Esthetic

ABSTRACTPurpose:: The purpose of this study was to determine the wear resistance of five different packable composites versus two different composite controls using a laboratory toothbrushing simulation test.The purpose of this study was to determine the wear resistance of five different packable composites versus two different composite controls using a laboratory toothbrushing simulation test.Materials and Methods: Twelve samples measuring 5 mm in diameter and 3 mm thick were prepared from the following resin composites: Packable resin composites SureFil® (Dentsply Ind. Com. Ltda, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Alert® (Jeneric Pentron Incorporated, Wallingford, CT, USA), Filtek P60™ (3M ESPE Dental Products, St. Paul, MN, USA), Prodigy Condensable® (sds Kerr, Orange CA, USA), Solitaire® (Heraeus Kulzer GmbH, Wehrheim, Germany), and control resin composites Z100 Restorative™ (3M ESPE) and Silux Plus™ (3M ESPE). Finishing and polishing were conducted with Sof-Lex™ disks (3M ESPE), and baseline weight (grams) and surface roughness (measured with Hommel Tester® T 1000, Hommelwerke, GmbH, Alte Tuttinger Strebe 20. D-7730 VS-Schwenningen, Germany) were recorded. Specimens were aged for 2 weeks until they reached a weight that remained constant for 5 consecutive days, and then were subjected to 100,000 cycles of brushing (representative of 4.2 yr) using a toothbrushing testing machine. Toothbrush heads with soft bristle tips (Colgate Classic™, Colgate-Palmolive Co., Osasco, São Paulo, Brazil) with dentifrice suspension (Colgate MFP™, Colgate-Palmolive Co.) in deionized water were used under a 200 g load. Changes in weight and surface roughness were determined after toothbrushing cycles.Twelve samples measuring 5 mm in diameter and 3 mm thick were prepared from the following resin composites: Packable resin composites SureFil® (Dentsply Ind. Com. Ltda, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Alert® (Jeneric Pentron Incorporated, Wallingford, CT, USA), Filtek P60™ (3M ESPE Dental Products, St. Paul, MN, USA), Prodigy Condensable® (sds Kerr, Orange CA, USA), Solitaire® (Heraeus Kulzer GmbH, Wehrheim, Germany), and control resin composites Z100 Restorative™ (3M ESPE) and Silux Plus™ (3M ESPE). Finishing and polishing were conducted with Sof-Lex™ disks (3M ESPE), and baseline weight (grams) and surface roughness (measured with Hommel Tester® T 1000, Hommelwerke, GmbH, Alte Tuttinger Strebe 20. D-7730 VS-Schwenningen, Germany) were recorded. Specimens were aged for 2 weeks until they reached a weight that remained constant for 5 consecutive days, and then were subjected to 100,000 cycles of brushing (representative of 4.2 yr) using a toothbrushing testing machine. Toothbrush heads with soft bristle tips (Colgate Classic™, Colgate-Palmolive Co., Osasco, São Paulo, Brazil) with dentifrice suspension (Colgate MFP™, Colgate-Palmolive Co.) in deionized water were used under a 200 g load. Changes in weight and surface roughness were determined after toothbrushing cycles.Results: Significant differences of weight loss and surface roughness were found (paired t-test, p < .05). Weight loss percentage (mean [SD]) ranged from 0.38 to 1.69% (analysis of variance and Tukey's least significant difference, p < .05); the weight loss of the materials ranked from least to most as follows: SureFil (0.38 [0.56]), Alert (0.52 [0.18]), Z100 (1.16 [0.27]), Filtek P60 (1.31 [0.17]), Solitaire (1.51 [0.45]), Prodigy Condensable (1.55 [0.47]), and Silux Plus (1.69 [0.66]). Regarding surface roughness, Prodigy Condensable (0.19 [0.08]), Solitaire (0.28 [0.06]), and Z100 (0.30 [0.07]) became less rough after toothbrushing, whereas all the others were rendered rougher: Alert (0.49 [0.29]), Filtek P60 (0.28 [0.08]), Silux Plus (0.39 [0.09]), and SureFil (0.81 [0.32]).Significant differences of weight loss and surface roughness were found (paired t-test, p < .05). Weight loss percentage (mean [SD]) ranged from 0.38 to 1.69% (analysis of variance and Tukey's least significant difference, p < .05); the weight loss of the materials ranked from least to most as follows: SureFil (0.38 [0.56]), Alert (0.52 [0.18]), Z100 (1.16 [0.27]), Filtek P60 (1.31 [0.17]), Solitaire (1.51 [0.45]), Prodigy Condensable (1.55 [0.47]), and Silux Plus (1.69 [0.66]). Regarding surface roughness, Prodigy Condensable (0.19 [0.08]), Solitaire (0.28 [0.06]), and Z100 (0.30 [0.07]) became less rough after toothbrushing, whereas all the others were rendered rougher: Alert (0.49 [0.29]), Filtek P60 (0.28 [0.08]), Silux Plus (0.39 [0.09]), and SureFil (0.81 [0.32]).Conclusion: SureFil and Alert were statistically more resistant to wear (less weight loss) than were the other materials. SureFil became significantly rougher than did all the others.SureFil and Alert were statistically more resistant to wear (less weight loss) than were the other materials. SureFil became significantly rougher than did all the others.

