Function Point

The spotted dol­ phin (Stenella attenuata) is found throughout much of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. A previous study evaluated morphological variation in skull morphology, but now specimens are available for a greater portion of the range. Also, corrections have been made in data and an assessment has been made evaluating repeatability of character measurements. We reas­ sessed geographic variation in 30 cranial features (26 morphometric measures and 4 tooth counts) based on 611 museum specimens. All characters except two tooth counts showed statistically signifi­ cant geographic variation, while 21 of the 30 characters exhibited significant sexual dimorphism. Males were larger in most charac­ ters; females were larger in some length measurements involving the rostrum and ramus. As in pre­ vious analyses, inshore S. attenu­ ata were found to be very distinc­ tive, so subsequent analyses fo­ cused on offshore spotted dolphins from 29 50 latitude-longitude blocks. Mantel tests ...

We present a study of the effectiveness of estimating web application development effort using Function Points and Web Objects methods, and a method we propose-the Revised Web Objects (RWO). RWO is an upgrading of WO method, aimed to account for new web development styles and technologies. It also introduces an up-front classification of web applications according to their size, scope and technology, to further refine their effort estimation. These methods were applied to a data-set of 24 projects obtained by Datasiel ...

In conseguenza dell'ampio utilizzo della metrica dei Function Points nel campo del software management, si riscontra una crescente esigenza di metodi per stimare, in un momento alto del ciclo di vita del software, il valore in Function Points di una applicazione software. Questo lavoro descrive come utilizzare il metodo degli Early Function Points (presentato a IFPUG 97, Scottsdale, Settembre 97) da un punto di vista pratico e presenta un insieme di risultati di progetto molto incoraggianti. Gli Early Function Points non costituiscono una misura alternativa ai Function Points IFPUG 4.0, ma solo una loro veloce e precoce stima. Il metodo si basa sulla identificazione di oggetti software, come i dati logici e le funzionalita fornite dal software in esame, a differenti livelli di dettaglio. I fattori chiave sono: macrofunzioni, funzioni, microfunzioni, primitive funzionali e gruppi logici di dati. A ognuno di questi oggetti puo essere assegnato un insieme di valori in FP basati su ...

1 Functional metrics (especially IFPUG Function Point and Mark II Function Point) are gaining dominance over "technological" type metrics (Lines of Code). Although this takes place quite rapidly from the "cultural" standpoint, on a practical level the process is much slower due to the large quantity of code measurements already present in any company, and given the scepticism with which functional metrics are received in some technical environments. The advantages of the first approach over the second one are, by now, well known. There are, indeed, some problems regarding functional metrics that need to be addressed by the technical community. This paper aims to highlight the major drawbacks of IFPUG Function Point metrics and discuss some possible solutions. 1. INTRODUCTION 2 In the field of software measurement, Lines of Code have long had the leading role in measuring an application's size. This role was certainly not undeserved, given that a software prog...

Keynote lecture at the: 1st International Software Measuremen & Analysis (ISMA) Conference, Sponsored by IFPUG, September 10-15, 2006 San Diego, California, USA

7. Abstract
The presented Function Point Prognosis was performed three times: with 20, 39 and 78 application system counts, as number of counts increased during the years. It was possible to show from error calculations that the regression formulae delivered Function Points with 13 % error by only counting the EI’s and EO’s. Since we fortunately have an almost uniform development environment with all application systems being counted (both being prerequisites for this result) and thus knowing all our interfaces, we can do this Function Point Prognosis before or at project start with marginal effort.

This Function Points are used for effort estimation with an estimation tool (Capers Jones’ Checkpoint for Windows). Since this tool allowed only to estimate and view single projects or their comparison with other projects, templates or portfolios of projects within this tool database, there was a lack of overview. Thus the here presented enhancement was developed, showing the overview of the estimated projects for certain project categories like e.g. new development, enhancement, maintenance, project post mortem, and template, each for different platforms like e.g. host, PC, C/S, etc.

