Poznań, Ogólnopolska Studencko-Doktorancka Konferencja Naukowa „Rewolucja”, referat indywidualny

Harold Berman, znany amerykański profesor prawa, był autorem niezwykle interesującej koncepcji, która pozwala na spójne ukazanie rozwoju zachodniej tradycji prawnej. Według tej koncepcji rozwój cywilizacji zachodniej dokonywał się na przestrzeni setek lat za pośrednictwem rewolucji prawa.
Berman wyróżnił sześć takich rewolucji, które posiadają pewne cechy charakterystyczne, dają się w nich zauważyć podobne procesy. Nie oznacza to,
że wszystkie one dokonały się w ten sam sposób, ale z pewnością można dostrzec w nich realizację ogólnego schematu. Najpierw następowała zasadnicza i gwałtowna zmiana systemu społecznego, dla której legitymacji poszukiwano albo w dawnym prawie, albo w wizji przyszłości, a po tej zmianie zasadą organizującą społeczeństwo stawał się nowy system prawa.
Koncepcję rewolucji prawnej można w bardzo efektywny sposób przedstawić na przykładzie rewolucji papieskiej. Miała ona miejsce na przełomie XI i XII wieku i, według Bermana, stała się początkiem zachodniej tradycji prawnej. Można w niej dostrzec obecność elementów schematu rewolucji prawnej, które zostały w niej zrealizowane w specyficzny sposób. Ta specyfika przede wszystkim objawiła się w tych elementach rewolucji, które były wyjątkowe dla rewolucji papieskiej i nigdy już się nie powtórzyły.
W referacie mają zostać przedstawione powyższe zagadnienia,
czyli koncepcja rewolucji prawnej oraz jej przykładowa realizacja, a także podjęta zostanie próba spojrzenia na koncepcję rewolucji prawnej z szerszej perspektywy.

This volume contains the proceedings of a conference held at University of Ghent in November 2010, during which nine scholars presented their recent (mostly doctoral) research on the composition, the competences and the functioning of the intermediate institutions in the County of Flanders, i.e. institutions situated between the local (towns, villages and seigniories) and the supra-regional or central level of the Burgundian-Habsburg composite state, like it was getting settled at the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth centuries. The conference was organised by the Institute of Legal History of the Ghent Law Faculty (Georges Martyn) in collaboration with the Institute of Early Modern History of the Ghent Arts Faculty (René Vermeir) and the Ghent Department of the Belgian State Archives (Chantal Vancoppenolle). Contributions by Frederik Buylaert and Jonas Braekevelt, Sarah Castelain, Sylvie De Smet, Laurie Fréger, Simon Groenveld, Laurent Inghelbrecht, Klaas Van Gelder and An Verscuren.

La situation des avocats et procureurs aux Pays-Bas catholiques sous la domination autrichienne est très comparable à celle des avocats et procureurs français. Les anciennes « provinces Belgiques » font partie de la France au moment de la mise en vigueur du décret Napoléonien de 1810 sur les avocats. Il continuera à régler la profession sous le règne de Guillaume Ier (1815-1830), mais sera profondément changé en 1836, après une sorte de « révolution » des avocats bruxellois, ayant constitué en 1832 une association libre, sans aucune intervention du procureur général ou du ministre de la Justice. Cette liberté est confirmée en 1836. Un conseil de discipline est élu par l’assemblée générale de chaque barreau comptant au moins vingt avocats. Pour le reste, il y a très peu de changements au point de vue de l’organisation du barreau au dix-neuvième siècle. Quelques importantes évolutions sociales s’annoncent certes déjà, mais ne se réaliseront qu’au vingtième siècle, telles l’apparition des premières avocates, la « néerlandisation » des barreaux en région flamande, la tendance à la coopération et à l’organisation nationale, ou le problème récurrent du désintéressement classique face à la commercialisation de la profession. Finalement il est fait référence à quelques grandes lignes de l’évolution et l’extinction de la profession d’avoué.

In 1978 Roman Catholic lay theologian Gerald McHugh wrote Christian Faith and Criminal Justice: Toward a Christian Response to Crime and Punishment.  Nothing in English has since appeared that gives the breadth and depth of theological treatment as the publication under review.  The book is the ninth study of a series entitled “Cambridge Studies in Ideology and Religion”.  Timothy Gorringe, an Anglican theologian, is obviously well suited to the task, with several noted publications already to his credit.

This book examines the relationship between the theologies of atonement and penal strategies....
is the description from the inside cover.  Its theme is...
[t]he question of the impact of religious sensibilities, or the structure of affect surrounding the crucifixion, on penal practice, and the correlative effects of the development of criminal law on the understandings of the atonement...

Publication of such a book is highly significant to Western readers and all cultures impacted by the West, given the dominance of Christian ideology upon criminal justice practice for a millennium. “...Christian theology constituted the most potent form of ideology in Western society for at least a thousand years, up to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and its ideological importance is by no means dead (p. 7).

The sometimes unfortunate decisions made by King Æthelred II during his reign have cast him in an unsavory light, so much so that his various accomplishments have been overlooked. The negative anecdotes and unflattering legends chronicled about him after his death by medieval historians such as William of Malmesbury have left a lasting negative impression.

