Guizhou

The study of the so-called "Miao albums" started in the 1830s and was exclusively conducted in Europe and the US until the 1930s. During this period, the methodological foundations were laid for later research when many well-known and influential Sinologists published their results approached the Miao albums from historical, ethnological, and philological perspectives. While many of their contributions have been acknowledged by later scholars, some important results have been overlooked. This paper re-examines the early history of research on Miao albums in European and American Sinology, presents first-hand information the early researchers obtained through personally observing the production, copying, and circulation of Miao albums, and explores the academic interaction and connection among these researchers. Many of the albums investigated by them are intricately linked with each other. For instance, several versions were sometimes held by the same collector, and individual Miao albums were discussed in different contributions. They contain a variety of historical facts about the military, politics, and ethnic groups in Guizhou that cannot be found in any other known version. For these reasons, this study argues for a reassessment of the value of these Miao albums used in early investigations.

19 世紀至20 世紀30 年代，歐美漢學界開始關注“苗圖”。多位歐美著名漢學家发表了研究成果，以歷史學、民族學、文獻學為基礎方法，構建了“苗圖”研究的方法論。雖然許多論著已受到當代研究者的關注，但還有一些重要成果不為學界所知。文章嘗試重新檢視這一時期歐美漢學界的“苗圖”研究史，梳理這一時期的研究者參與“苗圖”創作、臨摹及傳播流通的一手資料，探討他們之間的學術互動和關聯。本研究涉及的“苗圖”版本常具關聯性，數個版本來自同一收藏家，或同一版本在若幹論著中都被討論過，其中數種圖冊有關貴州軍事、政治、民族的記載未見於其他已知版本，其研究價值亟待被重新審視。

The albums discussed in this paper are "Jingong miaoman tu" and the versions held by William Lockhart, George William Clark, Samuel Wells Williams, etc. 本文討論的苗圖包括《進貢苗蠻圖》以及雒魏林本、克拉克本、卫三畏本等。

Abstract: This paper investigates an album entitled "Forty Illustrations of Miao Peoples" and housed in the Museum of Ethnology in Berlin. As an example of the rare early versions of the so-called “Miao albums” in the Qing dynasty, it was commissioned by Xue Longshao, Assistant Commander in Guizhou during the Qianlong Era (1736-1796), and finished in 1768 by a local intellectual named Chen Zongang from Lizhou in Changde, Hunan. Although it is one of the oldest extant versions, many details of its production, acquisition, and collection were recorded, which provides the possibility to rethink the history of the “Miao albums” and their interconnections. On the one hand, the album is linked with other albums, such as one held in Princeton, the "General Gazetteer of Guizhou Province", and the "Qing Imperial Tribute Illustrations". On the other hand, some names and habitations of the ethnic groups vary widely between this album and most other albums. This reflects differences in the identification and classification of ethnic groups in Guizhou by the court before and after the policy of “gaitu guiliu” (replacement of local chiefs by officials) and the conquest of the “Miao territory”. This paper also discusses how the image and description of the Dadumiao were borrowed, modified, and reused for the Duanqunmiao and the Caijia, and why the Shui, Yang, Ling, Zhuang, Dong and Yao emerged in this album and were subdivided into more specific groups in later albums as the “internal frontier” in Guizhou gradually disappeared. These points simultaneously show the continuation of stereotypes as well as the creativity of early illustrated ethnographies in the Qing dynasty. As an album produced from the perspective of local officials, it represents the changing conceptualization of ethnicities of the Qing court and the process of bringing Guizhou entirely into the “Grand Unity” of the Qing dynasty.

