Farm animals

Dairy enterprise is recognized as an integral component of livestock that plays an important role in the national economy of an agricultural country like Bangladesh. In this doctoral work, some vital reproductive and productive attributes from 100 indigenous and 318 crossbred dairy cattle reared in mini dairy farms of Natore District and adjacent areas of Bangladesh have been investigated. Effects of the existing management practices, feed and feeding practices, farmers’ overall conditions and their indigenous knowledge (IK) on milk productivity of the cattle were evaluated. Moreover, the prevalence of reproductive and other diseases and their effects on the productivity of the cattle were estimated, the problems and opinions of the dairy farm owners have been incorporated, and finally, recommendations for improved productivity of the dairy enterprise in the study area have been included in the book.

Simple Summary：In a situation where human actions are damaging much of the life of the world, it is important to remember that the basic concepts of biology, welfare, and health are the same for humans and all other animals. Human actions have wide consequences and we need to change the way we interact with other living beings. An understanding of the concepts of one health, one welfare, one biology, and their application to daily decisions about production systems, public policies, markets, and consumers could mitigate current negative impacts. In particular, an understanding of human relationships with animals used for food, work, or company helps in dealing with challenges concerning their use and system sustainability, including the animal's welfare. Animal welfare should always be considered in our relationships with animals, not only for direct impacts, e.g. manipulations, but also for indirect effects, e.g., on the environment, disease spread, natural resource availability, culture, and society. Abstract：Excessive human population growth, uncontrolled use of natural resources, including deforestation, mining, wasteful systems, biodiversity reduction by agriculture, and damaging climate change affect the existence of all animals, including humans. This discussion is now urgent and people are rethinking their links with the animals we use for clothing, food, work, companionship, entertainment, and research. The concepts of one health, one welfare, and one biology are discussed as a background to driving global change. Nothing should be exploited without considering the ethics of the action and the consequences. This review concerns domesticated animals, including those used for human consumption of meat, eggs, and milk; horses kept for work; and dogs kept for company. Animal welfare includes health, emotional state, and comfort while moving and resting, and is affected by possibilities to show behavior and relationships with others of the same species or with humans. We show some examples of the relations between humans and domesticated animals in the environmental context, including zoonotic diseases, and consider the consequences and the new paradigms resulting from current awareness.

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More than just animals in literature . . .

Animals in the American Classics
How Natural History Inspired Great Fiction
Edited by John Cullen Gruesser

As defined by conservation biologist Thomas Fleishner, natural
history is “a practice of intentional, focused receptivity to the
more-than-human world . . . one of the oldest continuous human
traditions.” Seldom is this idea so clearly reflected as in classic
works of American fiction of the nineteenth and twentieth
centuries.

John Cullen Gruesser’s edited volume Animals in the American
Classics: How Natural History Inspired Great Fiction features essays
by prominent literary scholars that showcase natural history
and the multifaceted role of animals in well-known works of
fiction, from Washington Irving in the early nineteenth century
to Cormac McCarthy in the late twentieth century, and including
short stories and novels by Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville,
Mark Twain, Zora Neale Hurston, William Faulkner, Ernest
Hemingway, Jack London, John Steinbeck, and Harper Lee.
As an introduction to or a new way of thinking about some of
the best-known and most beloved literary texts this nation has
produced, Animals in the American Classics considers fundamental
questions of ethics and animal intelligence as well as similarities
among racism, ageism, misogyny, and speciesism.

With their awareness of Poe’s “more-than-casual knowledge of
natural science,” Mark Twain’s proto–animal rights sensibilities,
and Hurston’s training as an anthropologist, the contributors
show that by drawing attention to and thinking like an animal,
¬fiction tests the limits of humanity.

JOHN CULLEN GRUESSER is senior research scholar of literary
studies at Sam Houston State University. He is the author of numerous
books, including Edgar Allan Poe and His Nineteenth-Century American
Counterparts and A Literary Life of Sutton E. Griggs: The Man on the Firing Line, and coeditor of the Broadview Edition of Pauline E. Hopkins’s
novel Hagar’s Daughter.

The prevention of poor welfare in the animals that we use is one of our moral obligations. Systems for producing farm animals are not sustainable unless people accept the system and its effects and one of the criteria for this is the welfare of the animals. The welfare of an animal is its state as regards its attempts to cope with its environment. In order that welfare can be good, the needs of the animal have to be met and the coping systems help to ensure this. When environmental effects on an animal overtax its control systems and result in adverse consequences, eventually reduced fitness, the individual is stressed. Measures of poor welfare include those that are physiological, some being associated with behavioural and pathological changes. Heart-rate and plasma glucose give information about short-term changes. Hormones, proteins and metabolites in the blood also allow the assessment of the extent of poor welfare, for example during handling and transport. Somewhat longer periods of poor welfare may be identified by measuring behaviour or faecal cortisol. The concentration of oxytocin can sometimes be used as a physiological measure of good welfare. When welfare studies are carried out, it is important that the scientific assessment is considered separately from the ethical judgement.

