Emulsion stability

Essential micronutrients, such as lipophilic vitamins are vital for human health and wellbeing. There is a growing demand on consuming vitamin-fortified foods due to the increasing awareness of consumers to common life-treating diseases. People may not take the required daily intake (RDI) amount of these vitamins due to the limited natural sources, malnutrition facts, and loss of their chemical stability during food production, storage, and transportation. Protective encapsulation technologies are required during food fortification to prevent vitamins from degradation and enhance their bioavailability in human gastrointestinal system. Oil-in-water nanoemulsions are described as promising delivery systems by the researchers to encapsulate and stabilize lipophilic vitamins and thus enhance their bioavailability. This review covers the challenges in production methods and factors affecting the stability of lipophilic vitamins and nanoemulsion delivery systems as well and the most recent studies on bioavailability evaluation of vitamins A, D, E encapsulated in oil-in-water nanoemulsions. Practical applications: Food fortification with essential micronutrients, such as vitamins A, D, and E contributes to human health by providing the intake of sufficient amounts to prevent diseases (e.g., osteoporosis, osteomalacia, suppressed immune system, cancer, loss of vision, cardiovascular diseases) treating the quality of the life and the survival. Lipid-based nanoemulsion delivery systems can be used to encapsulate these lipophilic vitamins to increase their solubility, stability, and bioavailability, and also they provide an advantage as to be fortified in aqueous-based food/beverages rather than only lipid-based formulations. Staple foods and beverages, such as orange juice, milk, cheese, and bread, could be fortified with stabilized vitamin enriched nanoemulsions, so that human can get greater benefit from these micronutrients.

Graphene features an array of extraordinary mechanical, physical and electrical properties, and it is of great interest to impart such properties to polymeric materials by use of graphene and its derivatives as filler materials. The focus of this comprehensive review is on the preparation of graphene-based polymeric nanocomposite materials by use of synthetic approaches involving aqueous emulsions of polymer (nano)particles. These techniques can be broadly categorized as in situ polymerization (where the monomer(s) is/are polymerized in the presence of the composite phase) and solution blending, where an aqueous dispersion of polymer particles is prepared separately and subsequently mixed with an aqueous dispersion of graphene-based material. Many of these techniques involve the use of derivatives of graphene such as graphene oxide and “reduced” graphene oxide. The fundamental challenge is that graphene as well as graphene oxide have low compatibility with most synthetic polymers, and it is consequently difficult to prepare homogeneous polymer nanocomposites without aggregation and restacking. One of the important features of graphene oxide is that it can act as a surfactant in oil-water emulsions, which has been exploited extensively for preparation of a range of composite particles/materials. Polymer/graphene nanocomposite synthesis via emulsion-based approaches is an active field of research with plenty of opportunities for significant future advancement with a range of potential applications.

Otrzymanie stabilnej emulsji stanowi wyzwanie dla przemysłu kosmetycznego farmaceutycznego. Na stabilność tego typu układów mają wpływ warunki przechowywania, odpowiednio dobrany skład oraz metoda przygotowania. Badania stabilności przeprowadza się, aby zapewnić, że dany produkt spełnia wszelkie wymagane standardy i jest bezpieczny w użyciu. Celem niniejszych badań była analiza stabilności dwóch emulsji
przygotowanych dwoma sposobami przy zastosowaniu metody wielokrotnego rozpraszania światła za pomocą aparatu Turbiscan Lab Expert.

There is growing demand in the food industry for natural ingredients to fabricate 'clean label' products. This article provides a review of recent studies on the identification, characterization, and utilization of natural food-grade emulsifiers, such as proteins, polysaccharides, phospholipids, and saponins. Particular emphasis is given to relating the structural properties of these emulsifiers to their ability to form and stabilize emulsions. The influence of environmental stresses, such as pH, ionic strength, and temperature, on the performance of natural emulsifiers is discussed. This information should facilitate the rational selection of natural emulsifiers for applications in emulsion-based food, beverage, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products.

Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) is an economic plant cultivated in tropical countries, mainly in the Asian region. Coconut fruit generally consists of 51.7% kernel, 9.8% water, and 38.5% shell. Coconut milk is commonly manufactured from grated coconut meat (kernel). Basically, coconut milk is an oil-in-water emulsion, stabilized by some proteins existing in the aqueous phase. Maximization of protein functionality as an emulsifier can enhance the coconut milk stability. In addition, some stabilizers have been added to ensure the coconut milk stability. However, destabilization of emulsion in coconut milk brings about the collapse of the emulsion, from which virgin coconut oil (VCO) can be obtained. Yield, characteristics, and properties of VCO are governed by the processes used for destabilizing coconut milk. VCO is considered to be a functional oil and is rich in medium chain fatty acids with health advantages.

The major raw materials used for the production of the emulsion paint : water, titanium iv oxide, calcium carbonate, kaolin, calgon, natrosol, biocide P.V.A, ammonia, deformer (Ginap) kerosene, yellow iron oxide and red iron oxide. Emulsion paint of two (2) samples was produced, and calcium carbonate locally obtained was used in larger quantity in order to reduce the cost of production of the paint with little of the expensive titanium iv oxide added. The first sample was a creamy white colour paint, while the second sample has a result of the mixture of blending of locally sourced yellow iron oxide and red iron oxide. Pigment, that was added to it. The two (2) samples gave high quality emulsion paints in terms of its brush ability, opacity, coverage, stability etc. Quality control test carried out on the two (2) samples of emulsion paint showed that the local pigment and extenders used (titanium iv oxide, calcium trioxocarbonate iv, kaolin, yellow iron oxide and red iron oxide) fitted in so well in the paints to give the necessary adhesion, opacity and coverage, with excellent binding effect observed. ABSTRACT The major aim of this project research work is to produce emulsion paint from locally sourced pigment & extenders. The materials used for the production was of local source. The major raw materials used for the production of the emulsion paint: water, titanium iv oxide, calcium carbonate, kaoline, calgon, natrosol, biocide P.V.A, ammonia, deformer (Ginap) kerosene, yellow iron oxide and red iron oxide. Emulsion paint of two (2) samples was produced, and calcium carbonate locally obtained was used in larger quantity in order to reduce the cost of production of the paint with little of the expensive titanium iv oxide added. The first sample was a creamy white colour paint, while the second sample has a result of the mixture of blending of locally sourced yellow iron oxide and red iron oxide. Pigment, that was added to it. The two (2) samples gave high quality emulsion paints in terms of its brush ability, opacity, coverage, stability etc. Quality control test carried out on the two (2) samples of emulsion paint showed that the local pigment and extenders used (titanium iv oxide, calcium trioxocarbonate iv, kaoline, yellow iron oxide and red iron oxide) fitted in so well in the paints to give the necessary adhesion, opacity and coverage, with excellent binding effect observed.

Emulsi adalah suatu sistem yang tidak stabil secara termodinamik yang mengandung paling sedikit dua fase cair yang tidak saling bercampur, dimana satu diantaranya sebagai bola-bola dalam fase cair lain. Sistem dibuat satabil dengan adanya suatu zat pengemulsi.

Natural biopolymers, whey protein isolate (WPI) and gum arabic (GA), were used to fabricate emulsion-based delivery systems for vitamin E-acetate. Stable delivery systems could be formed when vitamin E-acetate was mixed with sufficient orange oil prior to high pressure homogenization. WPI (d 32 = 0.11 lm, 1% emulsifier) was better than GA (d 32 = 0.38 lm, 10% emulsifier) at producing small dro-plets at low emulsifier concentrations. However, WPI-stabilized nanoemulsions were unstable to floccu-lation near the protein isoelectric point (pH 5.0), at high ionic strength (>100 mM), and at elevated temperatures (>60°C), whereas GA-stabilized emulsions were stable. This difference was attributed to differences in emulsifier stabilization mechanisms: WPI by electrostatic repulsion; GA by steric repulsion. These results provide useful information about the emulsifying and stabilizing capacities of natural biopolymers for forming food-grade vitamin-enriched delivery systems.