[摘要] 柏林民族學博物館藏《苗民圖四十種》圖冊由乾隆朝貴州參將薛隆紹在貴州當地組織繪製，乾隆三十三年（1768）在湖南常德由澧州文人陳宗昂寫成，是一部罕見的清代早期“苗圖”。雖是最早的存世版本之一，但該圖冊的繪製、流通乃至收藏細節皆可考，為重溯“苗圖”傳抄史和版本關係網提供了可能。一方面，它與普林斯頓本等“苗圖”以及《貴州通志》、《皇清職貢圖》有傳抄關係。另一方面，圖冊所含族群的名稱與聚居地等又與大部分存世“苗圖”多有不同，涵蓋了改土歸流、開闢苗疆前後官府對貴州民族不同的識別與分類法。尤其是大肚苗到短裙苗、蔡家的圖文移植與轉變，以及水佯伶僮侗瑤的出現及分解隨著貴州“內部疆界”逐漸消解的過程同時進行，展現出清代早期民族圖志刻板化與主觀創造性皆備的特徵。作為一部站在地方官員立場上製作的圖冊，它反映了清代官府流動的族群觀，以及貴州全面納入大一統的進程。

2020年8月，北京大学考古文博学院师生对贵州安顺市平坝区的桃花村棺材洞进行了实地调 研。桃花村棺材洞是一处较为典型、保存较为完好的苗族洞葬遗址，相对于其他同类型遗址，它是一 处正在使用中的苗族墓葬，这对研究中国西南地区苗族洞葬历史和丧葬习俗具有非常重要的价值。 与20世纪90年代以来的学术调查记录相比，桃花村棺材洞作为活态的文化遗产，其现状、苗族口述 历史和洞外周边环境建设已经发生了微妙的变化，掺杂着由官方、民间和桃花村村民三方对其所展 开的演绎。文章就此次调研进行剖析，并回应2000年以来欧美学者曾就后现代人类学研究方法和 方式所提出的讨论。

Hailian Chen’s pioneering study presents the first comprehensive history of Chinese zinc—an essential base metal used to produce brass and coin and a global commodity—over the long eighteenth century. Zinc, she argues, played a far greater role in the Qing economy and in integrating China into an emerging global economy, than has previously been recognized. Using commodity chain analysis and exploring over 5,800 items of archival documents, Chen demonstrates how this metal was produced, transported, traded, and consumed by human agents. Situating the zinc story within the human-environment framework, this book covers a broad and interdisciplinary range of political economy, material culture, environment, technology, and society, which casts new light on our understanding of early modern China.

Readership:
All interested in the history of Qing China’s political economy, institutions, society, environment, Southwest frontier, and material culture; especially scholars engaged in empirical research on miners, metallurgy, and global commodities.

Front Matter  (open access https://brill.com/view/title/38555).
Forewords by Prof. Hans Ulrich Vogel and Prof. George Bryan Souza, see https://brill.com/view/book/9789004383043/front-7.xml

The People’s Republic of China (PRC) is increasingly open to foreigners undertaking social science fieldwork; yet obstacles remain. Working with ethnic minorities adds further complexities because of the sensitive topics such research may raise. Based on recent fieldwork among
the Dong in southeast Guizhou, as the first foreign researcher to ask for and gain official permission to work in the region, this article exposes some of the challenges, both practical and methodological, of conducting research in the PRC. Gaining access to my field site was a long trek through the hierarchic maze of Chinese administration. While reflecting upon this process, I detail my negotiations with local authorities. I then examine how I found reliable statistical data,was able to access the voices of peasants, acted to protect the anonymity of dissident informants, and negotiated working with local research assistants once in the field. These aspects, in turn, highlighted the importance of considering positionality in the field. Although each person’s experiences and routes to fieldwork are unique, there are recurrent issues that shape the research process in the PRC. I reflect upon a number of these here, in the hope that this can smooth the way for future researchers.

This book introduces the most recently revised version of the Sui (Shui) orthography, as approved and promoted by the Minority and Religious Affairs Bureau of Sandu Shui Autonomous County, Qiannan Prefecture, Guizhou Province, the People's Republic of China. The Sui orthography is based on Hanyu pinyin, the Latin-based phonemic orthography used by learners of standard Mandarin Chinese. However, because Sui has far more sounds than Mandarin, there are many more letter combinations (for example, q- indicates a preglottalised onset when combined with a consonant, h- indicates a voiceless nasal when combined with m or n, etc.). Tones are indicated by syllable-final letters -b (Tone 1), -z (T2), -c (T3), -x (T4), -s (T5) and -h (T6).

