Ecclesiastical Academies

The article is devoted to the creation and development of the higher ecclesiastical school in Russia in the XIX — early XX century. More specifically it deals with the history of «The idea of the Academy» as the basis of this school. The topic is relevant due to the Russian ecclesiastical and educational reforms in the recent years. Having studied materials of the pre-revolutionary reforms of theological academies in Russia, the projects, analytical reports and discussions, the author shows the influence of Western scientific and educational models, on the Russian universities’ experience and theological schools’ experience and implementation of the “idea of Academy” at different stages.
Keywords: Orthodox Theological Academy, the history of the spiritual education.

The article is devoted to the relations of the Russian theological schools — primarily academies — with the Russian Orthodox mission in Japan. These relations were not confined to the services of the academies' graduates in Japanese mission, but had another, less well-know yet important aspect - since 1880s, directed by Equal-to-apostles Saint Nikolas of Japan Japanese young people had studied in Russian theological academies and seminaries. I he author's attention is focused on this little-studied, yet important both for the history of Orthodoxy in Japan and the history of Russian spiritual school aspect of the topic under consideration. Based on a number of archival files the Russian theological academies students' names from Japan along with their master's theses topics, students' prior to theological academy background and after-graduation life were discovered.
The author concludes that educating Japanese Orthodox youth in Russian theological schools and their further service was associated with considerable difficulties. Despite it the training proved to be fruitful as it contributed to the concept of the Orthodox mission, conceived and implemented by Equal-to-apostles Saint Nicholas of Japan and intended to disseminate the Orthodox enlightenment in Japan through the Japanese who turned to Christ and received systematic theological education.
Keywords: Russian Orthodox mission in Japan, Russian theological academies, Equal to apostles Saint Nicholas of Japan

The Article is devoted to one of the most complicated problems in the theological science of the XIX–XX: the use of historical methods in theological studies. In some cases, historical study of the theological issues was conducted in Russian ecclesiastical academies still in 1830–40`s, however, in the 1860’s. the concept of a special scientific research associated with the scientifico-critical methods. Russian theological science should be, taking into account the achievements and problems of Western science, associated with the use of the historical-critical methods, work out its position. In conclusion the author makes conclusions about the positive and negative results of the «historical-theological revolution» 1860’s. for Russian theology.
Keywords: orthodox ecclesiastical academy, theological science, historical-critical methods, history of dogma, biblical history, church history, historical liturgics.

Книга Н. Ю. Суховой является продолжением ее монографии "Система научно-богословской аттестации в России в XIX- начале XX в." (изд-во ПСТГУ, 2009). В первой главе обращено внимание на европейские истоки самой идеи и принципов научно-педагогической аттестации. Таким образом, российская духовная школа оказывается вписанной в историю европейских университетов. Кроме того, в монографии проводится сравнительный анализ состава ученых степеней, присуждаемых православными духовными академиями и школами иных конфессий, действовавших на территории Российской империи в XIX - начале XX в. Вторая глава посвящена изучению комплекса богословских диссертаций, удостоенных ученых богословских степеней. Историко - статистические результаты научно - богословской аттестации позволяют оценить общий масштаб научно - богословской деятельности, а также провести сравнение ее плодотворности в разные временные эпохи и в разных академиях, выявить динамику развития этого процесса. Особое значение имеет сравнение статистических результатов системы научно - богословской аттестации с результатами системы научной аттестации, действовавшей в российских университетах. Тематическая систематизация комплекса докторских и магистерских диссертаций позволяет выделить приоритетные направления в русской богословской науке XIX - начала XX в. Анализ общей научно - исследовательской картины при учете церковно - исторического контекста позволяет выявить связь тематики научных исследований с актуальными проблемами церковной жизни.