The capability of seed extracts in stabilizing emulsions has particularly received interest in recent years. Upon soaking quince seeds into water, biopolymers inside the seeds are extracted to water, forming mucilage. This study investigates the physical stability, rheology and microstructure of oil (sunflower oil) in water emulsions, stabilized by 2% (w/v) whey protein isolate with varying concentrations of xanthan and quince seed gum. Quince seed gum resulted in emulsions with smaller low-shear viscosities and shear thinning capabilities compared to the same concentrations of xanthan. Quince seed gum emulsions with concentrations ≤ 0.1 (w/v), displayed rapid creaming due to bridging flocculation. Despite the difference in apparent viscosities, for gum concentrations b 0.2 (w/v), both gums demonstrated comparable stability with xanthan gum in general yielding marginally more stable emulsions. Gum concentrations N 0.3 (w/v) resulted in physically stable emulsions even after 5 months. Overall, quince seed gum displayed significant emulsification and stabilization properties.

This experiment explains the properties of certain formulations of the emulsified acid. Formation water almost always comes out of crude oil processing. It is important to acidify treatments in formations by creating wormholes to restore or stimulate the near-wellbore region. Under intense mixing and high turbulence produced by pumps, valves, chokes and pipelines, water and oil, which combine to form highly stable and viscous emulsions in the production system.

Due to the increasing viscosity of water these emulsions produce flow control and separation problems in deep water production facilities. To predict changes in viscosity and stability over time, understanding of the flow behaviour and factors that affect its stability of these emulsions in pipelines is important. It is also important to understand how the acid and bases work with the other active surface components to stabilize emulsion.

This study emphasis on the effect of acid volume fraction, agitation speed and emulsifier emulsifier concentration on the stability of emulsified acid. The results of this study will be used for studying emulsion flow in pipelines under various conditions. Emulsified acids are shown to be effective stimulating fluids at low flow rates. The key benefit is profound penetration under conditions where plain acid gives compact dissolution patterns.

Se determinó la solubilidad del dodecano empleando la teoría de Lifshitz-Slyosov-Wagner para el fenómeno de maduración de Ostwald. A tal objeto se prepararon nanoemulsiones de dodecano en agua estabilizadas con dodecilsulfato de sodio y se evaluó la variación del radio cúbico promedio de sus gotas en función del tiempo a diferentes fracciones de volumen (φ = 10-3 – 10-5). Se encontró que el sistema más diluido (φ =1 x 10-5) arrojó el valor de solubilidad más confiable (5,5 x 10-9 m3/m3).

Clotrimazole is a broad spectrum antifungal drug, widely used for topical treatment of Tinea corporis. It is available commercially as cream, powder, gel and vaginal pessary. However, its poor water solubility (0.49 μg/ml) presents a hindrance for its local availability and limits effective antifungal therapy. [3]In present study, an attempt has been made to enhance its efficacy and stability by formulating it as gellified emulsions (emulgels). Emulsions (o/w) of Clotrimazole were prepared using lavender oil and gellified using carbomer, carboxymethylcellulose sodium and xanthan gum. All the emulgels were white, homogeneous with good consistency and spreadability and possessed pH very close to that of normal skin (6-7).  The formulations F4 and F7 which contained carboxymethylcellulose sodium and xanthan gum as gel base demonstrated fastest diffusion of Clotrimazole. Moreover, their antifungal efficacy (expressed as zone of inhibition) against Trichophyton rubrum, was greater than that of commercially available gel of Clotrimazole. The emulgels did not produce any skin irritation in treated rats and were stable when stored for 90 days at  25°C/60% (RH) and 40 0C /75 % RH