Assuming prior knowledge of Hanyu pinyin, the book's 22 chapters systematically introduce the sounds of Sui that do not exist in Mandarin, and their notation in the Sui orthography. Each chapter introduces an onset and a rime that do not exist in Hanyu pinyin or that are pronounced differently than in standard Mandarin. The six primary tones are introduced in chapters 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6. Chapters 15 to 22 introduce the checked syllables of Sui (i.e. syllables that end in -p, -t or -k) and their notation in Sui orthography. Each chapter also introduces some "sight-words" that facilitate the learning process.

The new sounds and letters introduced in each chapter are illustrated by means of numerous Sui words (with definitions in English and Chinese) and sentences. In total, the book contains over 1,500 Sui words and over 700 Sui sentences with glosses in English and Chinese. The book includes explanatory notes giving different pronunciations and alternative spellings for non-standard dialects.

This book is primarily designed as a self-study resource for fluent Sui speakers who are already literate in Chinese, with a view to helping them gain mother-tongue literacy. However, non-Sui speakers who are fluent in Mandarin will also find it useful for learning the Sui language. Additionally, the interlinearised Sui sentences are a valuable resource for linguists and scholars.

Cette note de recherche présente les données préliminaires d’une étude de cas : un petit village appelé Zhaoxing, situé au sud-est de la province du Guizhou en Chine. Depuis l’an 2000, le village de 4000 habitants se modernise grâce au développement du tourisme. Ses quelques 800 maisons de bois nichées au creux d’une vallée sculptée de rizières, ses ponts couverts et ses tours tambours en font un site pittoresque, qui est devenu un arrêt incontournable pour un nombre toujours grandissant de touristes. Basé sur un terrain ethnographique approfondi (entre 2006 et 2007) et de courts séjours entre 2000 et 2009, cet article présente quelques-unes des dynamiques impliquées dans le processus du développement touristique et économique du village. Il présente les différentes phases de développement entre 1980 et 2010 ainsi que les changements perçus par les habitants du village. Il révèle le jeu de pouvoir souvent inéquitable entre l’industrie touristique, le gouvernement local et les villageois.
Mots clés : tourisme ethnique, Guizhou, minorités nationales, République Populaire de Chine

Tourism and Economic Development in Remote Ethnic Regions of China. Case Study: A Dong Village of Guizhou.

This paper presents preliminary data for the case of Zhaoxing; a small village inhabited by the Dong national minority and located in southeast Guizhou. Since the year 2000, it is the site of extremely swift tourism development; its picturesque setting among paddy-fields, together with its multiple drum towers and wind and rain bridges (typical architectures of the Dong nationality) are attracting an increasing number of tourists. Based on exhaustive fieldwork between 2006 and 2007, as well as regular visits between 2000 and 2009, this article presents the different phases of tourism development in the village as well as the perception villagers have of recent changes. In so doing, it reveals inequitable power relations between the tourism industry, the local government and the villagers.
Keywords: Ethnic Tourism, Guizhou, National Minorities, People’s Republic of China.