Монография посвящена истории высших учебных заведений Русской Православной Церкви - Санкт-Петербургской, Московской, Киевской и Казанской духовных академий - в один из самых важных и сложных периодов их развития, во второй половине XIX в. В работе исследованы организационное устройство духовных академий, их отношения с высшей и епархиальной церковной властью; состав, положение и деятельность профессорско-преподавательских и студенческих корпораций; основные направления деятельности духовных академий. Особое внимание уделено анализу учебной и научной деятельности академий, проблем, возникающих в этой деятельности, и попыток их решения. В центре внимания автора находятся реформы 1869 и 1884 гг., направленные на решение духовно-учебных проблем, разработка, проведение и результаты этих реформ. Подробно рассмотрены предложения, которые выдвигались в процессе разработки реформ преподавательскими корпорациями, епископатом и специальными комиссиями, создаваемыми при Святейшем Синоде для разработки новых уставов духовных академий.

"The correspondence between two representatives of Russian church diaspora — the professor of St. Sergius Orthodox Theological Institute in Paris Archimandrite Cyprian (Kern) and the Protopresbyter of Russian Orthodox Church Abroad BasilVinogradov — covers the period from 1857 to 1859. The main subjects of correspondence: the activity of Ecclesiastical academies in Russia till 1917, the clarifi cation of Russian theologians’destinies and thespecial features of an orthodox Liturgy. Published letters were found in the Fund of Archimandrite Cyprian (Kern) at St. Sergius Orthodox Theological Institute in Paris.

Keywords: archimandrite Cyprian (Kern), protopresbyter BasilVinogradov, St. Sergius Orthodox Theological Institute in Paris, spiritual school, pastoral service."

In this paper author tries to show the importance of the N. M. Karamzin's great historical narrative for russian ecclesiastical scholars. But the use of Karamzin's History in the Church-historical narratives was very unexpected. By the example of P. S. Kazansky author shows how the richness and aesthetics of Karamzin's History was transmitted in Kazansky's lecture (1842), but the very sense of Karamzin's argumentation was entierly transformed. Thus Karamzin's patriotic intention that real cosmopolitism is barely possible, in Kazansky's lecture transforms in the argument that cosmopolitism is essential element of the christian view of the history.

The article is devoted to the important stage in a history of ecclesiastical education in Russia — reform 1808—1814. The main results of this reform: complete stably working ecclesiastical educational system included in uniform scientific educational space of Russia, and also special type of a higher school –ecclesiastical academy combining theological and classical-arts education. The author analyzes features of development of the Russian spiritual school, preconditions, historical context, basic
ideas and consequences of the carried out reform.
Key words: the Russian ecclesiastical education, orthodox ecclesiastical academies, reform.

In the publication are presented letters of the professors of the  Kiev ecclesiastical academy — the archbishop Vasily (Bogdashevsky) and the archpriest Alexander Glagolev, the son of the last — Alexey Glagolev and the priest Anatoly Zhurakovsky to the former professor of the same academy A. A. Dmitrievsky. The letters cover the period from 1908 to 1926, but the most part of them belongs to 1926. In the 1908 letter from the high priest a. Glagolev are presented data on the internal life of the Kiev academy and the relations of the members of the corporation during the difficult period of the Russian history after the revolution 1905–1907; in archbishop Vasily’s letters of 1915 the destiny of the Kiev ecclesiastical academy and of its corporation in the years of the First World War are described; the 1926 letters of all the authors are connected with A. A. Dmitrievsky’s visit to Kiev during the summer of this year and mention many events and problems of that time, such as: the hope for a revival of the theological education, the destruction of parishional life, an renovationism and liturgical innovations entered by it. The published letters are stored in the archival fund of A. A. Dmitrievsky in the Department of manuscripts of the National library of Russia.
Keywords: A. A. Dmitriyevsky, archbishop Vasily (Bogdashevsky), archpriest Alexander Glagolev, priest Anatoly Zhurakovsky, Alexey Glagolev, the Kiev ecclesiastical academy, theological education.

The main issue of this article is an analysis of problems related to the preparation of clergy and the scientifi c development of pastoral theology in the Russian Orthodox Church. These problems and ways to solve them are reviewed on the basis of Russian theological education of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. The paper is not limited to studying the pastoral component of higher theological education realized in the Russian Theological Academies of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. It also reviews the relevant theoretical heritage, namely, projects and discussions related to those problems. Special attention is given to the role of pastoral theology within the system of theological science and higher theological education. In the conclusion, the author highlights several key problems that are relevant to today’s theological high schools as well.
Keywords: pastoral theology, theological high schools, theology as a science, parish ministry.

