Function

Calculating protein–protein interaction energies is crucial for understanding protein–protein associations. On the basis of the methodology of mean-field potential, we have developed an empirical approach to estimate binding free energy for protein–protein interactions. This knowledge-based approach has been used to derive distance-dependent free energies of protein complexes from a nonredundant training set in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), with a careful treatment of homology. We calculate atom pair potentials for 16 pair interactions, which can reflect the importance of hydrophobic interactions and specific hydrogen-bonding interactions. The derived potentials for hydrogen-bonding interactions show a valley of favorable interactions at a distance of ≈3 Å, corresponding to that of an established hydrogen bond. For the test set of 28 protein complexes, the calculated energies have a correlation coefficient of 0.75 compared with experimental binding free energies. The performance of the method in ranking the binding energies of different protein–protein complexes shows that the energy estimation can be applied to value binding free energies for protein–protein associations. Proteins 2002;46:190–196. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

In the Jebala region, NW of Morocco, the making of recipients of dung from cows or/and clay (tonna and tabtoba) was common in the past. These recipients were used for stocking cereals and their dry products, for feeding the livestock, or for transporting the céréals to the rotative mill. The élaboration of these objects, which dissapeared 20 or 30 years ago, represented a general technical knowledge which was carried out by all the women in the région, in order to satisfy their domestic needs.

During waterlogging conditions plants switch from aerobic respiration to anaerobic fermentation to cope with the lack of available oxygen. Plants have two main fermentation pathways: ethanol and lactic acid fermentation. In this paper we carry out a functional analysis of the Arabidopsis lactate dehydrogenase gene, LDH1. Our results indicate that LDH1, like some other anaerobic genes, is expressed in a root-specific manner and is affected by a variety of abiotic stresses (hypoxia, drought, cold) and mechanical wounding. Functional analysis of LDH1 was carried out using transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing the gene (35S promoter) and a T-DNA knockout line. Overexpression of LDH1 resulted in improved survival of low oxygen stress conditions in roots but not in shoots. Increased lactic acid fermentation also resulted in significantly higher activities of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC). Knockout mutants of LDH1 showed reduced survival under low oxygen conditions and PDC activity levels w...

Timing of food intake has become a critical factor in determining overall cardiometabolic health. We hypothesized that timing of food intake entrains circadian rhythms of blood pressure (BP) and renal excretion in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed ad libitum or reverse feeding (RF) where food was available at all times of day or only available during the 12-h lights-on period, respectively. Mice eating ad libitum had a significantly higher mean arterial pressure (MAP) during lights-off compared to lights-on (113 ± 2 mmHg vs 100 ± 2 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.0001); however, RF for 6 days inverted the diurnal rhythm of MAP (99 ± 3 vs 110 ± 3 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.0001). In contrast to MAP, diurnal rhythms of urine volume and sodium excretion remained intact after RF. Male Bmal1 knockout mice (Bmal1KO) underwent the same feeding protocol. As previously reported, Bmal1KO mice did not exhibit a diurnal MAP rhythm during ad libitum feeding (95 ± 1 mmHg vs 92 ± 3 mmHg, lights-off...

Purpose:  To assess limits for significant improvement or deterioration of visual fields in diabetic patients based on short-term test–retest variability in subjects with different degrees of retinopathy.Methods:  Fifty patients with diabetic retinopathy ranging from level 10 to 75 [according to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) severity scale] were tested repeatedly with both standard automated perimetry (SAP) and short-wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP) with short intervals. The association between visual field loss and degree of retinopathy outside fovea was analysed. Test–retest variability of global and local visual field indices and prediction limits for significant change were calculated.Results:  The amount of visual field loss was significantly associated to the degree of retinopathy, with a correlation coefficient of −0.51 for SAP (P = 0.0003) and −0.45 for SWAP (P = 0.002). Global test–retest variability was smaller with SAP than with SWAP (P < 0.0001). For both SAP and SWAP, local test–retest variability was considerably smaller at test points with normal sensitivity than at test points with reduced sensitivity (P < 0.0001). Paracentral test points within 10° of eccentricity had less variability than peripheral points (P < 0.0001), implying that smaller change is required to reach statistically significant improvement or deterioration at initially normal and paracentral points than at depressed points and peripherally located test points.Conclusion:  Our results propose that SAP, as well as SWAP, can be useful for monitoring visual function outside fovea in diabetic patients with various degrees of retinopathy. We report a preference for SAP because of less variability generally. Limits for significant improvement or deterioration have been assessed but need future validation in a longitudinal study.

