Envrionmental Studies

This paper will discuss how land as private property was constituted as the conceptual opposite of rivers-as-flow in colonial Eastern India. It will discuss how colonial notions about landed property were treated as the legal terrain of ownership, while river flow regimes became the subject of technical intervention. The Eastern deltas’ through the course of the nineteenth century were re-plumbed by the colonial dispensation through a combination of irrigation, drainage and flood control practices. Alongside or paralleling this reworking of the region’s fluvial pattern was the simultaneous production of an entirely new set of conceptions about the delta as a hydraulic phenomenon. In the colonial land-centred imagination, I argue, the delta now appeared as a collection of isolated fluvial elements rather than as a dynamic organic process. In sum, this paper suggests the possibility for an environmental history of the Permanent Settlement Regulations of 1793.

La présente étude porte sur le secteur agricole de la préfecture de Mandiana. Elle est une étude de diagnostic environnemental qui vise la caractérisation du secteur, l'identification des risques et contraintes environnementaux puis la proposition d'un projet d'orientation du secteur.

The study aims to have a better understanding of ecological stewardship found in Pope Francis’ Laudato Si’ in relation to the current environmental problems in the Philippines in order to propose an ecological spirituality for the care of the Philippine environment. In the Philippines, there are key environmental problems that need to be addressed, namely, pollutions, mining activities, deforestation, land conversion, depletion of fisheries and aquatic resources, loss of biodiversity, global warming and climate change. We will analyze the teachings of Pope Francis on his first ever ecological encyclical devoted only to environmental issues, namely Laudato Si’: On Care for our Common Home. Human beings including the Filipino people, overuse their freedom, which results in the destruction of our common home including the Philippine archipelago. Pope Francis implores all people, including Filipinos, to change their hearts and their ways of life. Filipinos are capable in living this ecological stewardship and spirituality for the care of their environment. Ecological stewardship and spirituality inspire, motivate, and guide a new way of life for all Filipino people, sustaining them to love and care for their environment.

The essay argues that a Marxist materialist analysis is fundamental in understanding and articulating the current international social/economic conjuncture. We sketch the theoretical framework underlying such an analysis, apply this framework broadly to describing the key phenomena defining our era, and draw some general strategic conclusions on what political approach and tasks revolutionary Marxists should be currently focusing on.

پژوهشگران حوزه ناسیونالیسم تاکید میکنند که نادیده گرفتن رابطه بین محیط زیست و جنبشهای هویت طلبانه مانع درک فعالیتهای زیست-محیطی می شود، زیرا که چنین فعالیتهایی متاثر از روایتهای سرزمین-مرکز هستند و بسترمندند. روایتهای سرزمین-مرکز مهمند چون عمدتا گذشته و حال از منظر ساکنان اصلی آن منعکس میکنند و آموزه های خاصی از چگونگی تصور آن سرزمین را در خود محفوظ می دارند. چنین آموزه های به سرزمین و طبیعت تقدس بخشیده و بلندای کوهها، سرزندگی درختان و طغیان رودخانه و آبهای وطن  و اسطوره های سرزمین مادری را در شعر، موسیقی و ادبیات با خود-ارجاعی مردمان می آمیزند. وبا عجین کردن مردم و اکوسیستم، به کالبد داستانها و اسطوره های سرزمین مادری لباسی نوستالوژیک و جاودانه می پوشانند (ویلیام و اسمیث، ۱۹۸۳؛ هرب و کاپلان، ۱۹۹۹؛ کیسر، ۲۰۰۲؛ ناش، ۱۹۹۳). تجسم این پیوندهای هویتی و روایات سرزمین-مرکز و اکولوژیک در شعارهای مردم در تشییع جنازه شریف باجوَر جای برای تردید باقی نمی گذارند.  چنین تنیدگی بین خود-ارجاعی هویتی کوردها، «شهید شدن» در راه حفاظت از کوردستان، وطن (نیشتمان) و درختان آن بصورت طبیعی بر زبان کوردها در مریوان جاری شده و نام شریف باجوَر، در شعارهای زیر، بعنوان سمبل جدایی ناپذیری اکولوژی کوردستان و هویت آن در دلها و تاریخ مردمانش ثبت می گردد:
پارێزه‌ری داره‌ستان  ---بۆ به‌ شه‌هید کوردستان
پارێزه‌ری نیشتمان--- بۆ به‌ شه‌هید کوردستان