The colloidal structures of beta carboxylic acid topical vesicle formulations were determined and the changes during evaporation after applications were estimated from phase diagrams. The results showed significant difference during evaporation between salicylic acid on one hand and three water soluble acids; malic, tartaric, and citric acid, on the other. The water soluble acids showed an increase in the acid concentration in the aqueous solution to levels that must be considered harmful, while salicylic acid showed no increase in concentration in the individual phases even after 99% evaporation of water. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 95: 1834–1840, 2006

La planta de Jatropha curcas es una de las especies vegetales más utilizadas en la obtención de biodiesel de segunda generación. Debido a la creciente producción de biodiesel a nivel mundial se generan grandes cantidades de glicerina cruda como principal subproducto de la reacción de transesterificación. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de un estudio de emulsificación donde se utiliza como tensoactivo glicerina cruda obtenida de la síntesis de biodiesel de Jatropha curcas, empleando el método de vibración ultrasónica en la formulación de emulsiones combustibles. El objetivo del trabajo es evaluar el potencial emulsificador de la glicerina cruda. Se realizó un diseño factorial 33 con dos réplicas por experimento, manteniendo fija la cantidad de tensoactivo en un 4%. En correspondencia con el mejor valor del diseño, asociado al mayor tiempo de agitación, menor cantidad de agua y combustible diesel como fase continua, la emulsión E26 alcanzó 25 horas de estabilidad. Se determinó la densidad y viscosidad dinámica de las emulsiones que superaron las 24 horas de estabilidad (E20 y E26). La densidad de las emulsiones E20 y E26 es de 955,79 kg/m3 y 946,70 kg/m3 respectivamente. La viscosidad de las emulsiones E20 y E26 es de 7 mPa·s y 5 mPa·s respectivamente. El costo de producción para obtener 5 L de las emulsiones combustibles E20 y E26 es de 6,77 CUC y 5,46 CUC respectivamente.

ABSTRAK Minyak pala merupakan bahan pangan yang mengandung senyawa bioaktif yang memiliki aktivitas antimikroba sehingga bisa menjadi salah satu alternatif bahan pengawet pangan alami, namun kelarutannya didalam produk pangan terbatas. Salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan kelarutannya adalah dengan pembuatan sistem emulsi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kondisi optimum proses emulsifikasi minyak atsiri pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt) dan karakterisasi sifat fisik serta kestabilan emulsi yang dihasilkan. Proses pembuatan emulsi dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat Homogenizer Ultra-Turrax T25 basic IKA dengan kecepatan 14.000 rpm selama 3 menit. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) yang terdiri atas dua faktor yaitu konsentrasi minyak pala (15 % , 20 %, 25 %) dan konsentrasi surfaktan jenis Tween 80 (10 %, 15 %, 20 %) dari massa minyak pala (v/v). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan konsentrasi minyak pala dan surfaktan berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap kestabilan emulsi. Emulsi dengan formulasi kombinasi antara minyak pala 15 % dengan surfaktan Tween 80 20 % memiliki tingkat kestabilan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan formulasi lainnya baik secara kimia (perubahan pH), kerusakan mekanik (metode sentrifugasi), maupun kerusakan selama penyimpanan, baik pada suhu dingin, suhu ruang, suhu tinggi, dan cycling test. Ukuran droplet rata-rata emulsi 1021 – 1820 nm dengan nilai indeks polidispersitas 0,343-1000, serta nilai zeta potensial (-19,7) – (-29,2) mV. Nutmeg oil contains bioactive compounds that have antimicrobial activity so that can become an alternative natural food preservative. But, nutmeg oil solubility in food products limited. A solution to optimize the stability is by making the emulsion system. This study aims to determine the optimum conditions of the emulsification process of nutmeg oil (Myristica fragrans Houtt), and also characterize the physical properties and the stability of the resulting emulsion. The process of making the emulsion were performed by using Homogenizer Ultra-Turrax T25 basic IKA with a speed of 14.000 rpm for 3 minutes. The design of this study was a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of two factors; the concentration of nutmeg oil (15 % , 20 %, 25 %) dan and the concentration of surfactant types Tween 80 (10 % , 15 % , 20 %) of the mass of nutmeg oil (v/v). The Results showed that concentrations of nutmeg oil and surfactant tween 80 very significant effect on the stability of the emulsion. Emulsion with formulation combination between nutmeg oil 15 % and surfactant Tween 80 20 % have stability that is higher than other formulation from chemical damage (pH changes), mechanics damage (method centrifugation) and damage during storage (cold temperature, room temperature, high temperature, cycling test). The average droplet size emulsion 1021-1820 nm with a polydispersity index value of 0.343-1000 , and the zeta potential value of (-19.7) – (-29.2) mV.