We have previously developed and described a battery of 9 items suitable for assessing different clinical aspects of visual function in newborn infants.Application of the test battery to a cohort of low risk term-born infants at 48 and 72 h after birth 1) to define the normative distribution of results for each item and 2) to document any effect of postnatal age.124 term-born low risk infants were assessed at 48 h; fifty of them were re-assessed 24 h later at 72 h.The visual test battery was successfully completed in 110 of the 124 infants assessed at 48 h and in all the 50 infants assessed at 72 h after birth. For 3 of the 9 items (fixation on a black/white target of concentric circles, on a coloured (red/yellow) face and horizontal tracking), the findings were very similar at both ages. For the remaining 6 items the range of findings was wider. There was a statistical difference in the responses obtained at 48 and 72 h for vertical and arc tracking (p < 0.05) and the ability to discriminate stripes and attention at distance (p < 0.001).Our results provide information on the visual abilities in a low risk population of term-born infants and the distribution of frequency of their visual responses to our battery of visual tests. These findings may be used as reference data when using our visual test battery in both clinical and research settings.

The economy of Vietnam has developed at a fairly high rate in recent years with the average GDP growth rate of 6.55%/year. The industrialization and modernization are growing day by day. Vietnam currently has 325 industrial zones with a total area of 94,900 hectares; about over 550 thousand enterprises, over 21 thousand cooperatives and 61 cooperative unions, about 4.65 million individual business households, over 262,000 establishments under the management of the fire fighting and prevention. However, such task performance has not achieved the desired effect yet. In this article, the author clarifies the current situation of fire prevention and fighting of the Police force; points out some shortcomings, limitations and their causes. Thereby, the author suggests a number of solutions to improve the efficiency of fire prevention and fighting according to the functions of the Police force in the coming time.

This paper describes a new software tool that addresses the deficiencies in the conventional text-based approach towards assembly language programming. The tool presents assembly codes in the form of hierarchical flow charts, whereby each layer ...

Objective The aim of this study was the comparison of the functional stability of dominant and non-dominant
shoulder in female volleyball players with and without anterior shoulder instability, using YBT-UQ.
Materials & Methods In this descriptive study, 28 female university volleyball players (age=20 to 25 years)
were categorized into healthy (n=14) and anterior shoulder instability (n=14) group. Upper quarter y
balance test (YBT-UQ) was used for measuring functional stability of both dominant and non-dominant
shoulder. After checking the normal distribution of the results with 1-s Kolmogorov-Smirnov, paired
sample t-test and independent sample t-test were used for comparing the dominant and non-dominant
shoulder’s functional stability and for comparing the results between groups, respectively.
Results Higher YBT-UQ composite score was observed in non-dominant shoulder and dominant shoulder
of the healthy group and the non-dominant shoulder and dominant (injured) shoulder of shoulder instability
group, respectively. No significant difference was observed between functional stability of both
shoulders of the healthy group (P=0.144), while the functional stability of the non-dominant shoulders
of the instability group was significantly higher than the dominant unstable shoulders (P=0.001). The
results of functional stability of the unstable shoulders of the injured group were significantly lower than
the results of the dominant shoulders of the healthy group, while in non-dominant side, all directions but
the Superolateral direction showed significant difference.
Conclusion Based on the results of this study, functional stability of the unstable shoulder of female university
volleyball players is lower than the functional stability of their non-dominant side or the functional
stability of the healthy subjects; Therefore, we suggest that the upper extremity stabilization exercises,
specially the closed kinetic chain exercises should be added to the shoulder rehabilitation programs.

