Community Work

Carica papaya Linn.is a monoecious, dioecious or hermaphrodite tree; it belongs to the family Caricaceae. It is widely cultivated throughout world and is used as food and traditional medicine, particularly as an antiseptic and contraceptive. Papaya contains many biologically active compounds. Fruit, leaves, latex and stem are used to treat indigestion, diarrhoea, swelling of the lungs, stoppage of urination, blindness, tachycardia, ringworm and alopecia. The papaya is a nutritive fruit containing a small amount of proteins and the same amount of minerals consisting mainly of iron, calcium and phosphorus, vitamin A and C and is rich in the enzyme papain. The seeds of Papaya have been reported to have both antimicrobial and antihelmintic activities. Papaya is an economically important fruit crop. It contains a digestive enzyme-papain that effectively treats causes of trauma, allergies and sports injuries. All the nutrients of papaya as a whole improve cardiovascular system, protect against heart diseases, heart attacks, strokes and prevent colon cancer.

This research, conducted by the author when a Senior Researcher at Newcastle University, UK, was funded by a UK governance organisation to help them assess, integrate and improve their understanding of the governed population.

ABSTRACT: Governance organisations have been urged to develop more holistic evidence-based approaches with partners to better deal with issues affecting the governed population. This presupposes an understanding of the population, yet there has been little research work addressing how governance organisations come to understand their governed population, nor how this understanding can be improved upon within such organisations.

This case study examined in-depth how understanding of a governed population was developed within one UK local governance organisation and it explored how such understanding might be developed and improved through more holistic and evidence-based organisational learning within the organisation and its governance partnerships.

The research methodology involved placement within the governance organisation, participant observations on several projects and innovative initiatives, observations within, across, and outside the organisation, and also interviews with varied key stakeholders.

The study examined:

- stakeholder engagement and networks
- current and varied understandings of the population
- mechanisms actually used for developing understandings
- the influence of context on organisational learning

and analysed these to arrive at a recommendations to improve organisational understanding of the governed population.

In the case studied, significant strengths were found: including innovative past learning trials for development, extensive ongoing networking activities, and many varied and accumulating quantitative datasets available across partnerships.

However, entrenched organisational approaches and practices constrained the development of holistic evidence-based understanding, for instance: the absence of systematic maintained collective learning processes; weak recording and forgetting of understandings; methodological exclusion of stakeholders from the development of understanding; the relative neglect of qualitative data, explanations, investigations, interpretations, and reflexivity; and also implicit organisational acceptance of such limitations and low aspirations.

Nonetheless, untapped opportunities existed to enable change including: latent practitioner knowledge and innovative management champions, the desire for improvement and raised aspirations within learning networks, and the development potential of alterative learning approaches.

It was concluded that more holistic evidence-based understanding was possible, but required new learning approaches beyond those then in use in both local government or academia.   

Recommendations are made to utilise and develop improved organisational learning approaches trialed and reported in the case study.

It is argued that the case study findings, conclusions, and recommendations may be applicable to other similar local governance organisations and partnerships that seek to better understand local populations, services and interventions.

The work was also submitted for, and awarded, an MPhil (at Newcastle University, supervised by Prof. Patsy Healy)

The present paper attempts to analyse the social structural bases of community leadership as well as to describe the community power structure of a tribal village in Mizoram, Northeast India. Further, it tries to understand the pattern of community power structural network and its association with economic structure of the community. To identify the leaders of community a combination of positional and reputational approaches have been used. The source of the data was the interview with the leaders of community organisations of a village in the proximity of Aizawl, the capital city of Mizoram. The centrality and Prestige methods of social network analysis (SNA) were used to understand the community power structure. The structural bases of the community power structure were analyzed with the help of Spearman’s rho correlation coefficients. Multi dimensional scaling was used to display the power structure of the Mizo village. The results of SNA revealed the monolithic and hierarchical nature of power structure in the village. The pattern of power structure revealed in the SNA corresponds to the elite model rather than the pluralist model. It also revealed the formal nature of power structure and its base in the community organisations. The study demonstrates the utility of positional and reputational approaches and social network analysis as appropriate methodological and technical tools for comprehension of power structure in the communities of the Adivasi people in the North East India.