During crude oil recovery, asphaltene-stabilized water-in-oil emulsions are formed. Asphaltenes are the component of crude oil, which is insoluble in n-alkane and is considered to be largely responsible for the stability of water-in-crude oil emulsions. To reduce the water content of the oil for downstream processing, as well as to reduce transportation and recovery costs, water has to be removed from these emulsions by using chemical ‘demulsifiers’. How demulsifiers act is still poorly understood. It is known that they affect the viscoelastic properties and the compressibility of adsorbed asphaltenes films. As the real crude oil system is complex and difficult to handle, demulsifier effects on oil-water interfacial behavior are presented for 100ppm asphaltenes concentration in the model oil as this concentration has been shown in previous work to be in the range where nanoaggregation occurs in the bulk fluid. It is seen that the surface pressure values appear to be a result of both the asphaltenes and demulsifier competing to adsorb at the interface. The fraction of interfacial coverage achieved by each appears to depend on their respective bulk concentrations. As a result demulsifier-asphaltene systems exhibit an equilibrium surface pressure which is reached at higher demulsifier concentrations, possibly due to adsorption balancing desorption in the demulsifier rich regions, the presence of which block the ‘almost insoluble’ asphaltenes from further coverage of the interface. The behavior of the surface pressure on expansion and contraction of droplets using pendant drops to emulate a Langmuir trough supports the notion of concentration dependent fractional coverage by each species.

In this study, kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed oil-in-water nanoemulsions stabilized with sodium caseinate, Tween 20 and b-cyclodextrin complexes were produced using high pressure homogenizer. Emulsifying conditions, including concentration of optimized emulsifier mixtures and the addition sequence of b-cyclodextrin (b-CD) were studied. In addition, process parameters, namely homogeniza-tion pressure (16,000e28,000 psi) and homogenization cycles (3e5 cycles) were optimized to produce high physical stability of kenaf seed oil-in-water nanoemulsions. Emulsifier concentration of 10% (w/w) with b-CD on the primary emulsion was successfully optimized, which showed great enhancement on the stability of kenaf seed oil-in-water nanoemulsions to environmental stresses. The optimized process parameters was found to be 28,000 psi for 4 cycles, which produced nanoemulsions with 122.2 nm, 0.147, and À46.6 mV of particle size, PDI, and zeta-potential, respectively. It showed good stability for up to 6 weeks of storage at 25 C ± 2 C. The present study showed that the production of stable kenaf seed oil-in-water nanoemulsions using high pressure homogenizer is feasible and potential for large scale manufacturing.

This study reviewed papers related to biofuel emulsion, principally assessing the use of biofuel emulsion. The discussion is focused mainly on three active areas of emulsified biofuel, namely, exploration of various factors affecting the preparation of stable emulsion and its fuel properties, investigation of the effect of water concentration on physicochemical properties of fuel, and observation of the improvement and degradation of combustion, performance, and emission characteristics and the possible methods to enhance these characteristics.

In this present study emulsions were prepared by using black cumin oil. Dry gum method was followed to prepare emulsions formula A & B. Stability tests including organoleptic property evaluation, pH test, accelerated stability studies, water-drop test and peroxide value were determined. In case of organoleptic property evaluation emulsions showed insignificant changes and there were no variation in pH in both preparations up to 3 months. Emulsions were also undergone to different temperature effects and centrifugation at 4000 rpm, but lost the homogenous structure and separated into two phases under the effect of light and centrifugation. The study showed better results for emulsion B comparing with emulsion A. Thus our results showed that emulsion formulation B can be a good semi-solid preparation in Pharmaceutical field and food industry.