Esse artigo tem por objetivo analisar os mapas em suas formas e funções no espaço tempo. Assim, através do movimento existente no espaço, o homem e suas relações transformaram de maneiras diferenciadas as técnicas e as ciências. A cartografia, como toda forma de conhecimento, desenvolveu seus parâmetros em teorias e métodos interligados com características e movimentos da história, tendo em seu maior produto a utilização de funções diferenciada. Caracteriza-se uma variação no seu desenvolvimento através da época, conduzindo ao homem autor fundamental das disparidades em um mapa. Este movimento conduz ao produto de expansão as impregnações nos caminhos do progresso, onde a cada parte histórica o mapa ganha e agregasse as visões de futuro, com isso, as necessidades gananciosas dos homens do poder. O mapa viabiliza ao leito maneiras diferentes de compreender as ações dos seres sobre seu território, partindo das perspectivas descritivas dos lugares, dando ênfase às descobertas humanas, as procuras desenfreadas da religião por provas concretas dos textos de seu embasamento, a reutilização de pensamentos pelos renascentistas, e pela grande expansão dominadora dos seres através das guerras. Os mapas além de suas funções também registram no tempo as diversificadas formas de produção que aceleraram de forma significativa a sua integração com o social da humanidade, passando este de produtos feitos a mão para uma produção em maior escala com sistemas avançados desenvolvidos através do progresso econômico, militar e politico.

THE MANY CHANGES IN FUNCTIONAL MAPS AS LONG SPACE-TIME.

Abstract: This article aims to analyze the maps in their forms and functions in space and time. Thus, by moving in the space, and the man turned his relations in ways different techniques and sciences. The mapping, as all forms of knowledge, developed its parameters in theories and methods connected with features and movements of history, taking its largest product the use of differentiated functions. Characterized a variation in its development through time, leading to man Author fundamental disparities on a map. This movement leads to the expansion product impregnations the paths of progress, where each party wins historic map and grossing visions of the future, therefore, the needs of greedy men of power. The map enables the bedside different ways to understand the actions of beings on its territory, from the perspectives of the places descriptive, emphasizing the human discoveries, searches unbridled religious texts for evidence of its foundation, the reuse of thoughts by Renaissance , and the great expansion of the dominant beings through wars. The maps in addition to his duties also record the time the diverse forms of production that significantly accelerated its integration with social humanity, with this hand made product for a larger scale production with advanced systems developed through economic progress, military and political.

The economy of Vietnam has developed at a fairly high rate in recent years with the average GDP growth rate of 6.55%/year. The industrialization and modernization are growing day by day. Vietnam currently has 325 industrial zones with a total area of 94,900 hectares; about over 550 thousand enterprises, over 21 thousand cooperatives and 61 cooperative unions, about 4.65 million individual business households, over 262,000 establishments under the management of the fire fighting and prevention. However, such task performance has not achieved the desired effect yet. In this article, the author clarifies the current situation of fire prevention and fighting of the Police force; points out some shortcomings, limitations and their causes. Thereby, the author suggests a number of solutions to improve the efficiency of fire prevention and fighting according to the functions of the Police force in the coming time.

РЕЗЮМЕ Акушерската професия изисква широки на-учни познания, комуникативни умения, способ-ност за цялостен подход към прилагането на ле-чебно-диагностични методи. В непрекъснатия контакт с пациентите, с близките е здравни-ят специалист, независимо дали става въпрос за болнично или извънболнично обслужване. Основ-ните задачи на акушерката се отнасят до учас-тие в решаването на проблеми, свързани с въз-производството на населението, медико-соци-ални въпроси на брака и семейството, социал-но-правни проблеми на бременната, майката и детето. Акушерките се реализират професио-нално в специализирани болници по акушерство и гинекология, акушеро-гинекологични отделе-ния на други болници, акушеро-гинекологични кабинети в извънболничната помощ, кабинети по стерилитет, кабинети по медико-генетич-ни консултации, кабинети за семейно планира-не, кабинети за социално-правна помощ на май-чинството и детството, научни изследовател-ски институти. Акушерката може да организи-ра и ръководи здравни структури за промоция на здравето, здравна профилактика, здравно възпи-тание и обучение за бременни, родилки и техни-те семейства, училища за родители и училища за кърмене. ABSTRACT The obstetric profession requires extensive scientific knowledge, communicative skills, the ability to take a holistic approach to the application of healing and diagnostic methods. In constant contact with patients, the health care professional independently whether it is a hospital or outpatient service. The main tasks of the midwife concern participation in solving problems related to the reproduction of the population, medical and social issues of marriage and family, sociole-gal issues of the pregnant women, mothers and children. Midwives are professionally employed in specialized hospitals of obstetrics and gynecology, obstet-ric gynecology departments of other hospitals, obstet-ric and gynecological offices in outpatient care, sterility consultation offices, consultation offices for medical genetic counseling, family planning offices, maternity and childhood social care offices, scientific research institutes. The midwife can organize and manage health structures to promote health, health pro-phylaxis, health education and training for pregnant women, nurses and their families, parents' schools and nursing schools.

