Covert Narcissism

... Dedicated in loving memory to Cates Anderson Gossett and Linda Murray ... To my friends and colleagues, particularly Sydnye Allen, Silvia Bartolic, Scott Blackwood, Candace Boheme, Lila Bouchet, Maggie Brubaker, Melissa Curran, Kristin Doyle, Andy Fiegel, Lynn French ...

The purpose of the present research was to improve the reliability and item content of the recently popular Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (HSNS; Hendin & Cheek, 1997) by expanding it into a more complete measure of maladaptive covert narcissism. In an Amazon Mechanical Turk survey of 420 adults, the 23-item expanded version of the Maladaptive Covert Narcissism Scale (MCNS) had an alpha reliability of .89 compared to .75 for the original HSNS. Overall, the present results indicate that the new scale represents a significant improvement in the assessment of maladaptive covert narcissism.

Narcissism is commonly associated with low empathy, but empirical studies have used diverse methods, yielding mixed findings. The present meta-analysis examined the overall magnitude of the association between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism and affective and cognitive empathy (N = 32200). Grandiose narcissism was significantly negatively associated with self-reported cognitive (r = −0.085) and affective (r = −0.145) empathy. When empathy was measured behaviourally, grandiose narcissism was significantly associated only with affective empathy (r = −0.251) but not cognitive empathy (r = −0.052). Vulnerable narcissism was significantly negatively associated with self-reported cognitive and affective empathy (r = −0.179 and r = −0.105 respectively). The association between vulnerable narcissism and cognitive empathy measured behaviourally was not significant (r = −0.069). The association between narcissism and empathy is nuanced and depends on various conceptual and methodological factors.

Self-deception is an intricate psychological construct, grounded in relatively little empirical evidence as an in individual difference variable. The present research offers a direct test of one of the central scales of self-deception-the Self-Deception Enhancement (SDE) scale-by comparing explicit and implicit self-evaluations. Using the Affective Misattribution Procedure (AMP), participants (N = 150) reported about their implicit self-evaluation. These ratings were compared to explicit self-reports about self-evaluation. Results showed that higher self-deception was associated with a larger discrepancy between explicit and implicit self-evaluations. Specifically, higher self-deception was associated with a more positive explicit self-evaluation but with a more negative implicit self-evaluation. These findings offer one of the first direct tests of the SDE, supporting its viability.

This research examined the association between covert narcissism, empathy, personality traits and the functions of imagined interactions, a type of social cognition and intrapersonal communication using the hyper-sensitive narcissism scale, the interpersonal reactivity index, Big 5 personality trait measures and a modified version of the Survey of Imagined Interaction. Narcissism defined as hypersensitivity to criticism and overcompensating with inflated self-exaggeration has been ignored in cognition and communication. Results revealed that anxiety and anger are associated with narcissism. A hierarchical regression analysis based on 241 participants also revealed support for hypotheses demonstrating associations between empathy, personality, and imagined interactions. Results are discussed in terms of an cognitive communication profile of narcissism. A narcissist appears to lack perspective taking, indulge in fantasies, is disagreeable, neurotic, and open to new experiences, ruminates about conflict and does not compensate for the lack of conversational partners.

Objective: For decades, both theory and research have focused on the role of self-esteem and
shame in constructing narcissistic traits. However, studies on the exact relationship between
these two and overt and covert facets of narcissism have been equivocal.
Methods: The current study is correlational. It examined these relationships among 308
Iranian college students (155 males, 153 females, mean age=23.49 years, SD=2.83). The target
population was all students of national universities of Tehran, Iran. The sampling method was
non-random multi-step clustering. Participants were asked to fill four self-report measures:
Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPD), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES), Test of Selfconscious
Affect (TOSCA-3), and Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (HSNS). The data were
analyzed by SPSS 19.0.0 software, using Pearson’s Correlation, T-test and Multiple Regression
Analysis methods.
Results: Surprisingly, there was no significant difference between men and women with respect
to NPI scores. Findings also revealed that shame was negatively related to overt narcissism
(r=-0.22, P<0.05) and positively related to covert narcissism (r=0.23, P<0.05). Self-esteem
was found to be positively correlated with overt narcissism (r=0.42, P<0.01) and negatively
correlated with covert narcissism (r=-0.30, P<0.01).
Conclusion: The results provide support for the models of overt narcissism in which the
narcissistic self serves as a buffer against inner feelings of inferiority. It also supports the
importance of shame and low self-esteem in shaping the covert narcissistic traits. However,
shame could not differentiate between overt and covert narcissism. The empirical, cultural, and
clinical implications of the findings are discussed.

