Family and Relationships

Background and aims: Clinicians and researchers are increasingly interested in investigating excessive use of video gaming recently named Internet gaming disorder (IGD). As is the case with extensively researched adolescent problem behaviors such as substance use disorder, several studies associate IGD with the young person's family environment and the parent-adolescent relationship in particular. Evidence-based treatments for a range of adolescent clinical problems including behavioral addictions demonstrate efficacy, the capacity for transdiagnostic adaptation, and lasting impact. However, less attention has been paid to developing and testing science-based interventions for IGD, and at present most tested interventions for IGD have been individual treatments (cognitive behavioral therapy). Methods: This article presents the rationale for a systemic conceptualization of IGD and a therapeutic approach that targets multiple units or subsystems. The IGD treatment program is based on the science-supported multidimensional family therapy approach (MDFT). Following treatment development work, the MDFT approach has been adapted for IGD. Results: The article discusses recurring individual and family-based clinical themes and therapeutic responses in the MDFT-IGD clinical model, which tailors interventions for individuals and subsystems within the young person's family. Discussion and conclusions: Basic science developmental research can inform conceptualization of IGD and a systemic logic model of intervention and change. This paper aims to expand treatment theorizing and intervention approaches for practitioners working with frequently life-altering behaviors of excessive Internet gaming. We operationalize this aim by addressing the question of why and how parents should be involved in youth IGD treatment.

Background and aims Clinicians and researchers are increasingly interested in investigating excessive use of video gaming recently named Internet gaming disorder (IGD). As is the case with extensively researched adolescent problem behaviors such as substance use disorder, several studies associate IGD with the young person’s family environment and the parent–adolescent relationship in particular. Evidence-based treatments for a range of adolescent clinical problems including behavioral addictions demonstrate efficacy, the capacity for transdiagnostic adaptation, and lasting impact. However, less attention has been paid to developing and testing science-based interventions for IGD, and at present most tested interventions for IGD have been individual treatments (cognitive behavioral therapy). Methods This article presents the rationale for a systemic conceptualization of IGD and a therapeutic approach that targets multiple units or subsystems. The IGD treatment program is based on th...

This chapter examines gangs and school violence by employing a socio-ecological framework to highlight the systemic failures that push vulnerable high-risk youth to flee towards gangs. We position the individual youth within the various socio-ecological domains of their individual, peers, family, community, and school to better understand youth gang involvement and school-related violence. To that end, we present the story of Reyes, a vulnerable young man susceptible to gang involvement due to marginalization within the different socio-ecological paradigms. This chapter concludes with implications for educational practitioners on how to intervene and provide the appropriate resources, programs, and support for gang-involved youth.

Background: Successful recruitment of participants is imperative to a rigorous study, and recruitment challenges are not new to researchers. Many researchers have used social media successfully to recruit study participants. However, challenges remain for effective online social media recruitment for some populations. Objective: Using a multistep approach that included a focus group and Delphi method, researchers performed this study to gain expert advice regarding material development for social media recruitment and to test the recruitment material with the target population. Methods: In the first phase, we conducted a focus group with 5 social media experts to identify critical elements for effective social media recruitment material. Utilizing the Delphi method with 5 family caregivers, we conducted the second phase to reach consensus regarding effective recruitment videos. Results: Phase I utilized a focus group that resulted in identification of three barriers related to social media recruitment, including lack of staff and resources, issues with restrictive algorithms, and not standing out in the crowd. Phase II used the Delphi method. At the completion of Delphi Round 1, 5 Delphi participants received a summary of the analysis for feedback and agreement with our summary. Using data and recommendations from Round 1, researchers created two new recruitment videos with additions to improve trustworthiness and transparency, such as the university's logo. In Round 2 of the Delphi method, consensus regarding the quality and trustworthiness of the recruitment videos reached 100%. Conclusions: One of the primary challenges for family caregiver research is recruitment. Despite the broad adoption of social media marketing approaches, the effectiveness of online recruitment strategies needs further investigation.