We have studied three Permian–Triassic (PT) localities from China as part of a combined magnetostratigraphic, 40Ar/39Ar and U–Pb radioisotopic, and biostratigraphic study aimed at resolving the temporal relations between terrestrial and marine records across the Permo-Triassic boundary, as well as the rate of the biotic recovery in the Early Triassic. The studied sections from Shangsi (Sichuan Province), Langdai (Guihzou Province), and the Junggar basin (Xinjiang Province), span marine, paralic, and terrestrial PT environments, respectively. Each of these sections was logged in detail in order to place geochronologic, paleomagnetic, geochemical, conodont and palynologic samples within a common stratigraphic context. Here we present rock-magnetic, paleomagnetic and magnetostratigraphic results from the three localities. At Shangsi, northern Sichuan Province, we sampled three sections spanning Permo-Triassic marine carbonates. Magnetostratigraphic results from the three sections indicate that the composite section contains at least 8 polarity chrons and that the PT boundary occurs within a normal polarity chron a short distance above the mass extinction level and a reversed-to-normal (R-N) polarity reversal. Furthermore, the onset of the Illawarra mixed interval lies below the sampled section indicating that the uppermost Permian Changhsingian and at least part of the Wuchiapingian stages postdate the end of the Kiaman Permo-Carboniferous Reversed Superchron. At Langdai, Guizhou Province, we studied magnetostratigraphy of PT paralic mudstone and carbonate sediments in two sections. The composite section spans an R-N polarity sequence. Section-mean directions pass a fold test at the 95% confidence level, and the section-mean poles are close to the mean PT pole for the South China block. Based on biostratigraphic constraints, the R-N transition recorded at Langdai is consistent with that at Shangsi and demonstrates that the PT boundary occurred within a normal polarity chron a short distance above the mass extinction level. In the southern Junggar basin, Xinjiang Province, in northwest China, we determined the magnetostratigraphy of three sections of a terrestrial sequence. Normal and reversed polarity directions are roughly antipodal, and magnetostratigraphies from the three sections are highly consistent. Combined bio- and magneto-stratigraphy used to correlate this sequence to other PT sequences suggests that the previously- proposed biostratigraphic PT boundary in the Junggar sections was most likely misplaced by earlier workers suggesting that further work is necessary to confidently place the PT boundary there.

Luo, Yu. 2014. Review: Empire and Identity in Guizhou. Asian Highlands  Perspectives 35:227-236.

Review of
Weinstein, Jodi L. 2014. Empire and Identity in Guizhou: Local Resistance to Qing  Expansion. (Studies on Ethnic Groups in
China.) Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. xvi+217pp, 3 maps (xiv-xvi); foreword by Stevan Harrell, acknowledgments, notes, Chinese glossary, bibliography, index. ISBN 9780295993270 (paperback $30.00); ISBN 9780295993263 (hardback $75.00).
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Vagabonds, swindlers, bandits, and rebels. These figures may lie in quiet corners of Qing archives, but under the pen of historian Jodi Weinstein, they not only come alive, but ring out their voices, enmeshed with regional history and state formation. Focusing on the Zhongjia, who are believed to be the forbears of the current day Buyi (Bouyei) minzu – one of China's fifty-six state-designated nationalities – Weinstein is interested in how members of such a  lesser-known ethnic group in late imperial China's southwestern  frontier responded to state centralization with ingenuity. Giving equivalent attention to both imperial and indigenous perspectives, Weinstein carries out a careful, honest examination of historical narratives and livelihood strategies from below. Empire and Identity in Guizhou: Local Resistance to Qing Expansion is thus a timely and refined contribution to the recent waves of scholarship engaged in reappraising agency and livelihoods in the Sino-Southeast Asian borderlands, also known as 'Zomia' in Scott's 2009 influential  monograph The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia.  ...

The Permian–Triassic boundary interval in China comprises a significant record of faunal and floral changes during this important extinction event. Here we discuss the details of palynomorph preservation at the classical Western Guizhou and Eastern Yunnan sections in an effort to expand the stratigraphy and paleontology from these earlier studies.