Human and animal interests are often in conflict. In many situations, however, it is unclear how to evaluate and weigh competing human and animal interests, as the satisfaction of the interests of one group often inevitably occurs at the expense of those of the other group. Human-animal conflicts of this kind give rise to ethical questions. If animals count morally for their own sake, then we must ask in which cases the satisfaction or frustration of the interests of humans and animals in conflict situations is justified or unjustified from an ethical perspective. In this article, we argue that limited aggregation accounts represent a promising means for resolving interspecies conflicts. The reason for this is that they can appropriately consider the qualitative relevance of interests, their relative importance to each other, and the number of individuals affected. For our argument, we start from the premise that animals count morally for their own sake, albeit to a lesser extent than humans. That is, we accept the view that animals may be used, for example, as a source of food or in animal research. However, as we will show, many basic interests of animals are sufficiently similar to human interests and can thus be compared to them. Hence, they ought to be aggregated in cases of conflict with human interests. We illustrate our account and its practical implications with the real-world example of a human-animal conflict during the outbreak of a zoonotic diseases among farmed animals. We conclude that, in many cases, animal interests ought to be given more importance than they currently receive, which includes distributing the burdens and risks of farming practices more fairly.

This review examined the effects of nutrition on haematology of rabbits. The physiology of farm animals is influenced by several factors, one of which is nutrition. The nutritional status of an animal is dependent on dietary intake and effectiveness of metabolic processes. Dietary contents affect blood profile of farm animals. Haematological studies represent a useful process in the investigation of the extent of damage to the blood. Examination of blood provides the opportunity to clinically investigate the physiological, nutritional and pathological status of an animal. And changes in haematological parameters are often used to determine stresses due to nutrition. Reports by different researchers indicated that different diets fed to rabbits had different effects on haematological parameters, some of which were detrimental while others improved their haematological indices as they remained within the normal range of values for rabbits.

The present study was carried out in the Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag University, Sohag Governorate, Egypt during 2018-2019. The results recorded that the spring season was the most suitable for the activity of flies in different species, followed by summer, then autumn, and then the population decreased during the winter season. The incidence rates of flies were recorded as follows: 47.1, 30.1, 16.1 and 6.7% during spring, summer, autumn and winter respectively. These differences in the numbers of flies during the different seasons are mainly due to climate change, especially temperature. The house fly was the most common species found in Farm throughout the year by 69.7%, while the rest of the species ranged from 4.1 to 10.9% during 2018. The same trend of results was recorded on the same farm in 2019. These results are useful for determining the time of fly control programs in animal farms.

The relationship humans generally—and Americans especially—have with other animals—especially those we eat. The contradiction between the lives that Americans provide for their farm animals and that which they provide for their pets is not intricately devised according to ethics. Rather, it is largely a mindless response to the fact that pets are within view and farm animals are not. While the United States slaughters its food animals more brutally than any other country does, American dogs still have a 50% chance of receiving a gift for Christmas. This hesitant and contradictory dubiety between the American love of meat and the American love of pets is well represented in American law.

... Psychology. Religion > B Philosophy (General). Departments: Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences > Sociology. ID Code: 25961. Deposited By: Dr Ruth McNally. Deposited On: 02 Mar 2009 12:12. Refereed?: No. Published?: Published. Last Modified: 20 Sep 2011 03:47. ...

The relationship humans generally—and Americans especially—have with other animals—especially those we eat. The contradiction between the lives that Americans provide for their farm animals and that which they provide for their pets is not intricately devised according to ethics. Rather, it is largely a mindless response to the fact that pets are within view and farm animals are not. While the United States slaughters its food animals more brutally than any other country does, American dogs still have a 50% chance of receiving a gift for Christmas. This hesitant and contradictory dubiety between the American love of meat and the American love of pets is well represented in American law.

The paper analyses the results of serological examinations of domestic, farm and free-living animals from different regions of Slovakia, Southern Moravia, Southern Bohemia and Southern Poland using ELISA, indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) and Western blot (WB). In Slovakia, significantly higher seroprevalence was recorded in dogs (33.5%) than in horses (26.5%), cattle (22.5%), sheep (16.6%) and rodents (17.8%) by using a mixture of Borrelia garinii, B. afzelii, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.) antigens in ELISA. Seroprevalence in horses was significantly higher than in sheep and rodents, and seroprevalence in cattle was significantly higher than in rodents. By using IHA in free-living species, the highest seropositivity rates were detected in fallow deer (40.7%) compared with moufflons (16.6%), pheasants (8.0%) and pigeons (1.2%). When testing sera of horses, dogs and cattle from Slovakia by using different Slovak B. burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) isolates as antigens in ELISA...

The phenomenon of endocrine disruption can be regarded as part of the disciplines of toxicology and environmental toxicology. These two disciplines have generated guideline protocols on how various effects of chemicals should be tested as a basis for regulatory decisions. These protocols almost exclusively involve laboratory rodents and the data obtained are then used for human risk assessment. Would it

The World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) describes the viewpoint of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) involved in the welfare of farm animals undergoing long distance transportation. The guiding principle is that the potential for poor animal welfare increases with the distance and duration of travel. Thus, farm animals should be slaughtered as close to their farm of origin as possible and trade in live animals for slaughter should be replaced with a trade in meat only. The challenge for reform in long distance transportation of animals is to raise community awareness about the issue without invoking the psychological phenomenon of cognitive dissonance, which has the paradoxical effect of reinforcing adverse behaviour. NGO activity in long distance transportation of animals is described for Australia, the United States and the European Union and aspirations elsewhere in the world are discussed. Importantly, animal welfare NGOs are now recognised by and have a voice...