ABSTRACTPurpose:: This study was performed to evaluate the influence of accelerated aging on the color and translucency parameter (TP) of bleaching-shade resin composites.This study was performed to evaluate the influence of accelerated aging on the color and translucency parameter (TP) of bleaching-shade resin composites.Materials and Methods: Thirty-three bleaching shades and two control conventional shades of microhybrid (MH) and microfill (MF) resin composite specimens (n = 5) were aged in an accelerated aging chamber set to standard CAM 180 cycles. One side of each specimen was evaluated for surface color and TP changes compared with baseline in increments of 150 kJ/m2 for intervals up to 450 kJ/m2 using a spectrophotometer. A ΔE* 3.7 was considered to be a poor match, and the total TP range was divided into three equal parts representing low, medium, and high translucency. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance.Thirty-three bleaching shades and two control conventional shades of microhybrid (MH) and microfill (MF) resin composite specimens (n = 5) were aged in an accelerated aging chamber set to standard CAM 180 cycles. One side of each specimen was evaluated for surface color and TP changes compared with baseline in increments of 150 kJ/m2 for intervals up to 450 kJ/m2 using a spectrophotometer. A ΔE* 3.7 was considered to be a poor match, and the total TP range was divided into three equal parts representing low, medium, and high translucency. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance.Results: Compared to the baseline, ΔL*, Δa*, Δb*, and ΔE* ranges at 450 kJ/m2 were -0.8 to 5.0, -0.6 to 1.2, -8.3 to 0.0, and 0.7 to 8.6 for MH and 0.2 to 1.3, 0.1 to 1.3, -2.5 to 1.1, and 1.7 to 2.7 for MF composites. Scheffé's S intervals (p < =.05) for comparisons of ΔL*, Δa*, Δb*, and ΔE* values of MH composites between baseline and 450 kJ/m2 were 1.6, 0.6, 1.7, and 1.5, respectively. Corresponding Tukey-Kramer intervals for MF composites were 0.7, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.6, respectively. TP values at baseline ranged from 0.9 to 4.3 for MH and from 1.4 to 2.2 for MF composites, whereas ΔTP for baseline minus 450 kJ/m2 ranged from -1.1 to 1.7 for MH and from -0.1 to 0.3 for MF composites. Scheffé's S interval (p < =.05) for comparisons of ΔTP values of MH composites for baseline minus 450 kJ/m2 was 1.0. Corresponding Tukey-Kramer interval for MF composites was 0.4.Conclusions: Aging-dependent color changes at 450 kJ/m2 were above the limit that indicated a poor match for 18/26 MH, while corresponding values for microfills were within acceptable range. Accelerated aging generally caused decreases in L* (specimens became darker) and a* values (specimens became redder), while b* values increased (specimens became more chromatic) for both MH and MF composites. TP was relatively stable during aging for both MH and MF composites.Compared to the baseline, ΔL*, Δa*, Δb*, and ΔE* ranges at 450 kJ/m2 were -0.8 to 5.0, -0.6 to 1.2, -8.3 to 0.0, and 0.7 to 8.6 for MH and 0.2 to 1.3, 0.1 to 1.3, -2.5 to 1.1, and 1.7 to 2.7 for MF composites. Scheffé's S intervals (p < =.05) for comparisons of ΔL*, Δa*, Δb*, and ΔE* values of MH composites between baseline and 450 kJ/m2 were 1.6, 0.6, 1.7, and 1.5, respectively. Corresponding Tukey-Kramer intervals for MF composites were 0.7, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.6, respectively. TP values at baseline ranged from 0.9 to 4.3 for MH and from 1.4 to 2.2 for MF composites, whereas ΔTP for baseline minus 450 kJ/m2 ranged from -1.1 to 1.7 for MH and from -0.1 to 0.3 for MF composites. Scheffé's S interval (p < =.05) for comparisons of ΔTP values of MH composites for baseline minus 450 kJ/m2 was 1.0. Corresponding Tukey-Kramer interval for MF composites was 0.4.Conclusions: Aging-dependent color changes at 450 kJ/m2 were above the limit that indicated a poor match for 18/26 MH, while corresponding values for microfills were within acceptable range. Accelerated aging generally caused decreases in L* (specimens became darker) and a* values (specimens became redder), while b* values increased (specimens became more chromatic) for both MH and MF composites. TP was relatively stable during aging for both MH and MF composites.