近年來，隨著志願服務風氣的興起，越來越多國家投入時間銀行的運作行
列；以服務交換為核心內涵的時間銀行，除了強調互惠、互助等原則外，更試
圖藉此建構、擴張社會網絡。我國自1995 年推行時間銀行至今，歷經社區組織、
社會福利團體與公部門等不同單位的推行已有22 年，雖非廣泛推動卻也未曾間
斷。另方面，隨著網絡關係逐漸受到重視，社會網絡分析法遂成為近年常用以
探悉網絡型態的研究方法。然而，過往國內時間銀行相關研究，多著重於理論
探討或影響參與者投入因素，較少研究從網絡關係角度探討實施經驗。研究目
的及方法：本文以社會網絡分析法，探究八個社區時間銀行實施經驗及網絡關
係與型態。研究結果：隨著各社區時間銀行推行時間的差異，服務交換的總時
數也有所不同。社會網絡分析資料顯示，多數社區網絡程度中心性或中介中心
性指標人物，多由時間銀行媒合者、社區幹部或志工所扮演；不僅如此，有些
社區的服務交換，呈現單向互動的狀況，也就是僅提供或接受服務。在服務交
換類型方面，多數社區以工具性支持為主；在網絡集中化程度方面，多數社區
未出現高度集中化的趨勢。研究建議：本文藉由社會網絡運用優勢、媒合者角
色、工具性支持及服務交換登載方式等面向相關討論的分析，提出若干建議，
包含持續推廣時間銀行概念、簡化服務交換紀錄登載方式以及發掘社區有形資
本等建議，作為後續研究參考。

This article raisesthe following questions in three sub-sections: drawing on Ambedkar's (1944) perspective of Hindu society as a myth; Durkheim's (1979) interpretations of absence of crime as pathology, suicide as social phenomenon; and Freire's (2000) theme of 'banking education as patronization' to get a richer perspective of the reality.

• To what extent are Rohith's protests against the 'Hindutva' politics mutually related to the socio-political factors leading to his suicide?

• To what extent does Rohith's suicide become a social and political act beyond an individual act?

• To what extent does Kerala's media discussion about Rohith and caste-exclusion itself contribute to exclusionary spaces and patronizing interventions?

En el presente trabajo se analizan las historias y los significados asociados a las narraciones de tres mujeres usuarias de un servicio de drogodependencias, vinculadas a un grupo de apoyo para mujeres gestionado desde el propio servicio. A través de la conversación, en diversas sesiones, he intentado indagar con ellas qué significa ser mujer, cómo han sido sus experiencias de vida en relación a ello y cuáles han sido las historias de los valores importantes para ellas que las han ayudado a salir adelante, teniendo en cuenta mi propio sesgo como investigadora y las condiciones contextuales. He partido de una perspectiva posmoderna : un estudio de las particularidades de la experiencia de cada una, y desde un perspectiva  narrativa: las experiencias toman significado en forma de relato, con las historias que contamos, que nos contamos y que oímos contar (White y Epston, 1980). El trabajo se elaboró en el marco de un proyecto de final de curso para la especialidad universitaria en Terapia Narrativa y Trabajo Comunitario de la Universida de Extremadura.

Kajian ini dilakukan untuk memahami komuniti di suatu tempat. Kebiasaannya, komuniti yang tinggal setempat dalam suatu tempoh yang lama tidak mempunyai jurang perbezaan antaranya kerana mereka menganut dan mempunyai agama yang sama. Perkara ini sedikit sebanyak mempengaruhi sikap komuniti di antara anggota masyarakat.

Participatory evaluation is a process in which evaluation experts and members of a community who are not experts in evaluation evaluate community actions or projects jointly and on the same level. Participatory evaluation is a community development strategy. In this paper, we analyse the relationship between participatory evaluation and community development processes via three case studies in which participatory evaluation processes are instigated within community development plans. The results show that participatory evaluation is a useful working methodology not only for evaluating community development processes in a participatory way but also in generating learning that can contribute to empowering the people and communities involved in it.

Moving from socio-ecological perspectives, our work aims to explore and analyse the synergy of public health-and human rights-informed frameworks in the provision of mental health services in The Gaza Strip, a context characterised by war, trauma, and human rights violations over the past several decades. We discuss issues related to human rights violations and link these to the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of prevention in public mental health. Two case studies about families affected by war and violence in 2009 will be analysed to highlight how human rights issues are deeply embedded in interventions aimed at promoting functioning and subjective wellbeing in individuals and families living in conditions of chronic uncertainty. Working with families affected by ongoing political violence requires constant attention to human rights, which goes beyond psychotherapeutic and psychobiological interventions. Mental health services help communities living under occupation by developing resilience and survival skills throughout participative approaches. Directions for clinical work and research are discussed.

This paper explores how women and non-binary Latinx community workers (LCWs), in the Greater Toronto Area, navigate multiple interlocking forces of oppression like racialisation, heterosexism and neoliberalism, when advancing social justice across the non-profit sector. Using an intersectionality framework in tandem with testimonio methodology, including 37 testimonios, a workshop and participant observation, I show how LCWs are constrained by, but also contest, a white neoliberal non-profit funding structure and patriarchal political system. I also explore how community work has contradictory effects on the mental, physical and economic wellbeing of LCWs. Lastly, I demonstrate how LCWs persist by weaving together their family and community histories , personal experiences and women of colour feminisms to enact a Latinx decolonial feminist praxis. I consider what lessons a Latinx decolonial feminist praxis can bring to bear on debates in human geography around neoliberalism, the non-profit sector and social justice transformation.

'Theatre for Children in Hospitals' is an overview of the professional theatre work for sick children happening in hospitals and clinics in Europe, America and Asia; the pluralism of practice, the aims and characteristics of theatre for hospitalized children.

Reaching to the community was big headache for community worker and community leader in the past.  Communication tools were very limited and because of that social workers were facing difficulties to reach out to the mass. With the use of social networking sites this gap was bridge. Social Networking Sites are like Building Bridge for bridging gaps of reaching to mass.
In the four decades since its inception, the Internet has driven dramatic change. It has enabled flows of information, including entertainment, news, social issues, social justice, issues of mass etc. It has brought people closer together by enabling various forms of interpersonal communication, notably e‑mail, instant messaging, video conferencing, and social networking.  Social work has a critical role in the promotion of social justice and challenging inequalities in society. One of the most exciting developments for social work in the past few years has been the growth of the internet.
As per Wikipedia .org:
A social networking service (also called SNS) is a platform to build social networks or social relations among people who share interests, activities, backgrounds or real-life connections. A social network service consists of a representation of each user (often a profile), his or her social links, and a variety of additional services. Most social network services are web-based and provide means for users to interact over the Internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging. Social network sites are varied and they incorporate new information and communication tools such as mobile connectivity, photo/video/sharing and blogging.
Types and importance of Social Networking Sites (SNS):
Popular Social Networking Sites are Facebook, Google+, YouTube, LinkedIn, Instagram, Pinterest, Vine, Tumbler, and Twitter widely used worldwide.
The use of social technology and social networking enables people to collaborate, build relationships and share information and resources. Social media is a new way to applying the communication skills which are an essential skill for all social workers. The growth of social, location and mobile technologies are not a "magic bullet" to address the problems of communication deficits but they are important channels which social work needs to explore more fully.
With more and more people accessing the web through mobile phones, the internet user base in the country is projected to touch 243 million by June 2014, a year-on-year growth of 28%. According to the Internet And Mobile Association of India (IAMAI), the Internet user base in the country stood at 190 million at the end of June, 2013. Example:
Anna’s Movement for Lookpal Bill
The official 'India Against Corruption' page (facebook.com/IndiACor) has managed to rope in more than 3.2 lakh fans. More than 13,000 of these fans joined the page yesterday, and over 60,000 users joined it in the last 17 days. The power of Anna's movement can be gauged from the fact that the official 'India Against Corruption' Facebook page (with less than one million users) has managed to garner more user engagement than many leading brands, which employ dedicated resources for social media handling.

Background:  The practical implications of the significant changes in social and welfare policy that occurred from 1994 to 1999, are as yet unknown.  This is mainly due to the lack of empirical research data on this issue.  This deficiency was partly addressed in a study on the nature of the private welfare sector’s community work services in the North West Province during 2000.
Objectives:  The aim of the study was to compile a profile of the Province’s community work services and to utilise this profile in the formulation of guidelines for improved future service delivery.
Method:  In the study, both community work theory and the South African social and welfare policies were used in the development of a classification framework for community work services.  This framework formed the basis of a questionnaire that was sent to all private welfare organisations in the Province.  The collected data was analysed and, together with policy dictates, used for the development of guidelines.
Results:  It was firstly found that there was a discernable move towards targeting policy designated client systems.  However, the services did still not fully comply with policy requirements or South Africa’s considerable development needs.  Certain deficiencies in the service delivery process were also identified.  Therefore, guidelines for addressing both these imbalances and deficiencies were formulated.  It was thirdly found that the new classification framework could be constructively used in both further research and in practice.

Moving from socio-ecological perspectives, our work aims to explore and analyse the synergy of public health-and human rights-informed frameworks in the provision of mental health services in The Gaza Strip, a context characterised by war, trauma, and human rights violations over the past several decades. We discuss issues related to human rights violations and link these to the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of prevention in public mental health. Two case studies about families affected by war and violence in 2009 will be analysed to highlight how human rights issues are deeply embedded in interventions aimed at promoting functioning and subjective wellbeing in individuals and families living in conditions of chronic uncertainty. Working with families affected by ongoing political violence requires constant attention to human rights, which goes beyond psychotherapeutic and psychobiological interventions. Mental health services help communities living under occupation by de...

Informit is an online service offering a wide range of database and full content publication products that deliver the vast majority of Australasian scholarly research to the education, research and business sectors. Informit is the brand that encompasses RMIT Publishing's online products ...

This study aimed at describing the general health situation among Assyrian-Syrian refugees (n = 171, 70.2% males, mean age 31.08) in Istanbul, during two separate time periods. Measures included The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), The Brief R-COPE, The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), The Primary Care Post Traumatic Disorder Scale (PC-PTSD), together with a number of additional health items. The results showed that among the 52.4% of those who were found to have experienced some kind of trauma, 23.4% met the criteria for PTSD. Ratings of one' s own physical health (p < .001), one' s own psychological health (p < .05), and PHQ were statistically significant with PTSD. Females rated their own physical health (p < .01) and own psychological health (p < .01) worse than men. A paired-samples t-Test showed a significant increase from Time 1 to Time 2 for Positive R-COPE (p < .08), a decrease for Negative R-COPE (p < .05), and an increase for the GSE (p < .05). A paired-samples t-Test showed a significant gender difference for the PHQ (p < .01) and GSE (p < .01). A mediation model, using a Sobel Test, showed that positive religious coping strategies reduced symptoms in male participants by improving their evaluations toward their own psychological well-being (p < .001).

This paper examines the Reports of the Center for Intercultural
Formation2 (CIF), which were produced in Cuernavaca, Mexico, between 1962-1967 by the Centro de Investigaciones Culturales (Center for Cultural Research) (CIC), and supported since 1963 by the Centro Intercultural de Documentación (Center for Intercultural Documentation) (CIDOC) (an offshoot of CIC). The network is placed within the historical conjuncture of the early 1960s and the alignment of the Vatican with the Alliance for Progress and its anti-communist developmentalist community
projects. The core of the paper centers in the ‘illocutionary force’ (Quentin Skinner) behind Illich’s responses to John XXIII’s call to congregations and lay Catholics for a renewed mission in Latin America. It addresses Illich’s resignification of the understanding of mission and missioner rooted in the Gospel, the notion of incarnation in the culture rather than missioners being agents of their culture, and missionary “poverty” as avirtue of the community worker. Illich’s radicalization of his critical discourse led to a confrontation with the Vatican in 1967 and 1968 after
he published “The Seamy Side of Charity” and “The Vanishing
Clergyman” in the last year, 1967, of the CIF Report. The conflict with the Vatican signaled Illich’s turn to educational, health and other issues moving away from a critique of the institutionalized Catholic Church.

Abstract: This paper consists of a series of extracts from interviews from Sri Lankan community workers and psychosocial workers who are involved in responding to the aftermath of the tsunamis of December 2004. Three months after the tsunamis had devastated areas of Sri Lanka&amp;amp;amp;#x27;s ...

The 'family' is frequently mentioned in assessments of the apparent distinctiveness of ethnic minority enterprise. Family involvement can account for the 'success' of some ethnic groups, and low rates of small business activity in others. Implicitly, such debates are recognition of the importance of the nature of the household and small business. However, few studies in Britain make explicit the link between household dynamics and ethnic minority business activity. This paper examines how households from a variety of ethnic communities impinge upon 'family' enterprise operating in the independent restaurant sector. In-depth interviews with family members from 37 micro-business households are drawn upon to illuminate three particular issues: the role of family members in the business; the impact of household dynamics on business activity; and the nature of 'second-generation' involvement in the family business. The findings highlight the gendered nature of roles within the micro-business household, and the importance of extended family ties to small business activity. However, the involvement of predominantly second-generation family members could not be regarded as an example of uncomplicated family collectivities at work. Rather, their presence was more a product of limited labour market choices, socialisation, and power relations within the household. La participation ded la familia en la empresa puede explicard 'exito' de algunos grupas etnicas, y a vez el numero reducido de las PYMES entre algunos otros drupos. Implicitamente tales debates manifestan la importancia de la naturaleza de la familia y la pequena empresa. Sin embargo, pocos estudios iievados a cabo en Gran Bretana senalan explicitamente la conexion entre la dinamica dentro de la familia y la activdad de las pequenas empresas de las minorias etnicas. Este papel examina como las caracteristicas de la vida domestica de diversas comunidades etnicas afectan la empreesa 'familiar' en al sector de los restaurantes indepenientes. Se refiere a una serie de entreuistas cualitativas con los miembros de 37 familias involucradas en micro-negocios y sirve para iluminar tres temas especificos: el rol desampenado por los miembros de la familia en la empresa; el impacto de la dinamica familiar del compromiso de la segunda generacion en la empresa de su familia. Los resultados de estas investigaciones destacan los lazos que existen entre las caracteristicas de las tareas dentro de las empresas y el sexo de los individuos que las iievan a cabo. Tambien demuenstran la importancia de los extendidos lazos familiares para las activadades empresariales. Sin embargo la presencia de tantos individuos pertenecientes a la 'segunda generacion' no puede considerarsed simplemente ejemplos de unas comlectiuidades familiares tvabajaundo juntes. En efecto, la presencia de estos inividuos es mas bien producto de la falta de oportunidudes en el mercado del trabajo, la socialiacion, el poder y las relagiones dentro de la familia.

We first compare and contrast current conceptualizations of workplace flexibility in order to arrive at a definition in harmony with its contemporary use: ‘the ability of workers to make choices influencing when, where, and for how long they engage in work-related tasks’. Next, we situate workplace flexibility in its theoretical contexts to provide researchers with a clearer understanding of what