Factual

The causal link is the crucial element of a case where the fault of the defendant, in regards to the injury caused to the claimant needs to the proved. The ‘but for’ causation is one of the forms of causation also known as the factual causation, used to establish causal link between the tort suffered by the claimant through the actions of the defendant. This essay will look into how the factual causation (but for) test is used to link the responsibility to a defendant, the exceptions to this test including strict liability cases and other forms of causation that might influence the common understanding of the nature of cause i.e. the attribution of responsibility or blame. Analysis of the cases will be presented showing how the courts are moving away from the standard use of the but for test of causation.

Today, VOD (video on demand) sites and portals specializing in long-form, high-quality documentary and factual content proliferate online. This article explores the multiplatform strategies of public service broadcasters in the UK in this context. It examines how the BBC and Channel 4 address the masses of user generated content that flood the documentary market and partake in the battle for audiences for documentary films and factual content in a multiplatform context. Both channels seek to reinvent themselves as public service media providers and curators of documentary content online, in order to fulfil public service remits and secure their positions as leading providers of documentary and factual content across platforms in a global multiplatform mediascape. However, by contrasting Channel 4’s online ‘verticals’ with the BBC’s themed and branded documentary portals, the article argues that although Channel 4 and BBC pursue similar strategies online they do so for different reasons and to different effect.

Ovid’s exile poetry declares that the poet has become a character from his Metamorphoses, while emphasizing the separation of Ovid’s book from its creator. This chapter argues that this factual/fictional polarity is also a central aspect in David Malouf’s novel An Imaginary Life, which records the poet’s struggle to survive and adjust in Tomis and ends with Ovid’s rebirth and transformation through the mediation of the Child, a wild boy who brings the metropolitan poet back to Nature. The very title of the novel juxtaposes the historical and the fictional dimension of Ovid’s exile; the novel begins programatically with a description of Tomis which turns out to be a mental dystopia, and as the novel progresses, myth breaks the boundaries of reality. Other boundaries are crossed too, as Malouf’s version of Ovid’s exile translates the Roman poet to the discourse and the topoi of postcolonial literature.

The Arabic tour kāna … sa-/sawfa yafʿalu is frequently encountered in contemporary Arabic press as well as in novels. Recent grammars of this state of language seem to oscillate between three distinct values which are conditional (« il ferait/he would do »), periphrastic imperfect (« il allait faire/he was going to do ») and past conditional (« il allait faire/he was going to do »). Yet it is the latter two interpretations that appear most often chosen with a counterfactual reading. This article proposes then to show, from a large corpus of contemporary Arabic press, but also from insights from French linguistics, how the Arabic tour kāna … sa-/sawfa yafʿalu, understood in Arabic linguistics as a future in the past, is not, like his French counterpart, only liable to a counterfactual reading. Specifically, this article will show how this Arabic structure is able to “say what did not happen”, to “say what irrevocably happened” and to “say what was possible to happen whether it happened or not”, with particular emphasis on the agreemental identity of such a turn, proving that many of its uses are in fact loans from European languages.

Le tour kāna … sa-/sawfa yafʿalu se rencontre fréquemment dans la presse arabe contemporaine et les romans. Les grammaires récentes de cet état de langue semblent osciller entre trois valeurs distinctes que sont conditionnel présent (« il ferait/he would do »), imparfait périphrastique (« il allait faire/he was going to do ») et conditionnel passé (« il aurait fait/he would have done »). C’est pourtant ces deux dernières interprétations qui semblent le plus souvent retenues avec une lecture contrefactuelle. Cet article se propose de montrer, à partir d’un large corpus de presse arabe contemporaine, mais aussi à partir de réflexions tirées de la linguistique du français, comment le tour arabe kāna … sa-/sawfa yafʿalu, compris en linguistique de l’arabe comme un ultérieur du passé, n’est pas, à l’instar de son homologue français, uniquement passible d’une lecture contrefactuelle. Plus précisément, il s’agira de montrer et de comprendre comment ce tour arabe est en mesure de “dire ce qui ne s’est pas produit”, de “dire ce qui s’est irrévocablement produit” et de “dire ce qu’il était possible qu’il se produise, que cela se soit produit, ou non”, en insistant notamment sur l’aspect concordanciel d’un tel tour, prouvant que nombre de ses emplois seraient en fait des calques depuis les langues européennes.

Conventional cytogenetics and interphase fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) identify a high-risk multiple myeloma (HRM) population characterized by poor outcomes. We analyzed these differences among HRM versus non-HRM after upfront autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (autoHCT). Between 2008 and 2012, 715 patients with multiple myeloma with FISH and/or cytogenetic data with upfront autoHCT were identified in the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research database. HRM was defined as del17p, t(4;14), t(14;16), hypodiploidy (< 45 chromosomes excluding -Y) or chromosome 1 p and 1q abnormalities; all others were non-HRM. Among 125 (17.5%) HRM patients, induction with bortezomib and immunomodulatory agents (imid) was higher compared to non-HRM (56% vs 43%, p <0.001) with similar pre-transplant complete response (CR) (14% vs 16%, p 0.1). At day-100 post-transplant, ≥ very good partial response was 59% in HRM and 61% in non-HRM (p=0.6). More HRM pat...

Enteric methane (CH) production from cattle contributes to global greenhouse gas emissions. Measurement of enteric CHis complex, expensive and impractical at large scales; therefore, models are commonly used to predict CHproduction. However, building robust prediction models requires extensive data from animals under different management systems worldwide. The objectives of this study were to (1) collate a global database of enteric CHproduction from individual lactating dairy cattle; (2) determine the availability of key variables for predicting enteric CHproduction (g/d per cow), yield [g/kg dry matter intake (DMI)], and intensity (g/kg energy corrected milk) and their respective relationships; (3) develop intercontinental and regional models and cross-validate their performance; and (4) assess the trade-off between availability of on-farm inputs and CHprediction accuracy. The intercontinental database covered Europe (EU), the US (US), Chile (CL), Australia (AU), and New Zealand (...