The article is devoted to representatives of the Antioch and Jerusalem Patriarchates who studied in Russian Theological academies in the second half of the nineteenth — the beginning of the twentieth centuries. The author restores their names and subsequent stories of their lives. He studies the problems connected with the contacts between Orthodox autocephalous Churches in the field of theological education. The author gives the concrete examples of church ministry, educational and scholarly activity of the Syrians — the graduates of Russian Theological academies. These examples demonstrate the efficiency of the help of the Russian Orthodox Church to the Orthodox East in the field of higher theological education. The author in fact believes that the system which was then elaborated for educating the Syrian and Palestinian youth, has not exhausted its potential. It still may be possible to use this system with great benefit for research in the areas of Oriental studies, Biblical archaeology, Church archaeology, Church history and the practical work of Orthodox autocephalous Churches.

Author tries to describe the historical research in the mid-nineteenth century theological academy throughout the concept of “research practice”. Starting from the Bourdieusian “field of science” where “science” is a “system of practices” author describes institutionalization of the research within the activity of some professors from the Moscow theological academy. “Research daily routine” is the basis for the number of “research practices” within the academy, such as seminars or the “identity of the academic succession”. At the same time professors go beyond the area of academy in the “field of historical science” through the publishing activity and informal interaction with other actors in process of gaining historical knowledge.
Keywords: research daily routine, field of science, Moscow theological academy, clergy estate, professionalization of historical research.

The author deals with pilgrim trips to the Holy Places — the Holy Land and the Holy Mt. Athos, — which were undertaken by teachers and students of Russian orthodox ecclesiastical academies in 1870–1910. The article covers the cases of these pilgrim trips. The author analyzes the motivation of concrete pilgrims and the signifi cance of trips for a Russian ecclesiastical school. Besides, the author pays attention to eff orts of spirituallyeducational community to fi nd the importance of the Holy Places for theological and ecclesiastical-historical sciences.

Keywords: Russian orthodox ecclesiastical academies, the Holy Land, the Holy Mt. Athos, pilgrimage.

The article is devoted to the scientific activities of the Russian Orthodox Theological Academies on one of the most important periods in their history. The author analyzesthe problems rising in front of Russian theological science in the 1860–70, and the main provisions of the reform of religious academies in 1869, one of which was the requirement of open defense of dissertations submitted to the competition of scientific theological degrees. Despite many challenges, the result of this period was the inclusion of membersof the teaching corporations in the active scientific process.
Keywords: orthodox ecclesiastical academies, scientific-theological qualification, theological debates.

Th e paper examines the fi rst Russian textbooks on Church history, authored by saints Philaret (Drozdov, 1782-1867) and Innokenty (Smirnov, 1784-1819). These textbooks, published for the first time in 1816 and 1817, remained for a long time the main tools for studying the history of the Church in ecclesiastical academies and seminaries. The author traces the structural relationship between the texts of these manuals, as well as their relation to the Western Church historiography of the epoch. Even in the pre-revolutionary historiography it was noted that the authors of Russian textbooks of the early 19th century largely relied on the Western historiographic tradition. This study verifies and corrects data from pre-revolutionary historiography on the basis of the study of the primary sources. The author reveals the previously unknown influence of Protestant Church historians Johann Mosheim (1693-1755) and Johann Heinzius (†1733) on the Russian authors, who at the same time, corrected Western texts in accordance with Orthodox ecclesiology.

"The first period in prosecution of the Russian Orthodox Church is clearly seen through the letters by saint martyr Anatoly (Grisyuk) addressed to archbishop of Kanev Vasily (Bogdashevsky), who was then rector of the Kiev Theological Academy and vicar of the Kiev Diocese. Theological academies still existed and it was still possible to discuss their work and perspectives. Impressive examples perfectly illustrate the Russian Orthodox Church historical set-up in 1917-1918. The letters themselves were taken from the personal fund of archbishop Vasily (Bogdashevsky) in the Institute for manuscript studies of the Vernadsky National Library in Ukraine.
Introductory article, publication and commentary by N.Y. Sukhova"