Research on and the application of bio-active compounds, have recently attracted great interest in the functional foods, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries, due to their potential health benefits, to immobilize cells or enzymes in food processing applications, such as fermentation process and metabolite, to provide improved  stability in final products and during processing, to keep aroma. However, the effectiveness of phenolic compounds, phytoestrogen, alkaloids, polysaccarides depends on preserving the stability, bioactivity and bioavailability of the active ingredients. The unpleasant taste of most compounds also limits their application. The utilization of encapsulation (spray drying, spray-chilling, freeze-drying, melt extrusion, melt injection, molecular inclusion, co-crystallization, nano-encapsulation, freeze drying, yeast encapsulation, liposome entrapment, emulsion etc) instead of free compounds, can effectively alleviate these deficiencies. Therefore, the aim of this poster presentation is to highlight current research, developments and trends of encapsulation in natural extracts in recent years.

Three emulsions of geranyl acetate (GA)-in-water (W) with identical GA/W ratios and varying surfactant (S), Laureth 4, a commercial C12EO 4 compound, fractions were investigated for nature and stability. The emulsions with up to 6% surfactant were W/O, as expected with respect to the solubility of the surfactant in the oil. At 10% surfactant, the aqueous phase became the continuous one and the apparent stability of the emulsion was significantly enhanced.Analysis of the phase diagram and experimental evidence showed the high water content emulsion to be a liquid crystal-in-water emulsion; a kind that did not change even at extreme O/W and LC/W ratios.The figure represents the inversion from W/O to O/W of a geranyl acetate emulsion stabilized by Laureth-4 with a modest increases of surfactant fraction

Modelado de la biodegradación en biorreactores de lodos de hidrocarburos totales del petróleo intemperizados en suelos y sedimentos (Biodegradation modeling of sludge bioreactors of total petroleum hydrocarbons weathering in soil and sediments)

The physicochemical, shear flow behaviour and emulsifying properties of gum exudates from Acacia cochliacantha and Acacia farnesiana were analysed and compared to those for Acacia senegal gum. Evaluation of physicochemical properties showed that A. farnesiana and A. senegal gums displayed levorotatory activity, relatively high carbohydrate/protein ratio and high content of dietary fibre. Similarly, A. farnesiana and A. senegal gums formed stable oil-in-water emulsions with smaller droplet sizes and coalescence rates in the order of 10-8, meaning for very stable disperse systems. Otherwise, A. cochliacantha gum was the only with dextrorotatory activity, high content of protein and arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), but low carbohydrate fraction; nevertheless despite the possible advantages of high protein content associated with emulsifying properties, this polysaccharide showed lesser stability on emulsions. Thus, A. farnesiana gum may be considered for oil-in-water emulsion stabilization and sources of soluble dietary fibre due to their relatively high polysaccharide fraction.

Tissue engineering (TE) aims to regenerate critical size defects, which cannot heal naturally, by using highly porous matrices called TE scaffolds made of biocompatible and biodegradable materials. There are various manufacturing techniques commonly used to fabricate TE scaffolds. However, in most cases, they do not provide materials with a highly interconnected pore design. Thus, emulsion templating is a promising and convenient route for the fabrication of matrices with up to 99% porosity and high interconnectivity. These matrices have been used for various application areas for decades. Although this polymer structuring technique is older than TE itself, the use of polymerised internal phase emulsions (PolyHIPEs) in TE is relatively new compared to other scaffold manufacturing techniques. It is likely because it requires a multidisciplinary background including materials science, chemistry and TE although producing emulsion templated scaffolds is practically simple. To date, a number of excellent reviews on emulsion templating have been published by the pioneers in this field in order to explain the chemistry behind this technique and potential areas of use of the emulsion templated structures. This particular review focusses on the key points of how emulsion templated scaffolds can be fabricated for different TE applications. Accordingly, we first explain the basics of emulsion templating and characteristics of PolyHIPE scaffolds. Then, we discuss the role of each ingredient in the emulsion and the impact of the compositional changes and process conditions on the characteristics of PolyHIPEs. Afterward, current fabrication methods of biocompatible PolyHIPE scaffolds and polymerisation routes are detailed, and the functionalisation strategies that can be used to improve the biological activity of PolyHIPE scaffolds are discussed. Finally, the applications of PolyHIPEs on soft and hard TE as well as in vitro models and drug delivery in the literature are summarised.