The clinical longevity of indirect restorations made of ceramics or indirect composite resins depends on their successful treatment and cementation. The cementation technique is determined by the type of restorative material—ceramics or indirect composite resins; thus, their intaglio surface treatment should be performed according to their particular compositions. The aim of this literature review was to define surface treatment protocols of different esthetic indirect restorative materials. A PubMed database search was conducted for in vitro studies pertaining to the most common treatment protocols of tooth-colored materials. Articles that described at least the surface treatment procedure, its effects on adhesion, its relationship with the material's composition, clinical aspects, and expected longevity were selected. The search was limited to peer-reviewed articles published in English between 1965 and 2004 in dental journals. Sandblasting, etching techniques, and silane coupling agents are the most common procedures with improved results.

This paper confronts the interpretations of Eugène Atget’s photography given by Robert Desnos and Walter Benjamin. In the first part, it discusses Atget’s reception among the surrealists, particularly his relationship with Man Ray and the publication of some of his views from Paris in Littérature and La Révolution surréaliste. The second part is focused on the paragraphs that Benjamin has devoted to Atget in “Short history of photography” (1931) and "The work of art in the age of its technological reproductibility” (1935-1939). Finally, it introduces, establishes and comments two texts by Desnos to highlight his idea of a history of photography, the place he attributes to Atget in it, and the presence of topical and figures of fundamental significance for Benjamin’s own perspective.
Keywords: Robert Desnos; Walter Benjamin; Eugène Atget; history of photography; aura

The clinical longevity of indirect restorations made of ceramics or indirect composite resins depends on their successful treatment and cementation. The cementation technique is determined by the type of restorative material—ceramics or indirect composite resins; thus, their intaglio surface treatment should be performed according to their particular compositions. The aim of this literature review was to define surface treatment protocols of different esthetic indirect restorative materials. A PubMed database search was conducted for in vitro studies pertaining to the most common treatment protocols of tooth-colored materials. Articles that described at least the surface treatment procedure, its effects on adhesion, its relationship with the material's composition, clinical aspects, and expected longevity were selected. The search was limited to peer-reviewed articles published in English between 1965 and 2004 in dental journals. Sandblasting, etching techniques, and silane coupling agents are the most common procedures with improved results.

Klasik Türk şiiri estetiğinin 6 temel ögesi vardır: anlam, üslup, kelime, tür-şekil, ritm ve ahenk. Şiirlerde bu 6 unsur, merkezdeki "anlam" ile bir pentagram oluşturur ve hem merkezle hem de kendi aralarında eşit mesafede bir oluş sergilerler. Eşit mesafe anlayışı değiştiği zaman şiirin estetik yapısı zayıflar. 6'lı pentagram, Leonardo Da Vinci'nin insanda şekillenen pentagramik oransal yapıyı da gösterir.
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Classical Turkish poetry aesthetics has 6 basic elements: meaning, style, word, genre-form, rhythm and harmony. In poems, these 6 elements form a pentagram with the "meaning" in the center, and they exhibit a being at an equal distance from both the center and each other. When the understanding of equal distance changes, the aesthetic structure of the poem weakens. The 6-pointed pentagram also shows Leonardo Da Vinci's pentagram proportional structure shaped in man.
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The clinical longevity of indirect restorations made of ceramics or indirect composite resins depends on their successful treatment and cementation. The cementation technique is determined by the type of restorative material—ceramics or indirect composite resins; thus, their intaglio surface treatment should be performed according to their particular compositions. The aim of this literature review was to define surface treatment protocols of different esthetic indirect restorative materials. A PubMed database search was conducted for in vitro studies pertaining to the most common treatment protocols of tooth-colored materials. Articles that described at least the surface treatment procedure, its effects on adhesion, its relationship with the material's composition, clinical aspects, and expected longevity were selected. The search was limited to peer-reviewed articles published in English between 1965 and 2004 in dental journals. Sandblasting, etching techniques, and silane coupling agents are the most common procedures with improved results.