The emergence of the scholarly theology in Russia is a problem which is not solved yet in the modern historiography. The author off ers a suggestion about the key role of A. V. Gorsky (since 1860 — archpriest) in the development of the image of the scholartheologian of the second half of 19th — early 20th. He lived during the epoch of the significant shift in the development of theology in Russia. It was in that epoch emerged a higher ecclesiastical education in Russia. There had to be carried the research activity and the development of the theological discourse relevant with the challenges of the era. However, there were some essential contradictions. For example, the lack of opportunity to fully combine the ecclesiastical offi ce with the academic vocation. Thus, some professors of the ecclesiastical academies, coming from the clergy, refrained from both monasticism and from marriage. Naturally, it was not a normative behavioral strategy in the context of the Synodal period and caused distrust of the contemporaries. However, this lifestyle promoted the institutionalization of the theology and thus contributed to the realization of the 1808–1814 system’s mission. Gorsky was the fi rst who integrally fulfi ll this program of the scholarly theology. There is also an attempt to structure the elements of «scholarly theology» in the context of the Synodal period. It is possible to distinguish the following elements: 1. The estate (soslovie) identity; 2. Being outside of the church hierarchy; 3. The academic everyday life as a meaningful aspect of church  ministry. The image of the scholar-theologian in Russia was strongly infl uenced by A. V. Gorsky and next generations of theologians combined those elements of Gorsky's academic practice.
Keywords: Archpriest Alexander Gorsky, Russian theological scholarship, clergy estate, collective identities, the institutionalization of the scholarship, the system of the higher ecclesiastical education in Russia.

The following text is the inaugural address of the Professor Peter Kazansky (1819–1878) – head of the department of general history at the Moscow Ecclesiastical Academy. This address was pronounced on the 22nd of August, 1842 and may serve as an example of the refined combination of research and Christian providential way of how to understand history. This previously unknown text may also help to reveal effective approaches in history teaching at the ecclesiastical schools.

Keywords: general history in the ecclesiastical academies, Peter Kazansky, providentialism in the Russian historiography, Christian view of history.

Radoslav Radic (Emilian) was the only Serbian student trained at Russian higher ecclesiastical educational institutions, who was awarded with the academic degree of Doctor of Theology. The destiny of Emilian Radis is an interesting page in the educational interactions between Serbia and Russia.
Радослав Радич (Емилиан) был единственным из сербских студентов, обучавшихся в российских высших духовных учебных заведениях, удостоенный ученой степени доктора богословия. Судьба Радича является интересной страницей учебных связей Сербии и России.
Славяноведение. 2011. № 1. С. 105–111.

The author deals with pilgrim trips to the Holy Places — the Holy Land and the Holy Mt. Athos, — which were undertaken by teachers and students of Russian orthodox ecclesiastical academies in 1870–1910. The article covers the cases of these pilgrim trips. The author analyzes the motivation of concrete pilgrims and the signifi cance of trips for a Russian ecclesiastical school. Besides, the author pays attention to eff orts of spirituallyeducational community to fi nd the importance of the Holy Places for theological and ecclesiastical-historical sciences.

Keywords: Russian orthodox ecclesiastical academies, the Holy Land, the Holy Mt. Athos, pilgrimage.

Author deals with an interpretation of history which provide famous russian church historian archpriest Alexander Gorsky, briefly describe his method by giving a number of examples and suggests that decisive influence on Gorsky's approach was made by saint Philaret (Drozdov). This historical method was a compromise between modern historical humanism and christian providentialism.  Especially discussed subject of the "evil" in Gorsky's historical narrativ.