The Vedic notion of Ṛta is broader than the more familiar notions of dharma and karma, which have become familiar English terms. Encompassing respect for nature, veneration of the deities, and attendance on the sacred rites, Ṛta is woven throughout the Ṛg Vedic hymns. By calling greater attention to this cosmic principle, scholars can work to counteract the commercialization and individualization of yoga. Keywords Ṛta · Vedas · Dharma · Karma Ṛta, a Ṛg Vedic term which encompasses "cosmic, moral, and social order," is the ancestor of dharma and karma, a broader and more evocative notion of right that does not consider a parsing or separation of duties to human beings, to nature, and to divine beings. Ṛta, as it appears in the beautiful Vedic hymns, suggests that humanity properly recognizes nature as the household of the gods and that by sacrificing and attending to the rites, the higher significance of nature is revealed to the worshipper. The hymns exist in a place where no duality between God and nature has yet been considered, where to rise in the morning and attend to the sacred fire is to contemplate ultimate Reality. In this Vedic worldview, the Sun, the Dawn, and the sacrificial fire are all vehicles for contemplating the place of humankind in the world, for opening all pathways to illumination and wealth. Kinsley (1986) points out that Ṛta is often paired with the Dawn (ushas), as the rites are the counterpart to the rising sun, as in the verses below: I.113.12 yāvayáddveshā ṛitapā ṛitejāḥ sumnāvárī sūnṛítā īráyantī │sumangalīr bíbhratī devávītim ihādyóshaḥ ṣreshṭhatamā vy ùcha ││ (Saras-wati and Vidyalankar 2011)

Can four dominate approaches to environmental ethics help inform the theoretical and  practical aspects of the various "green" movements on Guåhan, especially the UOG Green Interns? How do the dominant theories frame our understanding of human responsibility in regard to the natural environment and fellow animals? After briefly reviewing Ecofeminist, Deep Ecology, Sentientist, anthropocentric approaches, the author argues that each theory offers something for our movements.