English is an SVO (Subject, Verb, Object) word order language. This canonical SVO pattern is the default unmarked word-order configuration typical of English, which makes English to be classified under the typology of SVO languages. However, driven by the major purpose of language as an instrument of human communication and social interaction, and as a semantic system for making meanings, addressors sometimes depart in their discourse from this basic canonical order of constituents where a grammaticalized system like inversion takes place, resulting in inverted constructions. Through testing and developing the Degree of Focus Hypothesis, proposed by Huffman (1993), this study, which employed a mixed methods research design, sought to explore the communicative and semantic values of inversion; and the pragmalinguistc functions of preposing, i.e. clause-initial adjuncts, to the pragmatic process of communication. The study confirmed the Degree of Focus Hypothesis where the hypothesized notion of concentration of attention stemming from inversion was found to be applicable. The paper stressed that what triggers inversion or non-inversion is a certain communicative effect such as focus rather than a relation of formal determination where one element determines mechanically the form or appearance of another. A contribution to linguistic and educational research, the paper, therefore, highlighted the importance of a human factor in the functioning of language, and emphasized the need to break away from grammar-based teaching (traditional grammar) to discourse-based language teaching (communicative grammar) where languaging rather than language should be the focus of language teaching and learning.

This study is a corpus-based analysis of modal verbs in the English academic writing of Saudi Arabian advanced learners whose mother tongue is Arabic. The aim of this study is to develop a better understanding of the uses of modal verbs in academic writing by non-native speakers of English as compared with native speakers. The writing analyzed is a corpus created from Master of Arts (MA) dissertations. The study compares the use of modal verbs by these writers with that of the writing of native speakers of British English using the British Academic Written English (BAWE) corpus. The results show that the category of modal verbs is generally underused by Saudi writers when compared with native speaker writers. An exception occurs with the modal should which was the only modal verb found to be considerably overused by Saudi writers. The modal verbs would, could and may are significantly underused. The absence of an organized modal verbs system in the Arabic language may influence Arabic speakers' use of modal verbs. The overall analysis has demonstrated that Saudi writers use a restricted repertoire of modal verbs. The analysis also points to some pedagogical implications that needs to be taken into consideration by English for Academic Purposes (EAP) material writers, particularly for Saudi learners. Cite as: Akeel, E.S. (2020). A corpus-based study of modal verbs in academic writing of English native speakers and Saudis. University of Reading, Department of English Language and Applied Linguistics

Cerebral palsy is among the most common motor disabilities in our midst that limits individuals from carrying out their normal daily routines. The adjacent alterations, characterization, and participation of the child in these activities is not appropriated explored in the literature. The objective of this survey was to describe the capacity and performance of the children with cerebral palsy treated at an institution in the city of Fortaleza as to their capacity to carry out tasks and participate in daily life activities as stated in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. Thirty-two children were evalueted. The data collected was grouped by the software Statistical Package of Social of Science (SPSS). The ICF had proportioned an objective description from cerebral palsy disabilities. It was clear that the impact that the disease has on the life of the children.

Urban morphological approach (concepts and practices) plays a significant role in forming our cities not only in terms of theoretical perspective but also in how to practice and experience the urban form structures over time. Urban morphology has been focused on studying the processes of formation and transformation of urban form based on its historical development. The main purpose of this study is to explore and describe the existing literature of this approach and thus aiming to summarize the most important studies that put into understanding the city form. In this regard, there were three schools of urban morphological studies, namely: the British, the Italian, and the French School. A reflective comparison between the three schools has been conducted in order to recognize the main critical points among them. Therefore, a theoretical framework is derived.