A new measure of hypersensitive narcissism was derived by correlating the items of H. A. Murray's (1938) Narcism Scale with an MMPI-based composite measure of covert narcissism. In three samples of college students (totalN= 403), 10 items formed a reliable measure: the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (HSNS). The new HSNS and the MMPI-based composite showed similar patterns of correlations with the Big Five Inventory, and both measures correlated near zero with the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, which assesses overt narcissism. Results support P. Wink's (1991) distinction between covert and overt narcissistic tendencies in the normal range of individual differences and suggest that it would be beneficial for personality researchers to measure both types of narcissism in future studies.

IT’S EVERYWHERE
Gaslighting is simply impossible to comprehend, identify, and permanently eradicate without an accurate understanding of what it is and how it evades detection. Because of its complex nature and apparent invisibility, it secretly lurks in the shadows while perpetuating unfathomable harm upon its victims. It is difficult for the victims of it and the many clinicians attempting to help them comprehend, identify, and ultimately resolve.

“Relationship “Gravity is a metaphor for the psychological forces that keeps our feet planted in romantic relationships.  It’s “vertical” power, which weighs down on us and keeps us in relationships, is synergistically connected to The Human Magnet Syndrome’s “horizontal” influence, which irresistibly draws romantic partners together.  Both forces explain the long-term and committed nature of all relationships, ranging from healthy to dysfunctional.    Relationship Gravity is a constant and ever-present force that pushes against anyone who wishes to end or leave a relationship.  Such a staying force is a “good” phenomenon for healthy relationships, and “bad” for those who are inextricably connected because of their shared dysfunction, like a well-matched codependent/narcissistic relationship.

"Also called "covert narcissist", inverted narcissist is a co-dependent who depends exclusively on narcissists (narcissist-co-dependent).

The inverted narcissist craves to be in a relationship with a narcissist, regardless of any abuse inflicted on her. She actively seeks relationships with narcissists and only with narcissists, no matter what her (bitter and traumatic) past experience has been. She feels empty and unhappy in relationships with non-narcissists.
"

“Contemplando seu reflexo nas águas de uma fonte límpida, Narciso apaixona-se por si”. Assim nasce Narciso para a cultura ocidental por intermédio das Metamorfoses de Ovídio. Sem dúvida a versão mais conhecida. Tal mito abriu a possibilidade de inúmeras outras obras ao longo da historia literária possibilitando varias outras simbologias. Dessa forma, a proposta deste trabalho é analisar as representações do narcisismo e a supervalorização da imagem como fonte de perdição nas obras "O Retrato de Dorian Gray", de Oscar Wilde, "Echo, Narcissum", de Ovídio, e "O Espelho" de Machado de Assis. Propõe-se, num primeiro momento, através de uma analise literária, abordar o conceito de narcisismos destacando os principais traços presentes dessas obras e, mais adiante, analisar também as varias semelhanças convergentes intertextuais entre as obras a fim de compreender como se constrói a caracterização da figura narcisista e a exaltação de beleza.

