Economic Instruments

El presente artículo nos da un panorama sobre la situación energética de México. Inicia con los antecedentes de las empresas energéticas en el país: PEMEX y CFE, Luz y Fuerza del Centro; cuáles son los principales productos y las condiciones bajo las que están trabajando; analiza la situación actual en el contexto internacional; qué lugar ocupa en el mundo con sus reservas del petróleo y gas natural; cuáles son las fuentes de energía utilizadas en el mundo, cuál es la legislación del país en materia energética, qué instrumentos económicos ha desarrollado el gobierno para la inversión en el sector energético, cuáles serían las políticas energéticas necesarias para cambiar el escenario de México, por qué la importancia de la reforma fiscal y cuál es su relación con la situación energética./This article gives us an overview of the energy situation in Mexico. It begins with the background of the energy companies in the country: PEMEX and CFE, Luz y Fuerza del Centro; what are the main products and the conditions under which they are working; analyzes the current situation in the international context; what place it occupies in the world with its oil and natural gas reserves; What are the energy sources used in the world, what is the country's energy legislation, what economic instruments has the government developed for investment in the energy sector, what would be the energy policies necessary to change the scenario in Mexico, for What is the importance of the tax reform and what is its relation to the energy situation.

Tourism may have significant environmental impacts on tourist destinations, including congestion and pollution. These environmental concerns have led to moves towards the development of sustainable tourism in recent years. The use of environmental taxes to fund or promote mitigation of the negative environmental consequences has expanded over recent years, with varying degrees of success. This paper attempts to assess the willingness-to-pay for environmental quality in the Croatian island of Hvar and presents an overview of proposals for an economic instrument to address environmental problems arising from tourism in Hvar.

Australian climate policy has a relatively long and uneven history. Australia joined the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and signed the Kyoto Protocol enthusiastically supporting greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction. A range of measures aimed to reduce Australia’s GHG emissions have been on the agenda at both the Federal and State level. Some of these measures were successfully implemented, some were introduced and then repealed and some never reached the implementation stage. This article examines the current Australian climate change regime including the Direct Action Plan, Emissions Reduction Fund and National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting policy. The current Australian policy is examined with reference to the repealed carbon pricing scheme to assess the most significant aspects of the current regime. The comparative perspective is necessary to identify effectiveness or otherwise of the Australian policy in GHG mitigation. Such critical examination of the Australian regime allows us to trace progression of the GHG mitigation efforts specifically in the light of the Paris agreement signed by Australia. This paper illustrates that the development of climate law in Australia involved some innovative and responsive law initiatives. However, the current state of Australian climate policy can only be described as regressive in nature rather than providing progression towards climate change mitigation.

This paper presents a new approach to the development of environmental policy, relying on the combination of several instruments to achieve different objectives and on the active involvement of the stakeholders in the policy development process. The development of an innovative ...