Che il servizio idrico integrato e la gestione dei rifiuti rappresentino due servizi pubblici essenziali per il sano vivere di una collettività è quasi una banalità. L’importanza di questi due servizi difficilmente può essere sovrastimata. Il primo attiene ad una risorsa che se da un lato è scarsa, e dunque deve essere utilizzata responsabilmente al fine di preservarla sia dal punto di vista quantitativo che qualitativo, dall’altro è davvero vitale, indispensabile per lo svolgersi della vita umana. La buona funzionalità del secondo invece è del tutto indispensabile per mantenere alte le nostre chances di vivere un ambiente dotato di una qualche salubrità. In ambedue i casi la scala temporale sulla quale devono essere calibrate le politiche pubbliche, e le norme che le regolano, deve necessariamente essere adeguata a tener conto non solo degli utenti dei predetti servizi, ma anche delle necessità di preservare l’integrità del capitale naturale su cui essi insistono a beneficio delle generazioni future. Non è dunque strano che i due settori sopra indicati rappresentino un terreno nel quale sono fiorite a più riprese, e con caratteristiche proteiformi, numerose previsioni legislative concernenti poteri sostitutivi nei confronti degli enti territoriali, e nel quale poteri sostitutivi sono stati esercitati, o quantomeno “minacciati”, in molteplici occasioni ed anche per vicende di grande importanza. I poteri sostitutivi rappresentano infatti uno degli strumenti previsti dall’ordinamento per tutelare gli interessi pubblici anche dinanzi alle mancanze dei soggetti ordinariamente deputati alla loro cura. Risulta dunque ben comprensibile come – di fronte alle vistose inadempienze degli enti territoriali e degli altri soggetti pubblici competenti, e del pessimo stato che, in vaste parti del Paese, caratterizza questi servizi – si sia pensato di ricorrere a questo strumento. Il presente contributo si propone di redigere un primo bilancio della resa che lo strumento dei poteri sostitutivi ha avuto nel tentativo di far fronte ai numerosi problemi che affliggono il servizio idrico e quello dei rifiuti. Tale compito, tuttavia, presenta difficoltà di vario genere, poiché a questo fine non ci si può limitare a esaminare la prassi che ha caratterizzato il settore, provando ad individuarne virtù e limiti. Risulta necessaria, viceversa, una indagine su tre differenti livelli. A fianco dell’indagine sulla concreta utilizzazione degli strumenti sostitutivi non può infatti mancare quella concernente le disposizioni legislative che li regolano, le quali – come accennato – sono numerose e diversificate, oltreché talvolta piuttosto difficili da comporre in sistema. Infine sarà necessario tenere nella debita considerazione il livello costituzionale. Gli enti territoriali, come si sa, dispongono di una autonomia costituzionalmente garantita, ed il loro peculiare status assicura alle funzioni di cui sono titolari una protezione di pari livello nei confronti di “espropriazioni” provenienti dagli altri enti territoriali, compreso lo Stato. Un bilancio del settore non può dunque esimersi dall’interrogarsi sulla compatibilità o meno delle strade che hanno preso la legislazione e la prassi dei poteri sostitutivi in tema di acqua e rifiuti rispetto al quadro costituzionale.

Currently the technologies which are available in Bangladesh agriculture, integrated pest management (IPM) are one of the most important to them. Reasonably, the objectives of the study were to determine the adoption extent of IPM practices by the rice farmers and to determine the influencing factors of IPM adoption. The study was conducted at Mymensing district. One hundred and sixteen (116) rice farmers were asked about the use of IPM practices and it was found that majority of the farmers (82.3 percent) were under medium to high group in aspect of adoption extent of IPM practices. The factors that significantly influenced farmer's adoption of IPM were training exposure, experience of IPM practices, extension media contact and knowledge on IPM. Among Original Research Article

This paper will propose that the extraction of gas by hydraulic fracturing, and the social and environmental disasters that shadow it, can be best explained by the influence exerted by a select few extremely wealthy people in order to secure their private interests: to protect and further embed their wealth and power. Oligarchs in the United States form an exceptionally small proportion of the total population, but control a vast amount of the financial resources. These financial resources allow the oligarchs access to high-ranking government officials, but those same resources can also be used to influence political decision-making through 'think tanks', contributions to political campaigns or by employing the services of professional lobby agents. This paper will first, though briefly, examine the contemporary energy crisis caused by the depletion of finite natural resources. Then it will look into the history and process of hydraulic fracturing, before turning to the environmental impacts, with a particular focus on the local communities and the social impacts.

In this paper we discuss the concept of «land take» and its interpretations, focusing on the Italian experience. In particular, by using several sources of information (that directly or indirectly deal with land use/land cover), we analyse the specific structure that this phenomenon has taken at national level, in order to highlight the characteristics, the patterns and the evolutionary trends.

In this study, the need for a new institutional organization, using historical and descriptive research methods is evaluated and the pursuits towards global environmental organization are set forth. Evaluation is based on configuration and policies of other international formations taking an efficient role in UNEP, GEF and global environmental management. The aim of this study is to find answers to the following two questions and open a discussion: (1) What is the level of success of existing global environmental management in the solution of environmental problems? (2) Is it possible to establish a Global Environmental Organization (GEO) that can produce environmental policies integrating and coordinating specialized units carrying out responsibilities related with the environment under the framework of United Nations and to apply international sustainability policy?

