Electromagnetic Induction

Swarm, a satellite constellation to measure Earth's magnetic field with unpreceded accuracy, has been selected by ESA for launch in 2009. The mission will provide the best ever survey of the geomagnetic field and its temporal evolution, in order to gain new insights into the Earth system by improving our understanding of the Earth's interior and climate. An End-to-End mission

….I do not perceive in any part of space, whether vacant or filled with matter, anything but forces and the lines in which they are exerted. Space must be a conductor , or else the metals could not conduct…I feel great difficulty in the conception of atoms of matter…with intervening space not occupied by atoms…[on this view] matter is everywhere present.. matter will be continuous throughout  (Faraday experimental Researches in electricity 1849)
. from my book in amazon " images in electricity" intellect and reality in electricity www.mpantes.gr

Although Maxwell’s most important equations had already appeared throughout his seminal paper entitled “On Physical Lines of Force” , which was written in 1861, it was not until 1864 that Maxwell created a distinct listing of eight equations in his follow up paper known as “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field” . This was in a section headed as ‘General Equations of the Electromagnetic Field’. While Maxwell refers to twenty equations at the end of this section, there are in fact only eight equations as such. Maxwell arrives at the figure of twenty because he splits six of these equations into their three Cartesian components. Maxwell’s eight original equations,

Jtotal = Jconduction + ∂D/∂t                                                                        (A)
∇×A = μH                                                                                                          (B)                                                                             
∇×H = Jtotal                                                                                                      (C)                                                                       
E = μv×H − ∂A/∂t − ∇ψ                                                                                    (D)                                                               
D = eE                                                                                                                (E)                                                                                   
E = RJconduction                                                                                            (F)                                                                             
∇∙D = ρ                                                                                                              (G)                                                                                   
∇∙J + ∂ρ/∂t = 0                                                                                                  (H)               

will be discussed in depth in individual sections throughout this paper.

The considerations for electromagnetic induction are largely canonized and are not subject to more reflection.
The Lorentz force describes a phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. However, this force is not cause of the induction.
Electromagnetic induction of moving charge in magnetic field is based on the electron’s magnetic dipole moment. The magnetic field aligns the electron's magnetic dipole moment in the direction to this field. The motion of the electron undergoes a - predictable and perpendicular to the two vectors of the velocity and the magnetic field - acceleration according to the cross product of this two vectors. This acceleration leads to the emission of photons from the electron. As photon has a pulse, this pulse reduces the velocity of the electron, and acts against the alignment of the electron’s magnetic dipole moment by the external magnetic field too. This process is repeated periodically until the kinetic energy of the electron is consumed.

Starting with mathematics about one-dimensional patterns it was found a model for electric and magnetic fields and photons. The model contains two quanta only and make predicts about clusters from this two quanta. The model explains the nature of photon spin. Further more it postulates the reality of electric and magnetic field lines and their finiteness.

More than 90% world’s power is being generated using electromagnets based on the faraday’s law of electro-magnetic induction. Many new technologies were discovered with time which led a drastic change in the perception of electric energy. But at the same time there is misconception of FREE ENERGY. Energy becomes free only at a point after which we don’t have to pay for power generation after commissioning the unit. By using the magnetic force of magnets continuous motion (Energy) is generated.

The detection and mapping of unmarked graves is a significant focus of many archaeological and forensic investigations
however traditional methods such as probing, forensic botany, cadaver dogs or dowsing are often ineffective, slow to cover large areas
or excessively invasive. Geophysics offers an appealing alternative suitable for the rapid non-invasive investigation of large areas.
Unfortunately graves are a challenging target with no diagnostic geophysical response and so the use of a rigorous application-specific
methodology is essential for a successful outcome. The most important inclusions in a successful survey methodology include ultrahigh density data, the use of multiple geophysical techniques to validate results based on several physical properties, excellent quality
positioning and intensive site recording. Regardless of the methodology applied, geophysics should not be considered a panacea for
locating all graves on all sites but should be used as an integral part of a comprehensive survey strategy

The present paper investigates the mathematics involved in analyzing Michael Faraday's famous unipolar induction experiment. Through this investigation, a more general form of Maxwell's equations will be derived. In recent years, experimental evidence of magnetic monopoles created in spin ice has been observed and longitudinal scalar electromagnetic waves created by a charged spherical antenna have been measured. Based on this experimental evidence, longitudinal electromagnetic waves must be able to be derived from Maxwell's equations, which classically explain the electromagnetic phenomena. Therefore, longitudinal scalar electromagnetic waves will be investigated via the use of magnetic monopole charge and the derived alternative form of Maxwell's equations.