Although detailing Æthelred’s failings is a familiar subject, he installed a number of important judicial laws and ecclesiastical charters that proved beneficial to the country during and after his reign. Æthelred’s legal implementations might not offer enough support to repair his reputation from the poor position it holds in the eyes of history’s critics; however, some of his legislative decisions deserve critical attention and commendation.

This paper examines the extent to which the medieval justice system was shaped by Æthelred’s judicial policies. Additionally, this paper reconsiders the legislative decisions in the third quarter of Æthelred’s reign which contributed to thriving ecclesiastical, and by association artistic, communities. Perhaps it is easier to focus on Æthelred’s failures because there seems to be no shortage of them; however, the persistent focus on his shortcomings misrepresents him and deprives us of gaining a more accurate image of his character. Despite the continued Viking attacks from AD 993 to 1006, Anglo-Saxon England maintained a generally stable period of governance that contributed to a flourish of literature, liturgical texts, manuscripts and art.

Therefore, this paper focuses on the rule of Æthelred II during the final decade of the 10th- century until 1006 in order to shed light on a relatively successful period in which implementation of specific legislative and ecclesiastical policies proved beneficial for Anglo-Saxon England and its future.

The bishops, first clandestineness and then openly, are called upon to resolve disputes that have arisen among the faithful, until the time in which the Empire recognized them the capacity to be official judges. However, that bishops should be official judges, although it was given them legal protection and allowed to meet the biblical claims that every cause among believers were not known by pagans, also created certain problems. In fact, there are many bishops
who regret having to officially accomplish this task because was taken them time to carry out other functions and put them in a situation complicated with respect to the faithful.
Our work focuses on three aspects around this institution: firstly, the theological of the administration of Justice, both biblical and Patristic Foundation, to understand how must be exercised a mission that must be carried out without
forgetting the purpose of salvation; Secondly, the process of episcopalis audientia
in Constantinian legislation and the first limit of jurisdiction and, finally, the
way of exercise of the offcium iudiciorum by bishops and the problem arising
from this.

This book chapter examines the political culture that infused judicial appointments during the first decade of Canadian Confederation. Although it is commonly argued that Sir John A. Macdonald was the worst offender when it came to politicizing these appointment, a closer examination reveals that the culture was much broader and embraced both the Liberals and the Conservatives. As such, the problems within the Confederation era judiciary reflected a subtle combination of partisan politics as well as broader concerns over the quality of available judicial talent.

This study addresses the universe of literate justice in the modern period from the lowest level, corresponding to juízes de fora, to the Supreme Courts. We next focus our analysis on royally appointed local judicatures, seeking to capture the pace of their territorial expansion and to characterise the careers of their human workforce, connecting them with the hierarchy of the places where they were sent.

Revised 9 March 2016 Edition has replaced Previous 17 Nov 14 Edition -
2016 03 09 Proposed Hierarchy of Lawyer Ethics & Fiduciary Duties -
Proposed elevation of lawyer duties to opponents as amongst Primary truth and justice duties,  whilst a lawyer's duties to their clients rank as middle ranking duties.  A lawyer ought not to abuse their privileged status as an Officer of the Court or apply their paid professional skills in a mercenary manner to beat up their opponents financially and legally.  Essentially they have a neighbourly duty not to use their abilities to harm anyone.

Invece, a mio parere, si dovrebbe analizzare il rapporto tra magistratura e politica, o meglio la politica della giustizia durante il regime in una duplice chiave. Da un lato, ponendo in luce gli stretti legami con il precedente regime liberale; dall’altro, evidenziando le forzature insite nel nuovo governo autoritario (come i processi gestiti in modo politico, o l’istituzione del Tribunale speciale per la difesa dello Stato). In questa duplice lettura la vecchia categoria della «continuità» tra età liberale e fascismo è ancora di molto aiuto: grazie anche alle «vischiosità» del sistema giudiziario (e più in generale di quello amministrativo) si ritrovano delle persistenze, infatti, accanto a delle rotture dell’ordinamento.

The author has ventured to design a series of six articles on "Higher Judicial Appointments and the Related Constitutional Virtues : A Contemporary Analysis".  This series of articles has basically been designed to concentrate on the conceptual analysis of the parameters involved in the higher judicial appointments. This issue relating to the higher judicial appointments has gained a lot of importance in India lately and it is required that the lawyers and the common citizenry stay informed with the intricacies of the issue, and the values involved at its heart, particularly in view of protection of the Constitutional virtues of Judicial Independence and Judicial Accountability. This article is the first article of this series and deals with the concept of judicial independence.

Image making and image management is a major dimension of judicial activity. But the judiciary are not the only or today even the main judicial image makers and managers. Journalists play an important role making the judicial image. The existence of multiple judicial image makers potentially makes the process of making and managing judicial representations more complex, fraught and problematic for the judiciary. The establishment of judicial communications offices is one response. This paper examines some of the work undertaken by the judicial communication offices in the UK with a particular focus on the work of the Judicial Press Office, part of the judicial communications office for England and Wales and the press team within the communications office of to Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. It draws upon official sources and data generated by way of a number of interviews undertaken with judicial communications officers. It builds upon my previous research, examining how the courts and the judiciary in particular are represented in the press (Moran 2013). The paper explores the role of judicial communications officers through two case studies.