This article looks at a text dealing with theology as a text dealing with the reality that stands behind this text. Based on examples of three Russian church hierarchs who tried to systematise theology in the 18th and 19th centuries — Archbishop Feofan (Prokopovich), St. Philaret (Drozdov), St. Innocent (Borisov) — the paper reveals and interprets the following issues: gradual penetration of categories of history, administration and church service into the structure of theology; rejection of the so-called natural theology (theologia naturalis), which takes place at the beginning of the 19th century. Proceeding from Foucauld’s methodology, we come to a conclusion about the emergence of confession in the Russian Empire of the first half of the 19th century. This was an integrated and distinct social body, the key category of which was theology. Theology unites the social space of the confession by means of three key narratives: the identity (a complex of historical disciplines), administration (the canon law, or “theologia rectrix”, and pastoral theology), participation practices (liturgics). At the end of the period in question, the category of “Church” emerges within the theological system. On the one hand, this fact reflects the completion of the process of constructing the confession; on the other hand, it is a sign of the emergence of ecclesiology, the new practice of theological discourse that came to be dominant in the following period.

Keywords: Russian theology, canon law, confessional theology, historical identity, liturgics, church history, ecclesiology

Статья посвящена русскому ученому (или академическому) монашеству, дея-тельность которого напрямую связана с богословской школой и наукой, в конце XIX — начале XX в. Парадокс: призванное заниматься прежде всего развитием богословской науки, русское ученое монашество почти не могло в те годы делать это эффективно. Оно дало Церкви великое множество святых, богословов и испо-ведников, но с его служением были связаны и серьезные проблемы, и критика современников. Особое внимание уделено осмыслению в ученом монашестве своего предназначения и служения и поискам наиболее адекватных его форм. В 1880-е гг. наиболее важные идеи об ученом монашестве высказывали преосвя-щенные Антоний (Храповицкий) и Михаил (Грибановский); первый из них раз-работал проект «Ученого иноческого братства». В 1910-х гг. епископ Феодор (По-здеевский) дал свою интерпретацию ученого монашества, его служения и задач. Епископ Феодор и его друг по КазДА архимандрит Гурий (Степанов) разработали проект Высшей церковно-богословской школы, или «монашеской Академии», который обсуждался на Поместном Соборе 1917–1918 гг. и получил неоднознач-ную оценку. Автор подчеркивает актуальность изученных проблем и проектов для современной духовной школы и богословской науки. Исследование основано на комплексе как опубликованных, так и неопубликованных источников. Ключевые слова: ученое (академическое) монашество в России, православные духовные академии, богословская наука, митрополит Антоний (Храповицкий), епископ Михаил (Грибановский), епископ Феодор (Поздеевский). Внимание в данном небольшом исследовании сфокусировано на служении учено-го монашества — той части российского монашества XIX — начала XX в., деятельность которого была непосредственно связана с духовной школой и богословской наукой 1. Российское ученое монашество дало Церкви сонм великих святителей, богословов, мучеников и исповедников. Однако с его служением, особенно в конце XIX — начале XX в., были сопряжены и тяжелые проблемы, критические замечания, доходящие до отрицания за ученым монашеством как значимых научных достижений, так и полноценного исполнения монашеских обетов. Написание полноценной истории российского ученого монашества — дело будущего, мы же обратим особое внимание на осмысление представителями ученого монашества своего предназначения и слу-жения и поиски наиболее адекватных форм этого служения. Русская церковно-писательская традиция с самого начала в значительной степе-ни была представлена монашествующими авторами, однако формирование особого разряда иночества, ориентированного на целенаправленное развитие духовной уче-ности, связано с началом систематического духовного образования. История уче-ного иночества выявила разные формы его организации: были примеры «ученых» Наталия Юрьевна Сухова — доктор церковной истории, доктор исторических наук; доцент; профессор кафедры общей и русской церковной истории и канонического права; заведующий Научным центром истории богословия и богословского образования Православного Свято-Ти-хоновского гуманитарного университета (suhovanat@gmail.com). 1 «Ученое монашество» — устойчивое выражение для изучаемого в статье периода; на совре-менном этапе для обозначения монашества, связанного с преподавательской деятельностью, выбрано иное выражение — «академическое монашество».

Article is devoted history of development of an ecclesiastical law in orthodox academies of pre-revolutionary Russia. The author considers the basic periods of formation of an ecclesiastical law as science and a teaching subject at the higher ecclesiastical school, assigns the most essential works, communication of church researches in the field of the right with actual problems of church life. Many of problems mentioned in article haven't lost an urgency and now.