Content
THE CHALLENGE OF EARLY ESTIMATION 1
GETTING STARTED 2
DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT 2
IT PROJECT ESTIMATION BASICS 3
EXPERT ESTIMATIONS 3
POLITICAL ESTIMATIONS 4
ESTIMATION CONFERENCES 4
CONTROLLING AND ESTIMATION 5
THE MOST IMPORTANT THEMES OF  ESTIMATION 5
FUNCTION POINT PROGNOSIS 6
FUNCTION POINT DATABASE 6
INDICATORS 7
Value adjustment factor 7
Function component proportions 7
REGRESSION ANALYSIS 8
PROGNOSIS FORMULAE 8
TOOL BASED ESTIMATION 8
ESTIMATION TOOL 8
ESTIMATION PORTFOLIO AND TEMPLATES 8
BENEFITS OF EARLY FUNCTION POINT PROGNOSIS FOR EARLY PROJECT ESTIMATION 8
BENEFITS OF THE FPM 8
LITERATURE 10

Der Nutzen der Function Point Methode für Aufwandschätzung und Softwareentwicklung –Praktische Erfahrungen
Artikel für die GPM Tagung 2005
Der Nutzen der Function Point Methode für
Aufwandschätzung und Softwareentwicklung –Praktische
Erfahrungen
MANFRED BUNDSCHUH
Der Nutzen der Function Point Methode für Aufwandschätzung und Softwareentwicklung –
Praktische Erfahrungen................................................................................................................1
Zusammenfassung.......................................................................................................................1
Herausforderungen der Aufwandschätzung.......................................................................................................................2
Die Function Point Methode als Voraussetzung für solide Aufwandschätzung.........................2
Function Points auf einen Blick..................................................................................................3
Der Schritt vom Messen zum Schätzen...................................................................................3
Umfangmaße nach ISO Norm...................................................................................................4
COSMIC Full Function Points (FFP)..........................................................................................5
Praktische Erfahrungen und Synergieeffekte beim Einsatz der Function Point Methode......5
Die Aufwandschätzung als Voraussetzung für solide Projektplanung........................................6
Kritische Erfolgsfaktoren der Aufwandschätzung..................................................................6
Schätzgenauigkeit und Schätzzeitpunkte................................................................................6
Frühe Schätzungen......................................................................................................................7
Akzeptanz......................................................................................................................................7
Aufwandschätzung in speziellen Umgebungen.....................................................................8
Objektorientierte Metriken..........................................................................................................8
Function Point Zählung von Datawarehouse Projekten.......................................................8
Aufwandschätzung von Web-Entwicklungen.........................................................................9
Aufwandschätzung von Wartungsaufträgen/Changes........................................................9
Professionelle Hilfestellung durch Metrikorganisationen..................................................................................................................9
DASMA........................................................................................................................................10
GI FG 2.1.10 Software-Messung und –Bewertung.............................................................10
IFPUG..........................................................................................................................................10
ISBSG..........................................................................................................................................11
MAIN...........................................................................................................................................11
Literaturverzeichnis..................................................................................................................11
Schlagwörter..............................................................................................................................11
Autor............................................................................................................................................12
Anschrift.....................................................................................................................................12

Le conseguenze dell’errato e improprio uso della misura dei Function Point sono già state nitidamente denunciate; le azioni correttive conseguenze atte ad evitarle già chiaramente identificate. Non rimane altro da fare che denunciare le perversioni metriche, oggi sempre più palesemente evidenti nella gestione della relazione cliente-fornitore. Bisogna che Amministrazioni Appaltanti e Fornitori ICT, esperti di Software Measurement, Project Management e Quality Management, abbiano, tutti assieme, la volontà di denunciare la “Nebbia Epistemica”, la verità avvelenata che offusca l’uso contrattuale del Function Point,