人類学や社会学において，観光を論じるに当たって視覚は特権的な知覚とされてきた。この「視覚中心主義」には，他者の客体化や非人間化として捉える見方と，観光における視覚の中心性として捉える見方がある。ただどちらの見方にせよ，視覚中心主義を，ともに同じ時間・場所にありながら，あくまでも「自分ではない」という否定を含みながら対象を認識すること，そしてこの価値観が西洋特異的であることを描き出していることに違いはない。そして，両者とも視覚の身体的位置づけを軽現しているという問題をはらんでいる。中国貴州省の，主にプイ族によって歌われる山歌は歌掛けの一種である。この芸能は聴衆に対するアピールのほとんどを口頭による言語表現という聴覚による抽象的記号過程に頼っている。そのため，歌の聞き取れない若者が興味を持たず，衰退しつつあることは否めない。だが近年になって，山歌のVCDに字幕を入れることや，見た目(視覚的刺激)を意識した演出が見られるようになってきた。この聴覚から視覚への動きは，山歌の価値観の揺らぎを表している。山歌は聴覚を介する記号過程から，視覚を介する記号過程へ，また視覚を通じた，身体により直接的に訴えかける方向へと変化しつつあるのだ。こうした変化は、これまでの視覚中心主義に関する言説とは違う，視覚の身体的位置づけについて教えてくれる。視覚は他者の客体化などの要因となるだけではなく，ある種の身体的快楽にも通じているのだ。山歌は現在のところまだほとんど観光化されてはいない。しかし上述の変化が今後観光に結びつく可能性はある。またこの変化の一方で，聴覚を通じた身体的快楽に結びつく動きはなく，歌のスタイルは聴覚的側面においてまったく変化していない。こうした変化しない部分を見極めることで，芸能・文化を成り立たせている芯のようなものが分かるのではないだろうか。今後も観光化を含めた文化環境の変化の中でどのように山歌が変化していくのか注目していく必要がある。The sense of sight has got outstanding position in anthropology and sociology as "visualism", which gives importance to objectification of others, or "ocularcentrism", that indicates its primary significance on tourism. Both academic currents show that the sight gives the basis of the recognition of others as something different from the self. And they both have same problem that they pay little attention to the bodily position of this sense. The mountain song of Buyi in Guizhou of China is a kind of antiphonal singing. This art's appreciation depends on its oral/aural poetic expression. But recently the singers of this song have introduced some changes to the visual aspect of its performance. This means the transition of its weight from auditory semiotic process to visual one, and to more bodily direct pleasure. These changes tell the aspect of bodily pleasure of the sight which the discourse of visualism and ocularcentrism didn't show us. So far, the Mountain Song has not toursticized so much. But these changes will be able to link with tourism. By the way, in spite of its visualization, the original acoustic aspect of the song still remains. Through finding such lasting feature, we may be able to indicate a kind of "cultural core" that makes the identification of an art possible.

A giant statue of a six-pipe musical instrument stands in the heart of Kaili city. Yet despite its prominent placement, intended to convey the essence of the city, residents hold extremely low opinions of music-making in Kaili, particularly when compared to the “authentic” music found in surrounding ethnic minority villages. In this engaging, accessible work, author Paul Kendall investigates this conundrum and comes to terms with conflicting representations of a small southwestern Chinese city branded “the homeland of one hundred festivals.”

Drawing on Henri Lefebvre’s triad of social space, the book explores the relationship between Kaili’s branding, built environment, and everyday life: how China’s post-Mao built environment hinders and hides everyday music-making, even in a tourist destination for ethnic music; how residents themselves deny or downplay the existence of ethnic music in the city, despite the government’s efforts to promote it; how amateur musicians have constructed generational hierarchies of musical practice within a shifting cityscape. Kendall argues that increased focus on the small city helps counter a tendency to conceive China as either timeless village or futuristic metropolis and enables a more comprehensive understanding of the urban experience, both in China and beyond. He shows that many Kaili inhabitants recognize not only a rural-urban divide—long a dominant geographical notion of China—but also a more complex conceptualization of village, small city, and big city.

By interweaving theories of authenticity with an innovative interpretation of space, Kendall shows how the category of “fake” minority emerged from this small city as a surprisingly positive form of self-identification, suggesting that there are ways of not being ethnic, even in often-exoticized southwest China. The Sounds of Social Space makes a distinctive contribution across a range of disciplinary interests, including Chinese studies, urban studies, anthropology, and ethnomusicology.

Field report on a visit to the "King of Yalu" epic field station in Mashan, Guizhou to investigate the "King of Yalu" (Yalu wang) epic tradition in the summer of 2013.  Discusses a continuum of "mitigated" and "unmitigated" ritual performances in simulated and typical contexts.