Deux rails en cuivre OA et OC de longueurs égales soudées en O, sont placés horizontalement dans un champ magnétique uniforme , constante et vertical. Soit Ox la bissectrice de l'angle =. On donne = = =. On déplace avec une vitesse constante v , une tige métallique MN sur ces rails, de telle façon que MN reste toujours perpendiculaire à Ox. La tige part de O à l'instant t=0s, son milieu P restant sur Ox. 1.1/ Calculer le flux du champ magnétique à travers le circuit OMN à l'instant t en fonction de B, v , t et α. 1.2/ En déduire l'expression de la force électromotrice induite en fonction de B, v, α et t. 2.1/ Calculer le temps mis par la tige pour atteindre la position AC en fonction de v, α et l. 2.2/ En déduire la valeur absolue de la force électromotrice maximale induite en fonction de B, v, α et l. 2.3/ Calculer la longueur l de chaque rail. 3. Dans la suite de l'exercice, on remarquera que le triangle OMN est équilatéral. 3.1/ Sachant que la résistance linéique (résistance par mètre du conducteur) des rails et de la tige (fait de même matériau) est ; calculer en fonction de p, v et t, la résistance totale du circuit OMN. 3.2/ En déduire que l'intensité du courant qui traverse le circuit est constante et calculer sa valeur numérique. On donne : = 0,5 ; = 30°; = 0,5 , = 1. −1 ; = 1Ω 30°= ൗ 3 3 .

The purpose of this effort was to provide guidance to Air Force Installation-Restoration Program managers on the use of geophysical and soil gas reconnaissance techniques for detecting organic contaminants in the subsurface. Electromagnetic induction and direct-current resistivity surface geophysical techniques and two soil-gas monitoring techniques were tested at four Air Force bases. These techniques provide timely preliminary site information to assist in proper placement of monitoring wells. This will reduce the duration of site investigations and expense due to hit-and-miss placement of monitoring wells. In addition, a panel of expert hydrogeologists, chemists, and geophysicists provided guidance on the use of the these reconnaissance techniques. Active soil gas monitoring, where a gas sample is extracted from the soil for analysis, was the most successful method for detecting volatile organic compounds. Passive soil gas monitoring, where vapors are collected on a sorbent trap,...

Soil moisture is an important state variable in the terrestrial system because it controls the exchange of water and energy between the land surface and the atmosphere. In this study, we review recent advances in noninvasive techniques that allow continuous noninvasive and contactless measurements of soil moisture dynamics at the field to basin scale. In particular, we report on (1) cosmic-ray neutron probes, (2)GlobalNavigation Satellite System reflectometry, (3) ground-based microwave radiometry, (4) gamma-ray monitoring, (5) terrestrial gravimetry, and (6) low-frequency electromagnetic surface waves. Each method is described in terms of its basic principle, measurement scales, calibration issues, measurement accuracy, and applications. We hope that this review will further stimulate the community to invest in the continued development of novel soil moisture sensing methods that address the need for large-scale soil water content measurements with sufficiently high temporal resolution.

Located on a ridge top in central Kentucky, the Singer-Hieronymus Site Complex consists of at least four Native American villages. The Native Americans who lived there are called the “Fort Ancient” by archaeologists. This study examined relationships between these villages, both spatially and temporally, to build a more complete history of site occupation. To do this, aerial imagery analysis, geophysical
survey, and archaeological investigations were conducted. This research determined there were differences among villages in terms of their size, however other characteristics—internal village organization, village shape, radiometric dates, and material culture—overlapped significantly.
Additionally, landscape-scale geophysical survey identified at least three potentially new villages. It has been suggested that Fort Ancient groups abandoned villages every 10 to 30 years due to environmental degradation, but these results suggest that native peoples did not abandon villages at Singer-Hieronymus. Current thought surrounding Fort Ancient village abandonment and reoccupation must therefore be
reconsidered.

The objective of the present work is to build an efficient computational method for numerical simulation and to understand the dynamics of deformation during the electromagnetic forming process (EMF). The finite difference method is used to solve the electromagnetic problem. The magnetic pressure due to the body forces generated by electromagnetic induction is calculated. To verify the results obtained through the finite difference programme, the electromagnetic finite element code FEMM4.0 is used. An axisymmetric finite element model for electromagnetic free bulging process is developed with the commercial finite element code ABAQUS/Explicit. The magnetic pressure calculated is applied as a loading condition via a user subroutine VDLOAD to model the high rate deformation of the work piece. Results concerning magnetic fields and plastic deformation of the work piece are presented. A good agreement is found between the numerical results from finite difference method and FEMM4.0. The finite element predictions are also in agreement with the experimental results.

... Average annual rainfall is approximately 445 mm and Class A pan evaporation is approximately 1550 mm. Average daily minimum and maximum temperatures for January (mid-summer) are 14.0 and 30.0 °C and for July (mid-winter) are 2.6 and 12.7 °C, respectively. ...