Derechos reservados/Copyright de Clínica e investigación Relacional y los autores. Prohibida la reproducción total o parcial sin autorización expresa. Este material es para uso científico y profesional exclusivamente y puede contener información clínica sensible. Los editores no se responsabilizan de los contenidos de los autores. Dirigir las consultas sobre derechos y autorizaciones a ceir@psicoterapiarelacional.es Introducción: El contexto socioemocional en la infancia es un factor esencial para la configuración neuro psíquica. La observación de la relación madre-lactante permite evaluar su funcionamiento y además aprender acerca de cómo opera la mente preverbal. Objetivos: Presentar un modelo de comprensión relacional madre-infante que integre el modelo de la tradicional observación de bebés (OB) junto con un proceso de generación de sentido relacional. Método: Se presentan 14 semanas de observación de una niña entre la semana 8 y 24 que incluyen la participación del observador como instrumento de resonancia afectiva. Resultado: Se muestran los pasos del procedimiento que genera sentido a partir de los eventos interaccionales madre-lactante-observador. Se propone un conjunto básico de conceptos dinámicos necesarios para la construcción de este modelo de comprensión relacional. Conclusiones: La generación de sentido a partir de interacciones requiere de un procedimiento que integre: la observación interaccional; la experiencia del observador participante durante dicha observación; los referentes conceptuales elegidos. La comprensión de las dinámicas relacionales origina un modelo de construcción de sentido relacional. Este modelo utiliza las categorías perceptibles de: procesos somáticos; arousal; conductas y afectos. Palabras clave: Observación de bebés; semiótica; relacional; desarrollo infantil; psicoterapia; significado. Introduction: The socio-emotional context of infant development is a crucial factor in the neuropsychic conformation. Direct observations on mother-infant interactions allow an assesment of its functioning as well as gaining further understanding of how the preverbal mind operates. Aim: To propose a comprehensive model of analyses of the mother-infant relationship that integrates the method of infant observation with a process of relational "meaning construction". Method: Observations (14 weeks) on an infant girl (from 4 th to 24 th week of age) are presented, including the observer as an instrument of affective echoing. Results: The relational "meaning construction" is described in each step of the process originating from the relational events which involve the infant, the mother and the observer. A combination of essential psychodynamic concepts will be adopted to formulate a comprehensive relational model. Conclusions: Relational meaning construction from the dyadic interactions requires a process that combines: 1) the direct observations of the interactions; 2) the affective experience of the observer; 3) an underlying conceptual psychodynamic framework. The understanding of the interactional processes generates a potentially innovative model on "relational meaning construction". Such a model is supported by the categories: a) somatic processes, b) arousal, c) conducts and affects

Mental health is an important contributor to the well-being of individuals, families and communities. The majority of epidemiological studies on mental health have focused on outcomes of poor mental health, such as the occurrence of violence, rather than assessing the prevalence and correlations of underlying mental health conditions. Increasingly, the importance of underlying mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, addictions, interpersonal and social difficulties have been acknowledged. These issues are distributed disproportionately among different populations, highlighting inequities and the importance of targeting mental health research and service resources to particular populations in greatest need. Research studies conducted among these populations help generate policies and service delivery configurations that best meet and are delivered, according to their unique needs.

Mortality data indicates that suicide is the fourth leading cause of death among young males globally. Comprehensive and evidence-based mental health services could contribute to the prevention of many of these deaths. 

Numerous factors have the potential to lead to suicidal ideation in individuals, including stigmatization and social exclusion. Individuals whose behaviors or identities do not conform to India’s socially acceptable norms, including those related to gender roles, sexual behavior, and/or sexual identity, are highly stigmatized and discriminated against. The internalization of frequent experiences of stigma and discrimination may result in depression, anxiety, and other mental health conditions.

In this article, we review literature documenting the presence and use of popular
music within family contexts. After providing a definition of family from a
psychological perspective, we present studies that explore popular music in traditionally
structured families across the lifespan. We continue by exploring bands
with members who share blood ties and progress to analyse contexts in which
popular music provides space for sharing meaningful interactions and for developing
feelings of family identity, such as nursing homes, homeless shelters and prisons.
Considerations for the use of popular music in everyday life and implications
for music education are provided.

In interpersonal situations, one should choose between compromising the principle of equality and harming their relationships with others. Various studies have been conducted on moral judgments based on interpersonal relationships. Given the devastating consequences of relationship-based moral judgments, such as increase discriminatory behaviors and racism, it is crucial to examine this kind of judgments. This study reviews philosophical theories, evolutionary biology, and the psychology of relationship-based moral judgment and finds genetic and emotional relationships influencing moral judgments and factors influencing these types of judgments through empirical studies. Methods: This study is a systematic review investigation in which studies published between 1950 and 2020 were examined. A search for articles was conducted in Comprehensive Portal of Human Sciences, SID, PubMed, ISI (Web of Science), and Google Scholar using related keywords such as Moral, Moral judgment, Moral decision making, Equality, Altruistic, Close-relationship in Persian and English. The research results were 210 theoretical and experimental articles. Accordingly, 56 studies were selected for review by studying the abstracts based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Despite the general acceptance of the principles of moral equality and impartiality, or the acceptance of the moral status, empirical research has shown that genetic relatedness and emotional intimacy influence our moral judgments when increasing the level of genetic relationship, emotional closeness, and familiarity utilitarian judgment decrease. Also, multiple factors are involved in moral judgments based on interpersonal relationships such as helping cost, gender, cognitive bias, and moral disengagement. People prefer to save only their close relatives when the cost of help is deadly. Gender is another factor that influences relationship-based judgments. Men help their family members more than women in threatening situations, but this difference is not seen in relationships with partners. Relationship-based moral judgments are prone to cognitive bias and moral disengagement like (or perhaps more than) other types of judgments. People try to reduce the complexity of moral situations using cognitive bias like Self-interest bias and actor-observer bias and reduce the level of self-blame resulting from ignoring the principle of fairness using moral disengagement like moral justification and dehumanization. Although the principle of equality is universally accepted, the results of empirical studies show that people considered relationships in their moral judgments, and evolutionary theories can even explain this effect. As a result, the definition of moral concepts such as impartiality and equality should be reconsidered by applying these concepts to daily human life. Conclusion: In general, despite significant advances in identifying factors influencing relationship-based moral judgments, there are still areas that need to be studied. First, most previous studies examined moral judgments only through short answer questions that these questions were different in each of them. Thus, their results are incomparable. Second, the participants were from high socioeconomic states and western countries, so the results cannot be generalized to other socioeconomic states and cultures. Third, most previous studies used Thorolly dilemmas that focused on decision-making about life and death, far away from the people's routine decisions. Finally, no study has yet focused on the impact of ethnic and religious similarities on moral judgments.