Det är inte ovanligt att sinnligt estetiska uttryck ses som något mystiskt och vagt emotionellt som besjälar tingen. En följd av detta är att man ofta undviker rationell argumentation med hänvisning till att det rör sig om-amorfa och ogripbara-" känslor ". Men själva upplevelsen är en sak, en annan att söka förståelse och överblick. Att något har en komplex framträdandeform innebär inte att det är mystiskt eller onåbart för rationella överväganden, endast att man inte kan beskriva orsakssammanhangen i varje enskilt fall. Inget hindrar att man reflekterar över företeelsen som sådan. Man måste ha en uppfattning om möjliga premisser och principer för att kunna förstå och få insikt.
Vad jag söker är principiella exempel och sådant som konstituerar det sinnligt estetiska uttrycket. Reflexion och genomtänkt pedagogik inom det estetiska området kräver klara begrepp och förförståelse baserad i kunskap och medvetenhet om grundläggande perceptiva och kognitiva funktioner. Möjliga innebörder i begrepp som estetik, sinnligt uttryck, intuitiv uppfattning, känslomässig upplevelse etc måste tydliggöras och sättas i sammanhang.  Sinnliga kvaliteter kan endast ge emotionell " färg " åt något vi uppfattar. Med fäste i en viss sinnlig erfarenhet eller viss formell perceptiv ordning kan vi intuitivt känna ett sammanhang och värdera det emotionellt, men utan den distans och precision (och begränsade överblick) som finns i en medveten intellektuell bedömning. Ludwig Wittgenstein konstaterar i 'Tractatus' att man måste tiga om det som ligger utanför (verbal-)språkets gränser , men att detta outsägliga " kan visas ".  Trots sin nyansrikedom kan verbalspråket endast grovt beskriva vår upplevelse av världen. Det kan endast ske indirekt och med språkliga metaforer.

ABSTRACT: The use of composite resin restorations in posterior teeth has increased considerably in the past few years. Specific composite resins for posterior teeth, as well as new operative techniques, have been developed to overcome some clinical difficulties. The present article describes a new technique to reconstitute the interproximal contour and contact of Class II restorations using a pack-able composite resin. Two lower first molars from the same patient are reported in detail, illustrating the technique step by step. The technique indicates the use of a metallic matrix band and wood wedges to provide an interproximal contour and contact with the adjacent tooth as well as to provide an adequate cervical adaptation. The first increment of the packable composite resin is applied on the gingival wall of the proximal box, packed cervically near the axial wall and, automatically, the resin climbs up in contact with the inner surface of the matrix band. This increment is sculpted and light-cured and the metallic matrix band is removed. Thus, the Class II cavities are transformed into Class I, with free access for light-curing. Small incremental layers of composite fill the remaining cavities. This technique is faster than conventional techniques and permits appropriate embrasure, better contour, and contact points.

Purpose: Since the introduction of densely sintered alumina ceramic material in prosthetic dentistry for the fabrication of all-ceramic crowns, no scientific data have been presented on the color of these restorations in combination with different restorative materials. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of five different restorative materials used for implant abutments or posts and cores on the color of veneered densely sintered alumina.Materials and Methods: Sixty discs, 0.6 mm in thickness and 10 mm in diameter, were made out of densely sintered alumina ceramic material (Procera®, Nobel Biocare, Gothenburg, Sweden) and veneered using feldspathic porcelain (AllCeram®, Ducera, Rosbach, Germany) for a total thickness of 2 mm. Ten of the discs were evaluated colorimetrically using the CIE, L*, a*, b* system (control group). In addition, 50 discs, 3 mm in thickness and identical diameter, were fabricated using the following restorative materials (five different materials used on 10 specimens each): (1) high-precious gold alloy, (2) aluminum-oxide ceramic material, (3) titanium metal alloy, (4) yttrium-stabilized zirconium dioxide ceramic material, and (5) glass-ceramic material. The 50 veneered densely sintered alumina specimens were bonded to the 50 restorative specimens using an autopolymerizing luting composite. L*, a*, b* color coordinates were measured 10 times for each veneered densely sintered alumina specimen. Color differences were calculated using the equation ΔE = [(Δ*)2+ (Δa*)2+ (Δb*)2]®. ΔE values correspond to differences between the control group and each of the five materials groups.Results: Mean color differences (ΔE) and SDs for each group were as follows: ΔE (1) = 1.42 ± 0.5, ΔE (2) = 1.53 ± 0.5, ΔE (3) = 1.55 ± 0.4, ΔE (4) = 1.95 ± 0.5, ΔE (5) = 1.23 ± 0.3. All restorative materials induced changes to the densely sintered alumina color relative to the original color. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests showed statistically significant differences in ΔE between the groups; however, the Student-Newman-Keuls test revealed that the only statistically significant difference was between groups 4 and 5. Color differences between the groups were not visually perceivable (ΔE < 2).CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEWithin the limits of this in vitro study, veneered densely sintered alumina adhesively fixed with dentine-like cement, successfully masks the shade of different metal or ceramic restorative materials.