This article focuses on one of the most outstanding personalities in the history of Russian theology - Archpriest Gerasim Petrovich Pavskii, graduate and professor of the St. Petersburg Ecclesiastical Academy, a well-known linguist and biblical scholar. Despite the fame of Archpriest Gerasim, his biblical-theological works and methods have not been fully included in the general history of Russian theology. The author highlights the most important moments of his life's journey, including the famous "case of the transfer", but the main focus concentrates on the identification of his research principles.

The paper examines the attempts made between 1797 and 1917 to reform the higher theological academic centers, as well as several problems of pedagogic training of their graduates. Challenging tasks in pedagogics confronted by higher theological academic centers were not carried out easily, nor with constant success. In the course of discussions that accompanied those reforms, a wide range of opinions within society was revealed. Sometimes, those opinions were diametrically opposed to each other. Nevertheless, it was at that time that certain principles, which are still topical nowadays, were formulated and worked out. The very fact of animated discussions on this issue proves the need for improvements to be made even today in the pedagogical training of graduates not only of secular academic institutions but of theological ones.

The article is devoted to the insufficiently investigated phenomenon in history of the Russian higher education – organization and activities of both scientific and practical students' circles and societies in late XIX – early XX. The research is carried out on the example of higher ecclesiastical school,
that is, four ecclesiastical academies – of St.-Petersburg, Moscow, Kiev, Kazan – and is based on the extensive complex of sources of different genres. The author comes to conclusion, that the establishment of circles and societies was a natural phenomenon in the life of higher ecclesiastical school of late XIX – early XX century, and active participation in this movement of the students and of part of the teachers testified to their desire to introduct new forms developing the students intellectually or purposefully preparing them to the future church service. Another aspect of this phenomenon was an attempt
of the teachers and church authorities to direct spontaneous excitation of the students into right channels headed by the teachers and controllable by the church authorities. This research is especially useful at the present stage of development of the higher education in Russia, when there is a creative
search of new forms, methods, genres.
Key words: Russian higher education, students, Orthodox ecclesiastical academies, students` circles and societies.

The report deals with the appearance of the emigrants’ theological institutions. In her research the author managedto determine the fact that the Russian theologians, living in exile, tried to realize those reforms in the sphere of the churcheducation, which were to be carried out in Russia, but couldn’t be implemented because of the war and the revolution.

The article is devoted to the development of one of the important documents regulating certification of scientific staff in ecclesiastical academies in Russia – “Rules about announce in scientific degrees” 1874. The drawing up of this document – unique at highest ecclesiastical school XIX – beginning XX – has shown, on the one hand, some important problems recently of entered Charter of 1869, on the other hand, responsibility of spiritual academies for educational and scientific process. This theme has today not only historical, but also practical importance.
Keywords: orthodox ecclesiastical academies, scientific degrees, reform.

The document published here is an analytical report on the problems of the Russian ecclesiastical school in the middle of the XIX century. The author of this paper is the famous Russian scholar and churchmen - metropolitan Macarius (Burgakov) well known by his works on Docmatics and Church History. His opinion was prepared in the context of the reform which was carried out in the 1860's -in the epoch of the Great reforms.

The article is dedicated to the participation of the Russian highest ecclesiastical school in activity of Russian archaeological institute in Constantinople (RAIC) (1894-1914). The author reveals the complete list of the representatives of ecclesiastical academies being the members RAIC or which went through a special course. In conclusions the results of interaction of spiritual school and RAIC and problems, arising at it are allocated.

Мнения святителей Иннокентия (Борисова) и Филарета (Дроздова) о реформе духовной школы, публикуемые Н. Ю. Суховой, дают возможность составить представление о взглядах двух видных деятелей Русской Церкви во второй четверти и в середине XIX в. на проблемы духовно-учебной реформы. Тексты архивных документов публикуются в альманахе, как и ранее, в соответствии с современной орфографией и пунктуацией, но в ряде случаев публикаторы сочли необходимым сохранить авторское написание отдельных слов и грамматических форм, дабы читатель мог ощутимее почувствовать дух того далекого от нас времени. Пропущенные автором слова даются в квадратных скобках. Филаретовский альманах. Вып. 6. М. 2010 С. 43-91.