Clayey soil

Soft soils such as clay soils, mostly if they comprise swelling minerals may produce great damage to structures, particularly when these soils are exposed to wetting and drying situations. The geotechnical properties of soft soils could be enhanced by utilizing chemical additives. In this paper, granite waste dust was used to adjust the properties of clay soils. This paper investigates the effect of granite rock dust on the geotechnical properties of soft soil. The particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, compaction, California bearing ratio (CBR) and direct shear strength characteristics of the soil when blended with various percentages of granite dust were evaluated. The findings show a great increase in the maximum dry density, optimum water content, direct shear strength and CBR with increasing the amount of granite dust. The best results obtained for CBR values were when the soils mixed with 8% granite dust. Although these findings indicate great improvement in the geotechnical parameters of clayey soils, the higher strength established is not enough for the enhanced soil to be utilized as a base material in the construction of heavily-trafficked flexible pavements. However, this modified material can be used as a base material for moderate traffic roads and as a sub-base material for high traffic roads.

Expansive soil causing problems due to its swelling and shrinkage characteristics. Expansive soils are a worldwide problem that poses several challenges for civil Engineers. Various methods are adapted to improve the engineering characteristics of expansive. Literature is available on adding and mixing the fiber into the soil as this technique has been incorporated since ancient times. Cement created in the ignition of sub bituminous coals shows self-cementing characteristics and can be utilized as a part of an extensive variety of application. In this paper the main focused on increasing the Compressive strength and CBR value of the Black Cotton soil by varying the percentage of Polypropylene fibre in the range of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and the Cement is varied as 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% 10%, 12% & 14% by weight of soil mass.

Expansive soil causing problems due to its swelling and shrinkage characteristics.
Expansive soils are a worldwide problem that poses several challenges for civil
Engineers. Various methods are adapted to improve the engineering characteristics of
expansive. Literature is available on adding and mixing the fiber into the soil as this
technique has been incorporated since ancient times. Cement created in the ignition
of sub bituminous coals shows self-cementing characteristics and can be utilized as a
part of an extensive variety of application. In this paper the main focused on increasing
the Compressive strength and CBR value of the Black Cotton soil by varying the
percentage of Polypropylene fibre in the range of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and the Cement
is varied as 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% 10%, 12% & 14% by weight of soil mass.

River also known as second mother resource of water present in the earth. Although water coming from ground and rain plays a vital role as main source of water but the role of rivers cannot be ignored. The distribution of water from main sources to sub channels is mostly carried by rivers. In India the behaviour of water flowing through the rivers are not constant as the rainfall depends on the continuously changing climate. Especially the rivers present in Odisha shows an uneven behaviour throughout the year. The present study represents the application of HEC RAS modelling for analysis of hydrodynamic behaviour of the river Brahmani. A particular station is chosen for case study known as Jenapur station. For this analysis, the river discharge data is used which is collected from CWC, DEM file from the Bhuvan site and land use and land cover using ARC GIS has been used. This analysis helps to indentify the profile like velocity profile, water surface profile, water depth, and inundation characteristic of water, energy line, and hydraulic gradient line, wetted perimeter both in tabular and graphical form. This study provides information to water resources engineers for constructing different hydraulic structures, water management, flood control and environmental planning.

Intensive management of forest stands can increase biomass production, as well as increase the removal of nutrients from the site. This study therefore sought to simulate different harvest intensities and to calculate the nutrient-use efficiency of Eucalyptus urograndis in different types of soil. The study was carried out in a plantation of seven-year-old hybrid E. urograndis in the city of Telêmaco Borba, Paraná, Brazil. The study site included two sub areas with sandy soil and clayey soil (Cambisols Inceptisol and Ferralsols Oxisols, respectively). Using biomass and nutrients stock data, nutrient removal was simulated under five different harvest scenarios. Nutrient-use efficiency was obtained from the relation between the amount of biomass and nutrients of each tree component. Harvesting the whole tree resulted in the removal of approximately 61% of the nutrients from the site in sandy soil, while in clayey soil 57% of the nutrients were removed. With harvesting of only the commercial stemwood, only 22% of the nutrients were removed from the sandy soil, and 21% from the clayey soil. Stemwood was the component that had the highest nutrient-use efficiency values for all the analyzed nutrients. In conclusion, to achieve nutritional sustainability of E. urograndis stands, the best harvesting system involves the removal of only commercial stemwood. For the production of stemwood, sandy soils have a greater biological efficiency of calcium and magnesium when compared to clayey soil.