This paper concludes our discussion of narcissistic-psychopathic manipulators in service to self only who masquerade as tyrants who do not appreciate the first thing regarding the acumen of effective leadership. In this respect, leadership should not, and in fact could not, ever be mistaken with tyranny. A tyrant is a delusional self-important individual who sees himself-herself above all others, who is often predominately concerned about his-her own wants, needs, and desires. In this respect, a narcissistic-psychopathic manipulator and want-to-be controller is in service to self only, while a true leader considers himself-herself as the SERVANT to God and humanity, which is very much in line with the provisions of the Law of One, that he-she reveres, and always devoutly practices, advocates, and promotes. In the discourse which is to follow, the idea of leadership is examined and discussed, making a clear distinction between leadership and tyranny by shedding light on the characteristics of a true leader. The typical nature of tyrannous narcissists-psychopaths was discussed in part I of the paper, while Part II concentrated on the issue of emotional manipulations and all its implications. In the present manuscript, the nature of effectiveness or competence of a true leader is addressed, while emphasizing that a narcissistic-psychopathic tyrant and manipulator/controller-want-to-be always has a delusional perception of self-perfectionism, which hardly qualifies such an individual as a true and effective leader. Furthermore, these individuals often have such a low morale and work ethics that instead of shining as a beacon of light and a role model, they often stoop down to blaming others for their faults or faulty performances, while mostly blatantly refuse doing the majority of the work themselves, delusionally perceiving themselves to be superior to others, and quickly getting tired of completing or doing the work themselves that they perceive to be below their station, by literally dumping it on others, but often use others as scapegoats to fulfil their personal agendas. Finally, some worthy advice is rendered about not ever indulging in self-destructive conducts by negating self-responsibility that may lead to the siphoning of your loosh by the negative aliens controllers who often use these individuals as proxies to ultimately get what they want, which is your precious organic energies. Remember that these are ‘fallen’ soulless entities who are completely disconnected from God and ITS open loop of free energetics, who desperately depend on your organic energies to survive. But, note that their harvesting campaign becomes ineffective when one is spiritually awakened and enlightened as to take self-responsibility to preserve one’s Right of Single Soul Occupancy, Free Will and Sovereignty. The Unity Consciousness, Interconnectedness, Compassion, Empathy, and SERVICE TO OTHERS provisions of the Law of One assert that a truly effective leader must show respect for all his-her constituents, and indeed, should honor all humans as well as other living things instead of tyrannously seek to emotionally manipulate and control or humiliate them. And, with this auspicious time of pre-Ascension we have the opportunity to finally consciously do meaningful (spiritual) work, by effectively lead others towards their attaining expanded consciousness.

Toute activité sportive est perçue en général comme étant positive et bénéfique. Mais quand, cette activité libératrice à la base, devient addiction, teintée de souffrance et des syndromes de manque, elle n’est plus centrée sur le plaisir, mais elle empêche le bon fonctionnement du sujet dans les autres domaines de sa vie. Creusant cette problématique, particulièrement dans l’activité de la musculation, nous avons touché au fond de la psyché, à un complexe, celui d’Adonis, qui englobe notamment les domaines du narcissisme défaillant, de l’estime de soi oscillante, et ses répercussions sur l’image du corps que l’Adonis travaille à changer, pour relayer à des assises narcissiques défaillantes. À travers les thèses analytiques des relations d’objets, les thèses sociales, passants par les thèses neurobiologiques, nous avons démontré notre problématique. Puis à travers des entretiens cliniques et des tests scientifiques administrés à des hommes qui fréquentent les salles de gym pour exercer la musculation, nous avons vérifié nos hypothèses. Tout cela dans le but d’aider les hommes à trouver des moyens pour désamorcer leur insatisfaction corporelle et apprendre à reconnaître leurs problèmes, trouver de nouvelles manières de percevoir leur corps et découvrir d’autres façons d’avoir confiance en eux-mêmes et un sentiment d’accomplissement en soi, loin de toute forme d’addiction.

Activité physique - Addiction - Anorexie masculine renversée - Anxiété - Complexe d’Adonis - Compulsion - Corps - Défaillance narcissique - Dépendance - Dépression - Dysmorphophobie - Dysmorphie - Estime de soi - Fixation – Homosexualité - Image corporelle - Masochisme - Musculation - Narcissisme - Narcissisme primaire - Narcissisme secondaire - Phobie - Relation d’objet narcissique - Sport - Théorie de la Relation d’objet - Trouble obsessionnel compulsif -

