Effluents

To investigate the composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) as a function of apparent molecular weight (MW) by rapid analytical methods, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was conducted with sequential on-line detectors ...

This volume is intended to serve as a water handbook. It represents the collective knowledge about water resources management acquired over recent years, both within the World Bank water team and with counterparts working in the Arab countries of North Africa and the Middle East (MNA). The chapters offer a cornucopia of ideas and themes. Some chapters are based on background papers prepared for the 2007 'MNA development report on water.' Others draw on sector work prepared at the request of client countries. Yet others summarize observations based on study tours or other learning events sponsored by the World Bank. Upon reviewing this lodestone of embedded knowledge, the author realized that bringing together the observations and analyses could serve a useful purpose for public officials, other practitioners, academics, and students who are interested in learning more about the complexities of managing water resources management in one of the driest parts of the world.

Comparative effects of untreated olive mill wastewater (UOMW), treated olive mill wastewater (TOMW) and bioaugmented olive mill wastewater (BOMW) on soil properties, on seeds germination and on plants growth were investigated. The water holding capacity, the salinity, the organic carbon content, humus, total nitrogen, phosphate and potassium increased when the spread amounts of UOMW (50, 100 and 200 m 3 ha-1 .year-1) or TOMW increased. TOMW increased the total mesophylic number while the number of fungi and nitrifiers decreased. Actinomycetes and spore-forming bacteria were neither sensitive to TOMW nor to UOMW. The total coliforms number increased with higher doses of TOMW and UOMW. Hazard assessments of toxicity were conducted for UOMW, untreated olive mill wastewater organic extract (UOE), TOMW, treated olive mill wastewater organic extract (TOE) and extracts of soils amended with UOMW (S UOMW) and with TOMW (S TOMW). Results showed an increase in the germination index when seeds species were cultivated with TOMW. Plants irrigated by TOMW showed an improvement in biomass, spike number, plants growth and a similar or even better dry productivity than plants irrigated with water.

This volume is intended to serve as a water handbook. It represents the collective knowledge about water resources management acquired over recent years, both within the World Bank water team and with counterparts working in the Arab countries of North Africa and the Middle East (MNA). The chapters offer a cornucopia of ideas and themes. Some chapters are based on background papers prepared for the 2007 'MNA development report on water.' Others draw on sector work prepared at the request of client countries. Yet others summarize observations based on study tours or other learning events sponsored by the World Bank. Upon reviewing this lodestone of embedded knowledge, the author realized that bringing together the observations and analyses could serve a useful purpose for public officials, other practitioners, academics, and students who are interested in learning more about the complexities of managing water resources management in one of the driest parts of the world.

Activated carbon materials were prepared from the Brazilian pine-fruit shell (Araucaria angustifolia) by chemically activated carbon (CAC) and chemically and physically activated carbon (CPAC), and tested as adsorbents for the removal of brilliant green (BG) dye from aqueous effluents. The mixed activation process leads to increases in the specific surface area, average porous volume, and average porous diameter of the adsorbent CPAC when compared to CAC. The effects of shaking time, adsorbent dosage and pH on the adsorption capacity were studied. BG uptake was favorable at pH values ranging from 2.0 to 10.0 for both CAC and CPAC. The contact time required to obtain the equilibrium using CAC and CPAC as adsorbents was 4 h at 298 K, respectively. The fractionary-order kinetic model provided the best fit to experimental data compared with other models. Equilibrium data were better fit to the Sips and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models using CAC and CPAC as adsorbents. The enthalpy and entropy of adsorption of BG were obtained from adsorption experiments ranging from 298 to 323 K.

Most of Saudi Arabia is arid and water resources are limited; it has experienced extensive and rapid developments in industrial, agricultural, domestic and construction sectors during the last two decades. Saudi Arabia follows the sacred principles of the Islamic law ' ...

The parameters such as temperature, PH, TSS, TDS, ammonia, phenol, cyanide, sulfide, oil and grease, chloride, DO, COD and BOD were taken to assess the water quality of Sirsiya river, central southern Nepal. Water samples were collected from upstream to downstream from the point receiving industrial effluent to Sirsiya river. It receives wastewater burden of more than 250 industries along Bara/Parsa industrial corridor. All the parameters except oil and grease were found within the generic standard. The study revealed that the physic-chemical characteristic of the river water was changing as a result of the discharge of untreated effluents from different industries. This may impact on water quality of Sirsiya river and also pose human health problems.

The development of agricultural drainage in Egypt and the institutions that have developed around it is the subject of this study. It focuses on the current challenges and issues in drainage in Egypt, which lead to the conclusion that drainage must be viewed as a cornerstone of integrated water resources management. The challenge in agricultural drainage in Egypt over the years has been to find ways of maintaining the productivity of the water resource system in a situation of increased demand and environmental pressure on the resource. The recent history of drainage begins with the failure of the cotton crop in the early twentieth century and the government's strong response to overcome waterlogging and salinity. In the late 1960s, Egypt embarked on the national subsurface drainage project, covering almost all of the old land (the Valley, Delta, and Fayoum) with surface drains and horizontal pipe drains. This program has turned Egypt into the country with the most extensive dra...

The Government of India has made increased funding available for sanitation infrastructure via the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission. These resources are sorely needed, but money alone cannot solve the problem; municipal agencies need sound technical advice on the planning of new investments and the delivery of sanitation services. This guide aims to meet some of those needs by providing advice on the selection of technology options for urban sanitation, whether for new infrastructure or the upgrading of existing services. The guide has been written for both technical and nontechnical professionals responsible for urban sanitation. The guide comprises four parts: Part A sets technology selection in the context of the range of issues and challenges that urban sanitation programs need to address. Part B provides an introduction to sanitation technology for nontechnical specialists. Part C sets out a logical process for technology selection, both for new services and upgr...

The Agricultural Competitiveness and Diversification Project in Mali, intends to increase revenues derived from cotton, by restoring and improving cotton performance, fostering the transition to an open and competitive organization of the sector, and greater involvement of producer organizations and private involvement in the management of the sector; additionally, the project will increase and diversify rural household' incomes and economic opportunities, through the development of supply chains for selected high-value agricultural and livestock products. This environmental management plan looks at the risks regarding the polarization of agro-pastoral activities, of agricultural extension and technical know-how, of irrigation, of chemical and pesticide inputs, and, risks endangering biodiversity and forestry. While most of the risks will be taken into account within the project design (e.g., improved agricultural technical practices, and product quality; adequate management of ...