Life-limiting illness affects both the ill person and family caregivers in significant ways. Illness blogs provide an innovative way for families and friends to connect as the ill person shares his/her experiences. Phenomenological methods were used to explore the experiences of family caregivers. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 9 family caregivers. The overarching theme, ''we are all in this together,'' emerged from the data and was supported by 3 subthemes: ''enhancing communication,'' ''finding and accepting support,'' and ''navigating new roles.'' ''Enhancing communication'' was the experience of reading the illness blog, which enhanced the caregiver's understanding of his/her loved one's perceptions of the illness. ''Finding and accepting support'' was described as seeking support from others experiencing similar situations, which provided comfort knowing that they were not alone. In addition, the illness blog offered clarification for ''navigating new roles'' for the family caregiver. The illness blogs became a tool for communication and connection with the ill person, leading to face-to-face conversations, support for and from others, and comfort and hope for positive outcomes. The findings of this study demonstrate an innovative approach to understanding how family caregivers and their loved ones with life-limiting illnesses communicate and enhance their relationship.

Background: Substance consumption (SC) begins in adolescence and has been linked to protection factors such as family relationships (FR) and positive parenting (PP). There are few studies concerning the effectiveness of prevention programs based on the family, even though assessing interventions is one of the objectives of preventive science. The aim of this study was to analyze the evidence on family-based selective prevention programs in relation to drug consumption in adolescents. Methodology: A meta-analysis of 9 studies with 102 measures grouped in three dimensions, FR, PP and SC, ranging between 2001 and 2015, was conducted. Results: Effect sizes (ES) were found to be 0.82 for FR, 0.71 for PP, 0.77 for the combination of both and 0.21 for SC. The Q and I2 indexes expressed high heterogeneity. Conclusions: Despite obtaining high ES consistent with previous studies, the great heterogeneity found did not allow us to draw clear conclusions regarding the primary studies. It is recommended that methodological improvements in assessment and reporting processes be carried out for future comparisons.
Keywords: Prevention, family relationships, positive parenting, substance consumption, adolescents, meta-analysis.

Meta-análisis sobre programas de prevención selectiva del consumo de drogas en adolescentes basados en la familia. Antecedentes: el consumo de sustancias (CS) comienza en la adolescencia y se ha relacionado con factores de protección como las relaciones familiares (RF) o la parentalidad positiva (PP). Existen pocas evaluaciones acerca de la eficacia de los programas de prevención basados en la familia. Evaluar las intervenciones es uno de los objetivos que persigue la ciencia preventiva. El objetivo del estudio es analizar las evidencias sobre los programas de prevención selectiva basados en la familia en relación al consumo de drogas en adolescentes. Metodología: se ha llevado a cabo un meta- análisis de 9 estudios con 102 medidas agrupadas en tres dimensiones, RF, PP y CS, comprendidos entre el 2001 y el 2015. Resultados: los tamaños del efecto (TE) encontrados para RF fue de 0.82, para PP de 0.71, para la combinación de ambas 0.77, y para CS 0.21. Los índices Q e I2 expresaron alta heterogeneidad. Conclusiones: a pesar de obtener TE altos congruentes con los estudios anteriores, la alta heterogeneidad no permite sacar conclusiones claras acerca de los estudios primarios. Se recomienda realizar mejoras metodológicas en los procesos de evaluación y lo reporten para las futuras comparaciones.
Palabras clave: prevención, relaciones familiares, parentalidad positiva, consumo de sustancias, adolescentes, meta-analisis.