The idea that the self-overvaluation characteristic of narcissism can be directed either overtly toward the public self (ego) or covertly toward the privately idealized self-image (ego ideal) was first discussed in the 1920s (e.g., Ellis, 1927). The more recent designation of these two faces of narcissism as Grandiosity-Exhibitionism (overt) and Vulnerability-Sensitivity (covert) by Wink (1991) finally has become accepted in contemporary personality and social psychological research (e.g., Miller et al., 2011). Researchers have tended to focus on what divides or distinguishes these two faces of narcissism (e.g., Krizan & Johar, 2012), and the extent of such distinctions now raises questions about what connects overt and covert narcissism as aspects of the same psychological construct and is covert “really” a form of narcissism? In two studies (total N = 595) we found answers in strong positive correlations between both overt and covert narcissism and measures of entitlement rage and grandiose fantasies.

The Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (HSNS; Hendin & Cheek, 1997) has become widely used as a measure of covert, vulnerable narcissism. In the original scale construction article, the 10 items were interpreted as forming a single factor based on loadings on the first unrotated factor. More recently, however, researchers studying an Italian translation of the HSNS interpreted a two-factor structure for the 10-item scale (Fossati et al., 2009). The purpose of the present research was to explore the factor structure of the HSNS in two large English language samples (total N = 28,791). Statistical tests for the number of factors to rotate indicated two factors for both of these samples. The two subscales of the HSNS identified in the present research, Self-Absorption and Hypersensitivity, are conceptually similar to the two Italian components obtained in two samples by Fossati et al. (2009; Egocentrism and Oversensitivity to Judgement). We conclude that these two components should be explored further in ongoing work on revising and expanding the original 10-item HSNS.

Although the codependent parent is harmed by their narcissistic partner, their codependency should not be considered a valid excuse for not protecting their children. Even with the all-powerful Human Magnet Syndrome, the adult codependent parent, like all other adult parents, carries the responsibility to care for and defend their children. However, the stark and most unfortunate reality is they predictably fall in love with pathological narcissists who they feel intractably bonded to, despite feeling abused, neglected and/or deprived. And when they become parents, they often choose staying in the relationship with the harmful narcissist over protecting their children. Most codependent parents sincerely do not wish any harm to befall their children. In fact, they go to extraordinary measures to stop, mitigate or buffer the narcissist's harm or abuse of the children. Despite their best intentions, they are unable to stop the resulting disregard and/or mistreatment that everyone in the family is forced to endure, except, of course, for the offending narcissist. The codependent's inability or unwillingness to shield the children co-creates a toxic family environment in which the children are harmed and their future psychological health is compromised. The codependent's compulsive desire to satisfy the narcissist's insatiable selfish needs, while also trying to control or coerce them to behave less narcissistically, results in a depletion of their energy, time, focus and emotional resources, which would otherwise be given to the children. Trying to control a person who, by definition, cannot be controlled, while unsuccessfully seeking love, respect and care from them, results in a hamster-wheel experience where their physical and emotional resources are exhausted. Tired and beaten down, they often shut down and disconnect from their parental responsibility to protect their children (and themselves). Although I am suggesting that codependents share responsibility for the harm of their children, caution must be taken when attributing blame. Codependent parents similarly grew up in a family in which all the children were held captive by the neglect and/or abuse of a codependent and pathologically narcissistic parent. They are clearly victims of their childhood environment. In addition, without their attempts to protect their children and the love and nurturing they did give them, the sum total of psychological harm to the children would be far worse compared to being raised solely by a pathological narcissist. Many a codependent client has lamented over how much they resented and were angry at their codependent parent for not protecting them and not divorcing or leaving the abusive narcissist. In fact, these same clients recall numerous occasions when they could have been protected or removed from harm's way, but were not because of their codependent parent's distorted sense of responsibility, loyalty and feelings of completely powerlessness. Adding insult to injury, their need for security, nurturing and safety was traded for their parent's fear of living alone and feeling shameful, broken and pathologically lonely.