Alginic acids are perspective biopolymers with significant application in food technologies and pharmaceuticals. The aim of the current research was to synthesized environment-friendly alginic acid derivatives (methylated and amidated alginic acids with the different ratio of M/G blocks in the polysaccharide backbone) by ultrasound irradiation. The newly synthesized derivatives were characterized by the degree of esterifi-cation (DE), degree of amidation (DA) and their structure were elucidated by FT-IR spectroscopy. Their physi-cochemical properties were also evaluated. Methyl esters of two alginic acids were characterized with DE 49 and 82 % respectively, while their amidated derivatives reached DA to 53 %. The methylated alginic acid with (M/G) ratio: 61:39 showed the promising results future application as a foaming agent. The obtained results showed the significant improvement of rheological properties of methylated alginates with increase of DE, and decrease of emulsifying properties after amidation of alginate methyl esters, respectively.

Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) is an economic plant cultivated in tropical countries, mainly in the Asian region. Coconut fruit generally consists of 51.7% kernel, 9.8% water, and 38.5% shell. Coconut milk is commonly manufactured from grated coconut meat (kernel). Basically, coconut milk is an oil-in-water emulsion, stabilized by some proteins existing in the aqueous phase. Maximization of protein functionality as an emulsifier can enhance the coconut milk stability. In addition, some stabilizers have been added to ensure the coconut milk stability. However, destabilization of emulsion in coconut milk brings about the collapse of the emulsion, from which virgin coconut oil (VCO) can be obtained. Yield, characteristics, and properties of VCO are governed by the processes used for destabilizing coconut milk. VCO is considered to be a functional oil and is rich in medium chain fatty acids with health advantages.

Ultrasonik Hielscher adalah penyedia perangkat ultrasonik berkekuatan tinggi kelas atas. Hielscher menawarkan berbagai varian perangkat ultrasonik untuk laboratorium, bench-top, dan industri. Penerapan ultrasonik yang penting dalam berbagai proses antara lain homogenisasi, emulsifikasi, disperse, deaglomerasi, sonokemistri, dan sonokatalisis.

Batavialab dapat menyediakan ultrasonic homogenizer hielscher sesuai dengan kebutuhan Anda.

A geometrical model describing reverse micellar systems has been developed. A single phase containing assembled
structures on two different length scales is described and the hydration of surfactants involved in each structure determined. By taking into account the waterÈsurfactant interface a transition from interconnected cylinders to spheres has been predicted and is conÐrmed by experimental data. Furthermore, interdigitation between reverse micelles can be predicted and observed experimentally.

The interaction potential between two colloidal particles typically spans a few nanometers. Hence the correct appraisal of the potential in simulations requires very short time steps. However, it is often possible to combine one many-particle calculation with several two-particle simulations in order to estimate a set of aggregation rates. As in the theory of Fuchs, this procedure combines the evaluation of the fastest flocculation rate with the calculation of several stability ratios. This methodology was already tested in systems which exhibit low Repulsive barriers for primary minimum flocculation. In this article, the procedure is modified in order to calculate an average rate for secondary minimum flocculation. The technique is then used to estimate the influence of drop deformation on the aggregation
rate of hexadecane-in-water nano-emulsions stabilized with sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS).