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This paper describes how irony is used to negatively evaluate student behaviour in sequences where students disrupt or resist the official business of the lesson and thus challenge the teacher's authority. Irony-implicative utterances, i.e. utterances hearable as ironic in their context, are examined from two complementary perspectives: (i) the intricate interactional work utterances involve; how utterances are hearable as ironic and how participants negotiate their implications within the sequences of action in which the utterances are occasioned and used, and (ii) the use of irony in the local management of moral orders in the classroom. Findings show that irony-implicative utterances are used to deal with designedly cheeky utterances by students and invoke the boundaries of acceptable conduct especially at transitional phases during lessons. Irony can also be embedded in instructional questioning sequences, where it serves to convey disapproval or criticism for inappropriate student action. Finally, irony or sarcasm is used in conflictual exchanges to build opposition and manage resistance.▶ Irony is one resource for dealing with designedly cheeky utterances by students. ▶ It is used to invoke the boundaries of acceptable conduct especially at transitional phases during lessons. ▶ Irony occurs also in instructional questioning sequences, where it serves to convey disapproval or criticism for inappropriate student action. ▶ Irony or sarcasm is used in conflictual exchanges to build opposition and manage resistance.

This paper can be downloaded without charge at: The Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei Note di Lavoro Series Index: http://www.feem.it/web/activ/_activ.html Social Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection: http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract_id=XXXXXX The opinions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the position of Back to Kyoto? US Participation and the Linkage between R&D and Climate Cooperation Summary The US decision not to ratify the Kyoto Protocol and the recent outcomes of the Bonn and Marrakech Conferences of the Parties drastically reduce the effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol in controlling GHG emissions. The reason is not only the reduced emission abatement in the US, but also the spillover effects on technology and countries' relative bargaining power induced by the US decision. Therefore, it is crucial to analyse whether an incentive strategy exists that could induce the US to revise their decision and to comply with the Kyoto commitments. One sol...

This study sought to report the results of a prospective randomized controlled trial comparing paclitaxel-coated balloons (PCB) versus drug-eluting stents (DES) in long infrapopliteal lesions. DES have an established role in the treatment of short infrapopliteal lesions, whereas there is increasing evidence for the use of PCB in longer below-the-knee lesions. Inclusion criteria were patients with Rutherford classes 3 to 6 and angiographically documented infrapopliteal disease with a minimum lesion length of 70 mm. The primary endpoint was target lesion restenosis >50% assessed by digital angiography at 6 months. Secondary endpoints included immediate post-procedure stenosis and target lesion revascularization. Fifty patients were randomized to undergo infrapopliteal PCB angioplasty (25 arteries in 25 limbs; PCB group) or primary DES placement (30 arteries in 27 limbs; DES group). Immediate residual post-procedure stenosis was significantly lower in DES (9.6 ± 2.2% vs. 24.8 ± 3.5%...

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is highly prevalent and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The medical management of PAD involves a comprehensive approach to the patient with emphasis on cardiovascular risk factor modification in addition to therapies directed at treatment of limb symptoms. This manuscript will review the current status of medical therapy in management of patients with PAD.

This study sought to report the results of a prospective randomized controlled trial comparing paclitaxel-coated balloons (PCB) versus drug-eluting stents (DES) in long infrapopliteal lesions. DES have an established role in the treatment of short infrapopliteal lesions, whereas there is increasing evidence for the use of PCB in longer below-the-knee lesions. Inclusion criteria were patients with Rutherford classes 3 to 6 and angiographically documented infrapopliteal disease with a minimum lesion length of 70 mm. The primary endpoint was target lesion restenosis >50% assessed by digital angiography at 6 months. Secondary endpoints included immediate post-procedure stenosis and target lesion revascularization. Fifty patients were randomized to undergo infrapopliteal PCB angioplasty (25 arteries in 25 limbs; PCB group) or primary DES placement (30 arteries in 27 limbs; DES group). Immediate residual post-procedure stenosis was significantly lower in DES (9.6 ± 2.2% vs. 24.8 ± 3.5%...