Boreholesare an effective way of tapping into the water bearing aquiferbelow the ground and pumping the water to the surface. Boreholes for extracting water consist essentially of a vertically drilled shaft, a strong lining (casing) to prevent collapse of the walls, which includes a means of allowing clean water to enter the borehole space (screen), surface protection, and a means of extracting water. This study examines the common drilling techniques, usage, maintenance and sustainability of water boreholes in Ado-Ekiti. Pumping tests were carried on several boreholes in Ado-Ekiti to acquire a general idea of the yield of boreholes in order to proffer viable solution. Hydrogeological maps of the area are studied to help in the understanding of the sub surface formation of the region. Questionnaires were also developed and administeredin the assessment of borehole usage and maintenance. The study area is characterized by crystalline basement complex rock of low porosity and permeability. Boreholes have to be properly designed, professionally constructed and carefully drilled. It has been discovered that the area generally has low groundwater potential and that there is a high dependence on groundwater as a source for potable water.

Líderes mundiais se reúnem em duas grandes cúpulas globais na Europa: a Cúpula do G-20 em Roma, Itália, 30-31/10/2021, e a 26ª Conferência das Partes sobre Mudança Climática das Nações Unidas, ou COP26, em Glasgow, Escócia, 01-12/11/2021. A União Europeia objetiva se firmar como potência global, respaldada em resultados diplomáticos, através de determinações acatadas pelos países-membros. Os debates atuais centram-se num novo ordenamento internacional para garantir a saúde pública global e sustentabilidade, comércio e inclusão social. No que se refere à COP26, o tópico principal centra-se na mudança climática que é prejudicial à saúde 1. O aquecimento global, escrevem os autores, não é apenas um desastre ambiental, mas também expõe os humanos ao calor escaldante e a eventos climáticos extremos; aumenta a transmissão de doenças infecciosas; provoca o agravamento da insegurança alimentar, hídrica e financeira; colocando em risco o desenvolvimento sustentável; e acirrando a desigualdade global. Os dados do relatório de 2021 devem representar um "código vermelho para um futuro saudável". Nos últimos dois anos, a pandemia de coronavírus tem sido naturalmente o foco esmagador das discussões globais de saúde pública, tendo infectado 250 milhões de pessoas, matando quase 5 milhões e derrubando a economia mundial. Os efeitos da mudança climática na saúde foram mais sutis, mas implacáveis. A pandemia passará, mais cedo ou mais tarde, mas os desafios à saúde criados pelo aquecimento global vão durar décadas, até séculos. Até agora, os líderes mundiais não conseguiram resolver os desafios de saúde causados pelas mudanças climáticas. Para deter e reverter essas

Across Central Appalachia, you can see the message scrawled across bumper stickers, protest signs, and billboards: “Coal Feeds My Family.” The metaphor of coal feeding families is one that stresses the economic importance of this extractive industry to the economy of the industrialized rural mountain South. This essay examines the change in land-human relationships through the lens of food. A contrast is drawn between homesteading’s cultivation of life and coal’s energy economy of the dead. The energy economy of the preindustrial Appalachian farm is shown to be a slight alteration from the energy cycles of the Appalachian forest. The industrial energy economy of coal, on the other hand, severed Appalachian people from their traditional agricultural energy economy, from the results of their production, from the sources of their consumption, and from the very thing, the sun, which made the preindustrial economy possible. The coal energy economy was not only made possible through various technological innovations in production and consumption, but also by certain social relations and political structures. These relations and structures remain relatively intact, in spite of the rapid disintegration of the coal economy, and their inertia explains the popularity of the slogan “coal feeds my family.”

The Drigg ferricrete at the coastal plains of West Cumbia was studied to determine the process responsible for its formation. It was found that the ferricrete layer is chemically compost of iron and manganese oxides (goethite, manganite) within a mud and clay matrix and as an on growth on the surface of quartz sand grains.