Vortrag auf der DASMA - Tagung in Stuttgart am 13.11.1997
1 FUNCTION POINT ZÄHLUNG.                                                     
2 VORGEHEN
2.1 TABELLE
R².....
Auswertung von R2........
2.2 GRAFIKEN MIT REGRESSIONSKURVEN...
3 ZWISCHENERGEBNIS.....................
4 WEITERFÜHRENDE UNTERSUCHUNG...................
4.1 TABELLE FPM-TESTPROGNOSEN.............
4.2 UNTERSUCHUNG MIT LINEAREN KOEFFIZIENTEN................................................
4.2.1 Host- und PC - Anwendungen.............
4.2.2 Alle Anwendungen.................................................................
4.3 TABELLE FPM - PROGNOSEN.............................
4.4 AUSWERTUNG VON FPM - PROGNOSE...........
ERGEBNISSE......................................................................................................................
5.1 ANWENDUNG DER DAUMENREGEL...............................................................
5.2 FAZIT...................................................................................................................................
5.3 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG...............................................................................................
6 ANHANG................................................................................................................................
6.1 ABKÜRZUNGEN..............................................................................................................
6.2 LITERATUR..............................................................................................................
6.3 TABELLEN........................................................................................................................
6.3.1 Tabelle FPM - Anzahlen...........................................................................................
6.3.2 Tabelle FPM - Statistik.............................................................................................
6.3.3 Tabelle FPM - Testprognosen.....................................................................................
6.3.4 Tabelle FPM - Prognosen.............................................................................................
6.3.5 Host - Daten
6.3.6 PC-Daten.....................................................................................
6.3.7 Daten Alle Anwendungen...........................................................................
6.3.8 Regression EI + EO - ungewichtete Function Points..............................
6.3.9 Regression Anzahl EI + EO - ungewichtete Function Points...................................
6.3.10 Regression Anzahl ILF + EIF - ungewichtete Function Points............................

Apresenta-se neste artigo o conceito de edifício inteligente de um ponto de vista funcional, realçando a estrutura dos serviços que o integram, as suas funções básicas e as suas interacções. Em particular, chama-se a atenção para os enormes potenciais, em termos de valor ...

The appearance of the Function Point technique has allowed the ICT community to increase significantly the practice of software measurement, with respect to the use of the traditional "Lines of Code approach". A FP count, however, requires a complete and detailed level of descriptive documentation, like the Functional Specifications of the software system under measurement, to be performed. There are at least two situations in which having an estimation method, compatible but alternative to the standard rules for FP, could be decisive. The first case occurs when the development or enhancement project is in such an early phase that it is simply not possible to perform a FP count according to the IFPUG standards (i.e. in the Feasibility Study). The second case occurs when an evaluation of the existing software asset is needed, but the necessary documentation or the required time and resources to perform a detailed FP calculation are not available. Based on these and other an...

Artikel für die GPM Tagung 1999

Der Beitrag schildert die Grundlagen der Function Point Methode als Basis der Aufwandschätzung von IT-Projekten gleichermaßen für Laien und Einsteiger in das Thema.Dabei wird neben den
leichtverständlich
beschriebenen technischen Einzelheiten sehr vielWert auf die
Grundlagen
beim praktischen Einsatz, d.h., auch auf
die Einstellungen undErfahrungen
der Beteiligten bei der Function Point Zählung eingegangen. Betroffene in denUnternehmen wissen, daß das Hauptproblem für die Akzeptanz der Methode die Einstellungder Projektleiter zu dem Thema ist.

Current software cost estimation models, such as the 1981 Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) for software cost estimation and its 1987 Ada COCOMO update, have been experiencing increasing difficulties in estimating the costs of software developed to new life cycle processes and capabilities. These include non-sequential and rapid-development process models; reuse-driven approaches involving commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) packages, re-engineering, applications composition, and applications generation capabilities; object-oriented approaches supported by distributed middleware; and software process maturity initiatives. This paper summarizes research in deriving a baseline COCOMO 2.0 model tailored to these new forms of software development, including rationale for the model decisions. The major new modeling capabilities of COCOMO 2.0 are a tailorable family of software sizing models, involving Object Points, Function Points, and Source Lines of Code; nonlinear models for software reuse and re-engineering; an exponentdriver approach for modeling relative software diseconomies of scale; and several additions, deletions and updates to previous COCOMO effort-multiplier cost drivers. This model is serving as a framework for an extensive current data collection and analysis effort to further refine and calibrate the model's estimation capabilities.