I have to be honest, I do not like when the term " empath " is used interchangeably with " codependent. " " Empath, " which has its origins in the spiritual and metaphysical world, was never intended to be a replacement term for codependency. An empath is defined as a person with the paranormal ability to intuitively sense and understand the mental or emotional state of another individual. According to empaths I have spoken to and the information available on the Internet, they are highly sensitive to the emotional and metaphysical energy others. If, indeed, this extra-sensory phenomenon exists, it is definitely not the same thing as codependency. Since " empath " has mostly positive connotations and " codependent " does not, it makes sense why it is a preferred moniker for the more serious psychological problem of codependency. Misrepresenting codependency, or what I now refer to as Self-Love Deficit Disorder (SLDD), only adds a layers of denial to a problem that is already shrouded in shame. In addition, it casts a serious problem in a positive light, while perpetuating the myth that SLD's or codependents are victims, instead of willing participants in their dysfunctional relationships with narcissists. Who can argue that being empathetic is bad? Well, it isn't. The idea that empaths are vulnerable people, just because of a certain personality type, is an excuse, which offers no solution to the problem. Being empathic is good! However, being empathic and allowing yourself to be hurt by people you choose to be with, or are unconsciously attracted to, is not. But one could argue that being overly empathetic while choosing to be in harmful relationships with narcissists is dysfunctional and self-destructive. " Empath " should, therefore, not be a replacement term for " codependent, " When we admit we struggle with SLDD, we are honestly and courageously confessing our pain, while describing what we need to do in order to find loving, respecting and mutually caring relationships. I have worked with SLD's/codependents my whole career, and I, myself, am a recovering SLD. I have learned that we can only recover from our secret hell-our magnetic attraction to narcissists-when we understand that we are willing participants or dance partners in a very dysfunctional relationship dance. We choose narcissistic " dance partners " because we have a

The present scale development results indicate initial success in constructing a reliable new self-report measure of adaptive overt narcissism that is distinct from measures of covert and maladaptive overt narcissism. The Adaptive Overt Narcissism Scale (AONS) also is substantially more correlated with self-esteem than existing subscales of the NPI that have been used to assess moderately “healthy” or adaptive narcissism.

Starting from the general concept of "narcissism", the present work focuses on the essential aspects of personality disorder that define the clinical and diagnostic contexts, laying the foundations for a correct differential diagnosis, without neglecting the neural characteristics developed by the scientific community. A new classification of the narcissistic disorder is presented that better defines the different types, in a more general framework of the "narcissistic spectrum". The discussion ends with the best suggested therapeutic approaches.

Shakespeare’s work long antedates the initial influx of Eastern European legends about vampires into Western Europe in the eighteenth century. In Coriolanus, however, Shakespeare does present violence, including the verbal or emotional violence of scorn and insult, as a kind of narcissistic feeding upon others. Using metaphors drawn from politics and economics, as well as hunting and the consumption of food, Shakespeare foregrounds the opposition between two very different forms of interpersonal relatedness: healthy narcissism, represented by the Roman marketplace, and unhealthy narcissism or “pride,” symbolized by the “lonely dragon,” Coriolanus. Pride aims at self-sufficient, one-sided control over one’s own self-esteem, independent of the opinions of others. Healthy narcissism is in contrast a reciprocal, voluntary sharing of the burden of self-esteem regulation. The contempt that is so characteristic of Coriolanus, including outright violence, is in other words a maladaptive form of self-validation, forcing others to metabolize his own disavowed shame, rather than suffer it himself, or else plead for consolation. Drawing upon Aristotle’s definition of hubris, as well as Demosthenes’ forensic oratory, I then explain that the ancient Greeks developed a very precise category for such behavior. The term hubris, often thought to mean simply presumption or arrogance, in fact does not refer to a state of mind at all, but instead to a type of action: “outrageous” conduct designed to humiliate someone else. Shakespeare represents this kind of hubris in Coriolanus as a cannibalistic preying upon others, like that of a monster or a predatory animal. Legends about vampires can be understood in like manner as a representation of narcissism. In our own time, narcissism is more likely to be expressed in snubs and slights than in the spectacular violence and scathing censure of Coriolanus’ Rome. Nevertheless, the basic impulse is the same. In order to explain Shakespeare’s representation of the connection between pride and hubris, I compare his paragon of unhealthy narcissism, Coriolanus, to the variation on the myth of the vampire currently popular in books, television, and movies such as the Twilight and Vampire Diaries series. I also distinguish this new, twenty-first-century vampire from Bram Stoker’s nineteenth-century version. Present-day versions of the vampire legend no longer stress the sinfulness of sexual libertinism, but instead, like Shakespeare’s Coriolanus, the social disruptiveness of misguided narcissism.