Feldspars of sodium and potassium (Albite and orthoclase) as well as apatite, muscovite and clinochlore exist within the matrix and decaying sand particles. A look at the sandstones above and below the ferricrete revealed that they are the same, made of sub angular quartz sand grains that were deposited by water action during glacial melt in the late Devensian age.

Concentration of Fe and Mn oxides within the layer above the ferricrete is very low compared to that below the ferricrete as indicated by microscopy and ESEM images generated. This indicated accumulation of Fe and Mn starting from the layer below the ferricrete and not from the layer above it as a result of upward translocation and precipitation of Fe and Mn by deep and shallow underground water rich in iron and manganese minerals.

The position at which fresh oxic water of surface and shallow underground aquifers meets the saline anoxic water from the deep underground aquifers is where the ferricrete formed as a result of Fe3+ and Mn4+ precipitation. This process may have occurred during the periods of sea-level rise with the ferricrete layer reflecting the height of that rise.

The knowledge of water regime fluctuations within the Drigg waters is relevant when designing strategies for low-level nuclear waste management.

Se analiza el desarrollo de los Digestores de Domo Fijo, a partir del modelo de pequeña escala originado en China, que se fue adaptando a las condiciones de cada país, en la Escala Doméstica y se muestran los principales modelos desarrollados por los distintos programas en el mundo. Se hace un breve análisis de los resultados obtenidos en varios de los programas para el desarrollo del biogás doméstico en el mundo.

Traditionally, activists have tried to lobby government to prevent energy firms from accessing new areas for oil, gas and coal, to regulate how they refine oil, extract coal, and generate electricity. They have sought tougher fuel efficiency standards and mandates for electricity companies to use of renewables in electricity generation. Sometimes they have lobbied customers, hoping that they will sanction firms for bad policies.

All of this is aimed at stopping or slowing down global warming – but it has had mixed success. Energy companies have often blocked or weakened regulatory action. It has often been hard to mobilize consumers, who are addicted to automobiles and energy intensive lifestyles, and believe that they have little power over markets.

Now, activists are trying something new - disrupting how the fossil fuel industry transports its products. Their objective is to prevent the fossil fuel industry from accessing the pipelines and railroad networks they need to move their products. The logic is simple; if products cannot be moved, they cannot be sold and will not contribute to global warming

This article analyses the ethno-politics of water in Argentina at the high point of European immigration, the first three decades of the twentieth century. Focusing on the drying of the Guanacache wetlands, located in the wine-producing region of Cuyo, we show how national and provincial ideologies based on ‘whitening’ and ‘civilisation’ shaped policies that favoured European immigrants at the expense of autochthonous populations in the geographic and social struggle for irrigation water. A large-scale redistribution of water resources drove the indigenisation of indigenous and criollo populations and the desertification of their land.

In the current quest for sustainable development, it is imperative for industries to assess their externalities and to address them. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has existed in several definitions and dimensions but increasingly has been accepted as a business practice which is economically, socially and environmentally beneficial complies with rules & regulations, and maximizes the stakeholders’ benefits, all at the same time. CSR primarily has to be determined on the basis of externalities caused by the business as usual and as efforts to address these externalities along with other objectives that are aligned with the Sustainable Developments Goals or as per the government policies. However, it is possible that all externalities are not clearly evident or visible and get neglected. The paper aims at the analysis of Telecom Industries externalities on the parameter of environmental responsibilities and efforts by the industry to address these concerns. The paper tries to ...

The objective of this article is twofold: first, to describe a pedagogical objective linking planning
and policy concepts to the study of borderlands issues; second, to discuss the institutional framework
of environmental planning at the U.S.-Mexico border. The Border 2012 program is used as
a benchmark to discuss policy objectives, challenges and the shortcomings of cross-border environmental
planning. The methodology followed is a program evaluation related to institutional
design. The main conclusion is that environmental policy at the border has overlooked land use
planning as an important tool for achieving environmental goals as set out by Border 2012. It is
important to incorporate a mechanism that will allow better intergovernmental coordination and
cooperation in land use planning policy.