Visual perception and visual mental imagery, the faculty whereby we can revisualise a visual item from memory, have often been regarded as cognitive functions subserved by common mechanisms. Thus, the leading cognitive model of visual mental imagery holds that visual perception and visual imagery share a number of mental operations, and rely upon common neural structures, including early visual cortices. In particular, a single visual buffer would be used “bottom-up” to display visual percepts and “top-down” to display internally generated images. The proposed neural substrate for this buffer consists of some cortical visual areas organised retinotopically, that is, the striate and extrastriate occipital areas. Empirical support for this model came from the report of brain-damaged patients showing an imagery deficit which parallels a perceptual impairment in the same cognitive domain. However, recent reports of patients showing double dissociations between perception and imagery abilities challenged the perception-imagery equivalence hypothesis from the functional point of view. From the anatomical point of view, the available evidence suggests that occipital damage is neither necessary nor sufficient to produce imagery deficits. On the other hand, extensive left temporal damage often accompanies imagery deficits for object form or colour. Thus, visual mental imagery abilities might require the integrity of brain areas related to vision, but at an higher level of integration than previously proposed.

Functional Size Measurement (FSM) methods are intended to measure the size of software by quantifying the functional user requirements of the software. The capability to accurately quantify the size of software in an early stage of the development lifecycle is critical to software project managers for evaluating risks, developing project estimates and having early project indicators. In this paper, we present OO-Method Function Points (OOmFP), which is a new FSM method for object-oriented systems that is based on measuring conceptual schemas. OOmFP is presented following the steps of a process model for software measurement. Using this process model, we present the design of the measurement method, its application in a case study, and the analysis of different evaluation types that can be carried out to validate the method and to verify its application and results.

The appearance of the Function Point technique has allowed the ICT community to increase significantly the practice of software measurement, with respect to the use of the traditional “Lines of Code approach”. A FP count, however, requires a complete ...

The most important subclasses of Japanese passive sentences from a syntactic and functional point of view are the ni-passive and the niyotte-passive. While the ni-passive is a construction which is indigenous to the Japanese language, the niyotte-passive is a new construction that arose through the influence of European languages.Niyotte-passive sentences happened to come into the Japanese language when the translation word niyotte, expressing means and way, was assigned to Dutch door — a marker of path, means and way and of the agent in a passive sentence — in the literal translation of Modern Dutch texts.Although the appearance of the niyotte-passive had historical reasons, the form has come to be widely used because it was, structurally and functionally, in the position of filling up a gap in the system of the Japanese language. Structurally it shifts the agent to an adjunct position without changing the roles of the arguments of a transitive construction, and functionally it describes an activity of a human being or human beings from a completely neutral standpoint.

Early & Quick Function Points analysis (E&QFP) was invented in 1997 by Roberto Meli in order to facilitate IFPUG Function Points estimation and was presented at the ESCOM 97 conference, for the first time. Since then, the usage of the method has been spread out all over the world and E&QFP has probably become the most used functional size estimation method for Italian Public Administration software contracts. In 2004 DPO presented the version 2.0 of the rules and the method was extended, experimentally, to the COSMIC Functional Size Measurement Method. After three years of experience with the version 2.0 and ten years from the initial formulation, we present, now, the latest evolution of the method, for the IFPUG FPA, identified as version 3.0. In 2006 E&QFP has become a registered trademark but the method is still available for free in the public domain since it is managed as a "Publicly Available Method". The DPO development team has opened the doors to external contribu...

Vortrag auf der DASMA Tagung MetriKon 2003 in Neu-Ulm am 10.11.2003 Agenda:
1 Inhaltsverzeichnis 2
2 Abstract 3
3 Transaktions- und Data Warehouse-Systeme 4
4 Empfehlungen für Function Point Zählregeln beim Sternschema Design 6
4.1 Bewertung der Datenbestände 6
4.2 Bewertung der Transaktionen 7
5 Empfehlungen für Function Point Zählregeln beim OLAP Design 8
5.1 Erläuterung OLAP spezifischer Begriffe 8
5.2 Bewertung von Datenbeständen der OLAP Cubes 9
5.3 Bewertung von Transaktionen der OLAP Cubes 10
6 Literatur 11
7 Index