The purpose of the present study was to compare Serbian and Japanese participants in their subjective experience of Serbian and Japanese architectural objects. Subjective experience was operationalized through the ratings on the bipolar scales (e.g. pleasant-unpleasant). In the Preliminary study 1, a set of twelve rating scales was generated. In the Preliminary study 2 twelve Serbian and twelve Japanese architectural objects were specified. In the main experiment two groups of participants, twenty-one Serbian and twenty Japanese, rated twelve Serbian and twelve Japanese objects. A factor analysis extracted three dimensions of subjective experience: Beauty, Firmness and Fullness. Analysis of variance have shown that both Serbian and Japanese participants agreed that Japanese architectural objects looked more beautiful and firmer than Serbian objects. These finding is generally in line with perceptualist hypothesis that stimulus constraints are more effective than culture. However, interactions revealed some cultural differences that are consistent with culturalist hypothesis: compared to Serbian participants, Japanese participants rated Japanese architectural objects as more
beautiful, whereas, compared to Japanese, Serbian participants rated Serbian objects as less fragile and emptier than Japanese objects. Generaly, our study have shown that Serbian (Western) and Japanese (Eastern) participants show general similarity in their subjective experience of architectural objects.
Keywords: subjective experience, cross-cultural, architecture, Serbia, Japan

Pour beaucoup, cela peut sembler une provocation de considérer la contemporanéité comme une époque esthétique, cependant, si nous pensons à l'activité générée par la discipline: publications de livres et magazines importants, associations, événements nationaux et internationaux, création de chaires et de programmes d'études supérieures, nous aurons à reconnaître une certaine effervescence. Mais, sera-ce une véritable richesse spéculative ou surestimons-nous ces réalisations précisément parce qu'elles font partie de notre présent?

L'intervento, presentato nell'ambito delle giornate di studio sulla figura dell'architetto Vittorio Giorgini, analizza quale eredità e quali insegnamenti possono leggersi nell'opera dell'architetto toscano per la pratica progettuale.
Articolato in due parti, nella prima  l'intervento indaga le presunte relazioni delle sperimentazioni morfogenetiche di Giorgini con le figurazioni contemporanee del curvilinearity evidenziando come tra le due esperienze si collochi una cesura storico-sociale e climi culturali differenti  tali da escludere presunte discendenze.
Nella seconda parte si analizza la matrice sperimentale dell'opera di Giorgini indicando nell'atteggiamento critico nei confronti dei saperi normativi, nel metodo intuitivo aperto alla comprensione olistica, nel fare artigianale quale disciplina d'addestramento a una raffinata sensibilità materiale e nelle finalità estetiche  indifferenti al fine, ma di eversiva  contemplatività dell’azione una possibile risposta a una società  ormai annichilita dall'assoluta iinemendabilità del binomio tecnocrazia-convenienza che si è fatto pensiero dominante.

The clinical longevity of indirect restorations made of ceramics or indirect composite resins depends on their successful treatment and cementation. The cementation technique is determined by the type of restorative material—ceramics or indirect composite resins; thus, their intaglio surface treatment should be performed according to their particular compositions. The aim of this literature review was to define surface treatment protocols of different esthetic indirect restorative materials. A PubMed database search was conducted for in vitro studies pertaining to the most common treatment protocols of tooth-colored materials. Articles that described at least the surface treatment procedure, its effects on adhesion, its relationship with the material's composition, clinical aspects, and expected longevity were selected. The search was limited to peer-reviewed articles published in English between 1965 and 2004 in dental journals. Sandblasting, etching techniques, and silane coupling agents are the most common procedures with improved results.