Among the schools of thought on religion that have developed within the purview of sociology, functionalism has been associated with Emile Durkheim. It describes religion with regard to the requirements of the society and the role it plays in their fulfillment. Religion is a dichotomous concept and tends to rely on the differentiation between two categories of the sacred and the profane. The system of mystical attachment with an object whether animate or inanimate, is actually the veneration of the society itself. Totemism finds its expression amidst the Australian Aborigines and the tribal in India. Shared core principles and value consensus are essential for the existence of the society in its cohesive form.  While religion reinforces the interdependence of individual entities within a society and has exhibited unifying characteristics, it also has been a source of division and a cause of friction.  Despite what may seem sometimes to be a dysfunctional role, religion and the functional status ascribed to it  continues to be relevant especially, in simpler or even in modern contexts and provides a basis for further comprehension.

The focus of the chapter is weak islands (WI), i.e. selective islands. Strong (absolute) islands are considered only to set the stage for the discussion of WIs. Up until the late 1980s nothing much beyond wh-islands had been thought to be a WI. Beginning with Relativized Minimality, an ever-growing range of WIs has been recognized. Thus, theories of weak islands have mushroomed, each coming with a significant set of new data and important new connections to other domains. The chapter emphasizes the correspondence between data sets and theories. Less attention is given to proposals that primarily recast the theoretical account of some narrow range of data.

Section 2 explains the distinction between absolute versus selective islands. Section 3 introduces a range of classical strong islands and various types of explanations, among them subjacency, repair by ellipsis, and processing. Sections 4, 5, and 6 enumerate the kind of extractions that are sensitive to WIs and the factors that induce a WI. Under the rubric of weak-island sensitivity, it discusses arguments vs. adjuncts, referential or existentially  presupposing vs. non-referential expression, D-linking, individual vs. non-individual expressions and how many-phrases, functional readings and event-related readings, split constructions, negative polarity licensing, and cross-sentential anaphora. Under the rubric of weak-island inducers, it considers intervention effects due to wh-islands, negatives and other affective operators, response stance and non-stance in contrast to volunteered stance  predicates, extraposition islands, VP-adverbs, and finally quantifier scope islands. Section 7 is devoted to various theories of islands, starting with ECP and subjacency, moving on to Relativized Minimality. Theoretical problems and the diversity of the data motivate the transition to the scope theory that comes in two versions, the algebraic semantic and the dynamic semantic ones. Section 8 concludes.

Road development has been one of the requirement for economic development in any historical period. In the old days, caravanserais were built for various reasons because of the vastness of Iran and the need to establish connections between different cities. These construction came in over years for a variety of reasons. These building had other functions rather than providing only a systematic opportunity for travellers and caravans which is taking rest, and also to exchange comes to examine in the possibility of turning it into a historical landscape which is used in tourism, data collection has been done through documentary technique and library studies by examining authentic magazines and books about the caravanserais. In this analysis, through the subject landscape, the functions of the caravanserai are identified and the functions are divided into eleven main categories. By analyzing these functions, it seems that the caravanserais, by their congruent function in different periods of time, have been able to have a special place in the economic, cultural and commercial processes. The narrative of the landscapes functions provides appropriate capacity to create a single tourism aspect and destination.

Ostroumov S. A. On some issues of maintaining water quality and self-purification.- Water Resources, 2005. Volume 32, Number 3, p. 305-313. http://www.scribd.com/doc/57511892/0305 [Generalizations presented in this paper represent, in systematized form, the basic elements of the qualitative theory of water self-purification in freshwater and marine ecosystems. Recommendations are given for maintaining water quality and sustainable development of water resources.

New experimental data were generated: Results of experimental studies of the effect exerted by the surfactant Triton X-100 and the OMO synthetic detergent on freshwater bivaqlve mollusks, freshwater mussels Unio tumidus]. ISSN 0097-8078 (Print) 1608-344X (Online). DOI 10.1007/s11268-005-0039-7.

Main discoveries made by the same author:
Публикации того же автора. Основные результаты. Main Results: http://www.scribd.com/doc/59437439/;
On the author / Об авторе (С.А.О.):
http://www.famous-scientists.ru/3732/;

HRM functions are all tasks that apply to human resources management. Human resource management can affect the ability, motivation, and employee sharing opportunities to share, maintain, and create knowledge. The key to achieving more performance is the ability to change the organization, respond to environmental demands and adapt the organization's market to the needs of its customers. In fact, the innovative approach of the organization makes it more capable of responding to customer needs. Therefore, this study aims to answer this question: "Do knowledge management capabilities have a mediating role in the relationship between the functions of electronic human resource management and organizational innovatio "?