The aim of the study was to assess the reliability and the validity of the Italian translation of the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (HSNS) in a sample of consecutively admitted psychiatric outpatients (N = 366) and in an independent sample of non-clinical volunteers (N = 385). In both samples, data from the HSNS had adequate internal consistency, considering its limited length. Consistent with our hypothesis, a two-factor structure explained the HSNS item intercorrelations. Among clinical participants, the HSNS and the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) showed radically different patterns of correlations with the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) Personality Disorder diagnoses. In both samples, the HSNS and the NPI showed distinct and theoretically consistent correlations with temperament and character dimensions. As a whole, these findings seem to support the reliability and the validity of the HSNS as a measure of hypersensitive narcissism. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This study seeks to explore how narcissistic attention-seeking behaviors in face-to-face conversation contribute to marital quality and partner’s mental health over the
transition to parenthood. Narcissism, considered a personality disorder, is defined as an
all-pervasive pattern of grandiosity in fantasy or behavior. Central features of narcissism
include a need for admiration and a lack of empathy. The concept of narcissism has been
extended beyond mental illness and is now considered a personality trait (Raskin &
Terry, 1988). It follows then that narcissistic tendencies might affect one’s
communication style. This research elaborates the concept of narcissism and discusses
the ways that narcissistic patterns in interpersonal relationships have been studied.
Finally, drawing upon social exchange theory, it finds that conversational narcissism
characterizes 78 percent of marriages, frequently renders spouses invisible, and predicts
maladaptive dialogue and divorce at seven years.

Objective: For decades, both theory and research have focused on the role of self-esteem and
shame in constructing narcissistic traits. However, studies on the exact relationship between
these two and overt and covert facets of narcissism have been equivocal.
Methods: The current study is correlational. It examined these relationships among 308
Iranian college students (155 males, 153 females, mean age=23.49 years, SD=2.83). The target
population was all students of national universities of Tehran, Iran. The sampling method was
non-random multi-step clustering. Participants were asked to fill four self-report measures:
Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPD), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES), Test of Selfconscious
Affect (TOSCA-3), and Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (HSNS). The data were
analyzed by SPSS 19.0.0 software, using Pearson’s Correlation, T-test and Multiple Regression
Analysis methods.
Results: Surprisingly, there was no significant difference between men and women with respect
to NPI scores. Findings also revealed that shame was negatively related to overt narcissism
(r=-0.22, P<0.05) and positively related to covert narcissism (r=0.23, P<0.05). Self-esteem
was found to be positively correlated with overt narcissism (r=0.42, P<0.01) and negatively
correlated with covert narcissism (r=-0.30, P<0.01).
Conclusion: The results provide support for the models of overt narcissism in which the
narcissistic self serves as a buffer against inner feelings of inferiority. It also supports the
importance of shame and low self-esteem in shaping the covert narcissistic traits. However,
shame could not differentiate between overt and covert narcissism. The empirical, cultural, and
clinical implications of the findings are discussed.

Multidimensional perfectionism is related to grandiose narcissism, with other-oriented perfectionism showing the strongest, most consistent relationships. The relationships with vulnerable narcissism, however, are unclear. Our study investigated how three forms of perfectionism—self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially prescribed perfectionism (Hewitt & Flett, 1991)—are related to narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability. A sample of 375 university students completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (Raskin & Terry, 1988), Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (Hendin & Cheek, 1997), and Pathological Narcissism Inventory (Pincus et al., 2009) capturing various facets of narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability. Multiple regressions were conducted controlling for the overlap between the three forms of perfectionism and gender. Other-oriented perfectionism showed unique positive relationships with key facets of grandiose narcissism. In contrast, socially prescribed perfectionism showed positive relationships with all facets of vulnerable narcissism. Self- and other-oriented perfectionism showed positive relationships with individual facets only. Other-oriented perfectionism appears to represent a form of perfectionism predominantly related to narcissistic grandiosity, whereas socially prescribed perfectionism is predominantly related to narcissistic vulnerability. As the first study to examine perfectionism in relation to narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability, our research both extends and clarifies the nomological network of the perfectionism construct in important ways.

... Dedicated in loving memory to Cates Anderson Gossett and Linda Murray ... To my friends and colleagues, particularly Sydnye Allen, Silvia Bartolic, Scott Blackwood, Candace Boheme, Lila Bouchet, Maggie Brubaker, Melissa Curran, Kristin Doyle, Andy Fiegel, Lynn French ...

Do we, the human species, have a forgotten language? And, was it a logical event in the evolution for the human brain to develop a behaviour, spawn for this language, in order to survive rough the environments. A language and behaviour that today is today seen as ADHD?

Relationship Coaching.
Hidden Abuse, Narcissistic Abuse, Narcissistic Organisations, the Wounding of Empaths, Empathic Healing, Gender Considerations, Anger Channelling, Anger Repression, The 5 Nasties, Embarrassment, Guilt, Shame, Anxiety, and Depression, Anger, The 5 Nasties and Gender, Nietzsche and Cis-Men, Machiavelli and F-LGBTQ !!

Background
Narcissism has two different dimensions which differ in terms of social functioning. Grandiose narcissism is associated with higher extraversion, while vulnerable narcissism is associated with greater introversion. Both forms of narcissism present numerous forms of social maladjustment.
Anhedonia (social and physical) is associated with measures of social maladjustment and is one of the core symptoms of serious mental conditions. The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between social and physical anhedonia and the two forms of narcissism,
grandiose and vulnerable.
Participants and Procedure
A sample of 339 young adults completed the Polish version of the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, and two subscales of the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales – Short Form: the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale and the Physical Anhedonia Scale.
Results
We found a positive correlation between social anhedonia and vulnerable narcissism, and a negative correlation between social anhedonia and grandiose narcissism. Physical anhedonia was not related to any form of narcissism. Older people and men scored higher on the social anhedonia
scale.
Conclusions
Vulnerable narcissistic personality is associated with social deficits, namely social anhedonia. Future research could investigate the relationship between vulnerable narcissism and schizotypy to establish whether vulnerable personality is a risk factor for developing serious mental illnesses.

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has been accompanied by a variety of potentially stressful or traumatic experiences that people may face in daily life (e.g., repeated exposure to morbidity or mortality reports across media platforms, social isolation, contracting COVID-19, supply shortages, lost income, death of a loved one). As such, it is important to consider individual differences that may increase one’s risk for developing stress-related disorders (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder) or put the health of other people at risk. Individual differences in narcissism—a multifaceted aspect of personality—may be worth examining in association with social health behaviors, stress, and trauma-related outcomes during the current and future pandemics. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)

Objective: In this article, we explore the implications of vulnerable narcissism in an organizational context, particularly with regard to work-related well-being and leader–follower interactions. We tested whether employees’ vulnerable narcissism affects their work engagement and emotional exhaustion. Furthermore, we examined whether leaders’ grandiose narcissism impacts such as working relationships. We used job demands-resources theory in order to derive our hypotheses at the intra- and inter-individual level. Method: Multi-level analyses in a sample of 235 followers in 71 teams confirmed some of our hypotheses. Results: We demonstrate that vulnerable narcissism is positively related to followers’ emotional exhaustion and negatively related to work engagement. Moreover, leaders’ grandiose narcissism exacerbates the negative relationship between followers’ vulnerable narcissism and their work engagement. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the various facets of narcissism play an important role in an organizational context and suggest that vulnerable narcissism in particular, which has been largely neglected in previous research, is an important determinant of work-related well-being. Further, we form a holistic understanding of the leadership process by emphasizing the interaction between leaders’ and followers’ personalities, adding to the leadership literature by integrating leader and follower characteristics.